SUCCINYLCHOLINE CHLORIDE- succinylcholine chloride_injection, solution

Succinylcholine is a depolarizing neuromuscular blocker. As does acetylcholine, it combines with the cholinergic receptors of the motor end plate to produce depolarization. This depolarization may be observed as fasciculations. Subsequent neuromuscular transmission is inhibited so long as adequate concentration of succinylcholine remains at the receptor site. Onset of flaccid paralysis is rapid (less than one minute after intravenous administration), and with single administration lasts approximately 4 to 6 minutes. The paralysis following administration of succinylcholine is progressive, with differing sensitivities of different muscles. This initially involves consecutively the levator muscles of the face, muscles of the glottis and finally the intercostals and the diaphragm and all other skeletal muscles. Depending on the dose and duration of succinylcholine administration, the characteristic depolarizing neuromuscular block (Phase I block) may change to a block with characteristics superficially resembling a non-depolarizing block (Phase II block). This may be associated with prolonged respiratory muscle paralysis or weakness in patients who manifest the transition to Phase II block. Tachyphylaxis occurs with repeated administration [see Warnings and Precautions (5. 8)] 2 2 [see Warnings and Precautions (5. 8)] Succinylcholine has no direct effect on the myocardium. Succinylcholine stimulates both autonomic ganglia and muscarinic receptors which may cause changes in cardiac rhythm, including cardiac arrest. Changes in rhythm, including cardiac arrest, may also result from vagal stimulation, which may occur during surgical procedures, or from hyperkalemia, particularly in pediatric patients [see Warnings and Precautions (5. 6), Use in Specific Populations (8. 4)] Succinylcholine causes an increase in intraocular pressure immediately after its injection and during the fasciculation phase, and increases which may persist after onset of complete paralysis [see Warnings and Precautions (5. 7)] Succinylcholine may cause increases in intracranial pressure immediately after its injection and during the fasciculation phase [see Warnings and Precautions (5. 11)] As with other neuromuscular blocking agents, the potential for releasing histamine is present following succinylcholine administration. Signs and symptoms of histamine-mediated release such as flushing, hypotension and bronchoconstriction are, however, uncommon with normal clinical usage. Succinylcholine has no effect on consciousness, pain threshold or cerebration [see Warnings and Precautions (5. 14)] Succinylcholine has no direct action on the uterus or other smooth muscle structures. Elimination Succinylcholine levels were reported to be below the detection limit of 2 µg/mL after 2. 5 minutes of an intravenous bolus dose of 1 or 2 mg/kg in 14 anesthetized patients. Metabolism Succinylcholine is rapidly hydrolyzed by plasma cholinesterase to succinylmonocholine (which possesses clinically insignificant depolarizing muscle relaxant properties) and then more slowly to succinic acid and choline. Excretion About 10% of the drug is excreted unchanged in the urine. Specific Populations Pediatric Patients Due to the relatively large volume of distribution in the pediatric patient versus the adult patient, the effective dose of succinylcholine chloride injection in pediatric patients may be higher than that predicted by body weight dosing alone [see Dosage and Administration (2. 3)] RYR1 and CACNA1S are polymorphic genes and multiple pathogenic variants have been associated with malignant hyperthermia susceptibility (MHS) in patients receiving succinylcholine, including succinylcholine chloride injection. Case reports as well as ex-vivo studies have identified multiple variants in RYR1 and CACNA1S associated with MHS. Variant pathogenicity should be assessed based on prior clinical experience, functional studies, prevalence information, or other evidence [see Contraindications (4), Warnings and Precautions (5.

Succinylcholine chloride injection is indicated in adults and pediatric patients: as an adjunct to general anesthesia to facilitate tracheal intubation to provide skeletal muscle relaxation during surgery or mechanical ventilation. Succinylcholine chloride injection is a depolarizing neuromuscular blocker indicated in adults and pediatric patients: as an adjunct to general anesthesia (1) to facilitate tracheal intubation (1) to provide skeletal muscle relaxation during surgery or mechanical ventilation.

