Quinine is a quinoline derivative that can bind to the DNA of malarial parasites to form a complex that inhibits DNA replication and RNA transcription, thereby inhibiting the protein synthesis of the protozoa. Its effect is weaker than that of chloroquine. In addition, quinine can reduce the oxygen consumption of malarial parasites, resist the phosphorylase in malarial parasites and interfere with their sugar metabolism. Quinine also causes hemochromatin aggregation, but it develops slowly, rarely forms large clumps, and is often accompanied by cell death. Electron microscopic observation shows that the nucleus and outer membrane of the protozoa are swollen, and there are small vacuoles. The blood cell particles aggregate in the small vacuoles, which is different from the pigment aggregation of chloroquine. In the blood, a certain concentration of quinine can cause premature rupture of parasitized red blood cells, thereby preventing the maturation of schizonts. This product is ineffective in the early stage of malaria, and a long course of treatment can cure malignant malaria, but it has no direct effect on the gametocytes of malignant malaria, so it cannot interrupt transmission.

This product is a commonly used contrast agent for X-ray and CT examinations, and can be used in blood vessels, spinal canals, and body cavities. Animal test results show that this product has an enhancement effect on dog liver, abdominal aorta, and CT scan images.

This product is a commonly used contrast agent for X-ray and CT examinations, and can be used in blood vessels, spinal canals, and body cavities. Animal test results show that this product has an enhancement effect on dog liver, abdominal aorta, and CT scan images.

This product is a medium-acting sulfonamide. It has antibacterial effects on non-enzyme-producing Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Shigella and other Enterobacteriaceae, gonococci, meningococci, Haemophilus influenzae. In addition, it also has antimicrobial activity against Chlamydia trachomatis, Nocardia asteroides, Plasmodium and Toxoplasma in vitro. The antibacterial activity of this product is the same as that of sulfamethoxazole. However, in recent years, bacterial resistance to this product has increased, especially Streptococcus, Neisseria and Enterobacteriaceae. Sulfonamides are broad-spectrum antibacterial agents. This product is similar in structure to para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), and can compete with PABA on dihydrofolate synthase in bacteria, thereby preventing PABA from being used as a raw material to synthesize folic acid required by bacteria, and reducing the amount of metabolically active tetrahydrofolate, which is an essential substance for bacteria to synthesize purine, thymidine and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), thereby inhibiting the growth and reproduction of bacteria.

It is a sulfonamide diuretic that works by inhibiting the reabsorption of water and electrolytes in the dilution segment of the distal renal tubular cortex. The mechanism of blood pressure reduction is unknown, but possible mechanisms include regulating calcium influx into vascular smooth muscle cells; stimulating the synthesis of prostaglandins PGE2 and prostaglandins PGI2; and reducing vascular hypersensitivity to vasopressors, thereby inhibiting vasoconstriction. This product has little or no effect on cardiac output, heart rate and rhythm when lowering blood pressure. Long-term use of this product rarely affects glomerular filtration rate or renal blood flow. This drug does not affect the metabolism of blood lipids and carbohydrates.