The Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology reports that: "About 60% is made by the [Bayer] hypochlorite–ketazine process, 25% by the peroxide–ketazine route, and the remainder by the Raschig and urea processes." Here is a link to the original article, if you can access it (e.g. at a university library): Hydrazine and Its Derivatives, by Eugene F. Rothgery. The data cited dates back to 2004, so it may have changed somewhat, but probably not too much.
Consider this also: the above makes hydrazine hydrate. Propellant-grade hydrazine must be anhydrous, so there is an extra step in which water is removed from the hydrate, typically by azeotropic distillation with aniline.
The Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology reports that: "About 60% is made by the [Bayer] hypochlorite–ketazine process, 25% by the peroxide–ketazine route, and the remainder by the Raschig and urea processes." Here is a link to the original article, if you can access it (e.g. at a university library): Hydrazine and Its Derivatives, by Eugene F. Rothgery. The data cited dates back to 2004, so it may have changed somewhat, but probably not too much.
Consider this also: the above makes hydrazine hydrate. Propellant-grade hydrazine must be anhydrous, so there is an extra step in which water is removed from the hydrate, typically by azeotropic distillation with aniline.
Thanks for the Kirk-Othmer tip, have looked the data up. Could you please explain why these processes were chosen?More
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I would hazard a guess that the economies of scale of where the process is located comes into play. Arkema may make bulk $\ce{H2O2}$ at industrial concentration so can just feed it in without transport and hence dilution isn't required . Bayer (or a neighbour) may operate a chloralkali process on site, so use that. Everything will come down to the input costs.
I would hazard a guess that the economies of scale of where the process is located comes into play. Arkema may make bulk $\ce{H2O2}$ at industrial concentration so can just feed it in without transport and hence dilution isn't required . Bayer (or a neighbour) may operate a chloralkali process on site, so use that. Everything will come down to the input costs.
The Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology reports that: "About 60% is made by the [Bayer] hypochlorite–ketazine process, 25% by the peroxide–ketazine route, and the remainder by the Raschig and urea processes." Here is a link to the original article, if you can access it (e.g. at a university library): Hydrazine and Its Derivatives, by Eugene F. Rothgery. The data cited dates back to 2004, so it may have changed somewhat, but probably not too much.
Consider this also: the above makes hydrazine hydrate. Propellant-grade hydrazine must be anhydrous, so there is an extra step in which water is removed from the hydrate, typically by azeotropic distillation with aniline.
The Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology reports that: "About 60% is made by the [Bayer] hypochlorite–ketazine process, 25% by the peroxide–ketazine route, and the remainder by the Raschig and urea processes." Here is a link to the original article, if you can access it (e.g. at a university library): Hydrazine and Its Derivatives, by Eugene F. Rothgery. The data cited dates back to 2004, so it may have changed somewhat, but probably not too much.
Consider this also: the above makes hydrazine hydrate. Propellant-grade hydrazine must be anhydrous, so there is an extra step in which water is removed from the hydrate, typically by azeotropic distillation with aniline.
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I would hazard a guess that the economies of scale of where the process is located comes into play. Arkema may make bulk $\ce{H2O2}$ at industrial concentration so can just feed it in without transport and hence dilution isn't required . Bayer (or a neighbour) may operate a chloralkali process on site, so use that. Everything will come down to the input costs.
I would hazard a guess that the economies of scale of where the process is located comes into play. Arkema may make bulk $\ce{H2O2}$ at industrial concentration so can just feed it in without transport and hence dilution isn't required . Bayer (or a neighbour) may operate a chloralkali process on site, so use that. Everything will come down to the input costs.
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