For intravenous or intramuscular use only. 1) Individualize dosage after careful assessment of the patient. 1) Accidental administration of neuromuscular blocking agents may be fatal. Store succinylcholine chloride injection with the cap and ferrule intact and in a manner that minimizes the possibility of selecting the wrong product. 1) See full prescribing information for succinylcholine chloride injection dosage recommendations, preparation instructions, and administration information. 6) Succinylcholine chloride injection is for intravenous or intramuscular use only. Succinylcholine chloride injection must be titrated to effect by or under supervision of experienced clinicians who are familiar with its actions and with appropriate neuromuscular monitoring techniques. Succinylcholine chloride injection should be administered only by those skilled in the management of artificial respiration and only when facilities are instantly available for tracheal intubation and for providing adequate ventilation of the patient, including the administration of oxygen under positive pressure and the elimination of CO 2 The dosage of succinylcholine chloride injection should be individualized and should always be determined by the clinician after careful assessment of the patient. To avoid distress to the patient, do not administer succinylcholine chloride injection before unconsciousness has been induced [see Warnings and Precautions (5. 14)] The occurrence of bradyarrhythmias with administration of succinylcholine chloride injection may be reduced by pretreatment with anticholinergics (e. , atropine) [see Warnings and Precautions (5. 6)] Monitor neuromuscular function with a peripheral nerve stimulator when using succinylcholine chloride injection by infusion [see Dosage and Administration (2. 2), Warnings and Precautions (5. 8)] Visually inspect succinylcholine chloride injection for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit. Do not administer solutions that are not clear and colorless. Succinylcholine chloride injection supplied in single-dose vials must be diluted before use. Succinylcholine chloride injection supplied in multiple- dose vials does not require dilution before use [see Dosage and Administration (2. 5)] Risk of Medication Errors Accidental administration of neuromuscular blocking agents may be fatal. Store succinylcholine chloride injection with the cap and ferrule intact and in a manner that minimizes the possibility of selecting the wrong product [see Warnings and Precautions (5. 3)] For Short Surgical Procedures The average dose required to produce neuromuscular blockade and to facilitate tracheal intubation is 0. 6 mg/kg succinylcholine chloride injection given intravenously. The optimum intravenous dose of succinylcholine chloride injection will vary among patients and may be from 0. 3 mg/kg to 1. 1 mg/kg for adults. Following intravenous administration of doses in this range, neuromuscular blockade develops in about 1 minute; maximum blockade may persist for about 2 minutes, after which recovery takes place within 4 to 6 minutes. A 5 to 10 mg intravenous test dose of succinylcholine chloride injection may be used to determine the sensitivity of the patient and the individual recovery time [see Warnings and Precautions (5. 9)] For Long Surgical Procedures Continuous Intravenous Infusion The dosage of succinylcholine chloride injection administered by continuous intravenous infusion depends upon the duration of the surgical procedure and the need for muscle relaxation. Diluted succinylcholine chloride solutions containing from 1 mg/mL to 2 mg/mL succinylcholine have commonly been used for continuous intravenous infusion [see Dosage and Administration (2. 5)] Monitor neuromuscular function with a peripheral nerve stimulator when using succinylcholine chloride injection by infusion in order to avoid overdose, detect development of Phase II block, follow its rate of recovery, and assess the effects of reversing agents [see Warnings and Precautions (5. 8)] Intermittent Intravenous Injection Intermittent intravenous injections of succinylcholine chloride injection may also be used to provide muscle relaxation for long procedures. An intravenous injection of 0. 1 mg/kg may be given initially, followed, at appropriate intervals, by further intravenous injections of 0. 04 mg/kg to 0. 07 mg/kg to maintain the degree of relaxation required. For emergency tracheal intubation or in instances where immediate securing of the airway is necessary, the intravenous dose of succinylcholine chloride injection is 2 mg/kg for infants and other small pediatric patients; for older pediatric patients and adolescents the intravenous dose is 1 mg/kg [see Warnings and Precautions (5. 1), Use in Specific Populations (8. 4)] [see Clinical Pharmacology (12. 3)] If a suitable vein is inaccessible, succinylcholine chloride injection may be administered intramuscularly at a dose of up to 3 mg/kg to 4 mg/kg to infants, older pediatric patients, or adults. The total dose administered by the intramuscular route should not exceed 150 mg. The onset of effect of succinylcholine given intramuscularly is usually observed in about 2 to 3 minutes. Succinylcholine chloride injection supplied in multiple-dose vials does not require dilution before use. Succinylcholine chloride injection may be diluted to 1 mg/mL or 2 mg/mL in a solution such as: 5% Dextrose Injection, USP, or 0. 9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP Prepare the diluted succinylcholine chloride solution for single patient use only. Store the diluted succinylcholine chloride solution in a refrigerator [2 °C to 8 °C (36 °F to 46 °F)] and use within 24 hours after preparation. Visually inspect the diluted succinylcholine chloride solution for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration. Discard any unused portion of the diluted succinylcholine chloride solution. Succinylcholine chloride injection is acidic (pH is between 3. 5) and may not be compatible with alkaline solutions having a pH greater than 8. , barbiturate solutions). Therefore, do not mix succinylcholine chloride injection with alkaline solutions.

