API 99% USP 5-Fluorouracil CAS 51-21-8 White Raw Power With Best Price and Fast Delivery

5-Fluorouracil More Info

5-Fluorouracil, commonly abbreviated as 5-FU, is a pyrimidine analog antimetabolite that has served as a cornerstone of systemic cancer chemotherapy for several decades . Chemically designated as 5-fluoro-1H-pyrimidine-2,4-dione, it has the molecular formula C4H3FN2O2 and a molecular weight of approximately 130.08 g/mol . As a fluorinated analog of uracil, this small molecule exploits a structural similarity to a natural nucleobase to interfere with the fundamental processes of nucleic acid synthesis in rapidly dividing malignant cells.

The therapeutic mechanism of 5-fluorouracil is complex and involves multiple pathways that ultimately disrupt both RNA and DNA function. Inside the cell, 5-FU is converted into several active metabolites: fluorouridine triphosphate (FUTP) incorporates into RNA, interfering with RNA processing and protein synthesis . Simultaneously, another metabolite, fluorodeoxyuridine monophosphate (FdUMP), forms a stable complex with thymidylate synthase, inhibiting this critical enzyme and depleting the intracellular pool of thymidine triphosphate (dTTP) required for DNA replication . This dual mechanism of action, affecting both RNA and DNA, underpins its broad antitumor activity and distinguishes it from more targeted agents.

Clinically, 5-fluorouracil remains a mainstay in the treatment of a wide variety of solid tumors. Its primary indications include colorectal, breast, gastric, and pancreatic cancers, where it is commonly used in both adjuvant and metastatic settings . The drug is typically administered intravenously, either as a bolus injection or as a continuous infusion, with the dosing regimen carefully tailored to the specific protocol and patient characteristics . Notably, 5-FU is also available as a topical cream for the treatment of superficial basal cell carcinoma, actinic keratosis, and warts, though this formulation carries significant risks for household pets .

The toxicity profile of 5-fluorouracil is substantial and requires diligent management. Dose-limiting toxicities include myelosuppression, mucositis, and diarrhea . The continuous infusion schedule is particularly associated with palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia, also known as hand-foot syndrome, while bolus administration more frequently causes myelosuppression . A critical risk factor for severe, life-threatening toxicity is a deficiency in dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), the key enzyme responsible for 5-FU catabolism, and screening for DPD deficiency is now recommended prior to treatment initiation . In cases of overdose or severe early toxicity, uridine triacetate serves as a specific antidote .

Beyond its well-characterized gastrointestinal and hematologic effects, 5-fluorouracil is also recognized as the second most common cause of chemotherapy-related cardiotoxicity after anthracyclines . The clinical presentation most frequently involves angina-like chest pain, typically occurring during the first cycle of treatment, though myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, and even sudden death have been reported . The pathophysiology is multifactorial, involving coronary vasospasm, direct endothelial injury, and the toxic effects of its metabolite fluoro-beta-alanine . An entirely distinct but equally serious safety consideration is the extreme toxicity of topical 5-FU formulations to dogs and cats, where accidental ingestion can cause seizures, hyperammonemia, and death within hours, prompting FDA warnings about secure storage and preventing pet contact with treated skin .

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