The following clinically significant adverse reactions are discussed in greater detail in other sections of the labeling: Ventricular Dysrhythmias, Cardiac Arrest, and Death from Hyperkalemic Rhabdomyolysis in Pediatric Patients [see Warnings and Precautions (5. 1)] Anaphylaxis [see Warnings and Precautions (5. 2)] Hyperkalemia [see Warnings and Precautions (5. 4)] Malignant Hyperthermia [see Warnings and Precautions (5. 5)] Bradycardia [see Warnings and Precautions (5. 6)] Increase in Intraocular Pressure [see Warnings and Precautions (5. 7)] Prolonged Neuromuscular Block due to Phase II Block and Tachyphylaxis [see Warnings and Precautions (5. 8)] The following adverse reactions associated with the use of succinylcholine were identified in clinical studies or postmarketing reports. Because some of these reactions were reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure: Cardiovascular disorders: Electrolyte disorders: Eye disorders: Gastrointestinal disorders: Immune system disorders: Musculoskeletal disorders: Respiratory disorders: Skin disorders: Adverse reactions reported with succinylcholine are cardiac arrest, malignant hyperthermia, arrhythmias, bradycardia, tachycardia, hypertension, hypotension, hyperkalemia, prolonged respiratory depression or apnea. (6) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Somerset Therapeutics, LLC at 1-800-417-9175 or the FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www. gov/ medwatch.

Succinylcholine chloride injection is contraindicated: in patients with skeletal muscle myopathies [see Warnings and Precautions (5. 1)] in patients with known hypersensitivity to succinylcholine. Severe anaphylactic reactions to succinylcholine have been reported [see Warnings and Precautions (5. 2)] after the acute phase of injury following major burns, multiple trauma, extensive denervation of skeletal muscle, or upper motor neuron injury, which may result in severe hyperkalemia and cardiac arrest [see Warnings and Precautions (5. 4)] in patients with personal or familial history of malignant hyperthermia [see Warnings and Precautions (5. 5)] Skeletal muscle myopathies (4) Known hypersensitivity to succinylcholine (4) After the acute phase of injury following major burns, multiple trauma, extensive denervation of skeletal muscle, or upper motor neuron injury (4) Known or suspected genetic susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia (4).

Risk Summary Available data from published literature from case reports and case series over decades of use with succinylcholine during pregnancy have not identified a drug-associated risk of major birth defects, miscarriage, or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. Succinylcholine is used commonly during delivery by caesarean section to provide muscle relaxation. If succinylcholine is used during labor and delivery, there is a risk for prolonged apnea in some pregnant women (see Clinical Considerations). The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2-4% and 15-20%, respectively. Clinical Considerations Maternal Adverse Reactions Plasma cholinesterase levels are decreased by approximately 24% during pregnancy and for several days postpartum which can prolong the effect of succinylcholine. Therefore, some pregnant patients may experience prolonged apnea. Fetal/Neonatal Adverse Reactions Apnea and flaccidity may occur in the newborn after repeated high doses to, or in the presence of atypical plasma cholinesterase in, the mother. Labor or Delivery Succinylcholine is commonly used to provide muscle relaxation during delivery by caesarean section. Succinylcholine is known to cross the placental barrier in an amount that is dependent on the concentration gradient between the maternal and fetal circulation. Risk Summary There are no data on the presence of succinylcholine or its metabolite in either human or animal milk, the effects on the breastfed infant, or the effects on milk production. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother's clinical need for succinylcholine chloride injection and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed infant from succinylcholine chloride injection or from the underlying maternal condition. Safety and effectiveness of succinylcholine chloride have been established in pediatric patient age groups, neonate to adolescent. Because of a risk of ventricular dysrhythmias, cardiac arrest, and death from hyperkalemic rhabdomyolysis in pediatric patients, reserve the use of succinylcholine chloride injection in pediatric patients for emergency intubation or instances where immediate securing of the airway is necessary, e. , laryngospasm, difficult airway, full stomach, or for intramuscular use when a suitable vein is inaccessible [see Warnings and Precautions (5. 1)] Intravenous bolus administration of succinylcholine chloride injection in pediatric patients (including infants) may result in profound bradycardia or, rarely, asystole. The incidence and severity of bradycardia is higher in pediatric patients than adults [see Warnings and Precautions (5. 6)] The effective dose of succinylcholine chloride injection in pediatric patients may be higher than that predicted by body weight dosing alone [see Dosage and Administration (2. 3)] Clinical studies of succinylcholine chloride injection did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 years and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.

RECENT MAJOR CHANGES
Contraindications (4) 11/2022 Warnings and Precautions, Malignant Hyperthermia (5.5) 11/2022
DRUG INTERACTIONS
Drugs that May Enhance the Neuromuscular Blocking Action of Succinylcholine Drugs that may enhance the neuromuscular blocking action of succinylcholine include: promazine, oxytocin, aprotinin, certain non-penicillin antibiotics, quinidine, beta-adrenergic blockers, procainamide, lidocaine, trimethaphan, lithium carbonate, magnesium salts, quinine, chloroquine, isoflurane, desflurane, metoclopramide, and terbutaline. The neuromuscular blocking effect of succinylcholine may be enhanced by drugs that reduce plasma cholinesterase activity (e. , chronically administered oral contraceptives, glucocorticoids, or certain monoamine oxidase inhibitors) or by drugs that irreversibly inhibit plasma cholinesterase [see Warnings and Precautions (5. If other neuromuscular blocking agents are to be used during the same procedure, consider the possibility of a synergistic or antagonistic effect.

OVERDOSAGE
Overdosage with succinylcholine chloride injection may result in neuromuscular block beyond the time needed for surgery and anesthesia. This may be manifested by skeletal muscle weakness, decreased respiratory reserve, low tidal volume, or apnea. The primary treatment is maintenance of a patent airway and respiratory support until recovery of normal respiration is assured. Depending on the dose and duration of succinylcholine chloride injection administration, the characteristic depolarizing neuromuscular block (Phase I) may change to a block with characteristics superficially resembling a non-depolarizing block (Phase II) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8)]
NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY
Carcinogenesis There have been no long-term studies performed in animals to evaluate carcinogenic potential of succinylcholine. Mutagenesis Adequate studies have not been completed to evaluate the genotoxic potential of succinylcholine. Impairment of Fertility There are no studies to evaluate the potential impact of succinylcholine on fertility.
SPL UNCLASSIFIED
Manufactured for: Somerset Therapeutics, LLC Hollywood, FL 33024 Made in India Code No.:KR/DRUGS/KTK/28/289/97 PSSO0511 ST-SUC11/P/04

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