To add to @user223679's answer. Phenol can react via two pathways with acyl chlorides to give either esters, via O-acylation, or hydroxyarylketones, via C-acylation.
However, phenol esters also undergo a Fries rearrangement under Friedel-Crafts conditions to produce the C-alkylated, hydroxyarylketones. This reaction is promoted by having an excess of catalyst present, either a Lewis acid such as $\ce{AlCl3}$ or strong Brønsted acids such as $\ce{HF}$ and $\ce{TfOH}$.
This paper reports yields of >90% (up to 99%) O-acylated products when phenol, and various derivatives is reacted with acyl chlorides in 1% $\ce{TfOH-CH3CN}$ solutions.
In neat $\ce{TfOH}$, yields of >90% C-acylated products are reported for phenol, and many ortho- and para-substituted derivatives, but significantly lower yields of 40-50% C-acylation are reported for meta substituted derivatives.
Additionally, various phenol esters were heated in neat $\ce{TfOH}$ and yields of >90% of the C-acylated Fries rearrangement products were reported. The yields were similar for ortho- and para-substituted phenol esters but again significantly lower (30-60%) for meta-substituted reactants.
Overall this suggests that the ratio of O- to C-acylated products is strongly influenced by the concentration of the catalyst, with high concentrations favouring C-acylation and low concentrations favouring O-acylation.
To add to @user223679's answer. Phenol can react via two pathways with acyl chlorides to give either esters, via O-acylation, or hydroxyarylketones, via C-acylation.
However, phenol esters also undergo a Fries rearrangement under Friedel-Crafts conditions to produce the C-alkylated, hydroxyarylketones. This reaction is promoted by having an excess of catalyst present, either a Lewis acid such as $\ce{AlCl3}$ or strong Brønsted acids such as $\ce{HF}$ and $\ce{TfOH}$.
This paper reports yields of >90% (up to 99%) O-acylated products when phenol, and various derivatives is reacted with acyl chlorides in 1% $\ce{TfOH-CH3CN}$ solutions.
In neat $\ce{TfOH}$, yields of >90% C-acylated products are reported for phenol, and many ortho- and para-substituted derivatives, but significantly lower yields of 40-50% C-acylation are reported for meta substituted derivatives.
Additionally, various phenol esters were heated in neat $\ce{TfOH}$ and yields of >90% of the C-acylated Fries rearrangement products were reported. The yields were similar for ortho- and para-substituted phenol esters but again significantly lower (30-60%) for meta-substituted reactants.
Overall this suggests that the ratio of O- to C-acylated products is strongly influenced by the concentration of the catalyst, with high concentrations favouring C-acylation and low concentrations favouring O-acylation.
Does the coordination to the Lewis acid catalyst take place for all alkoxy (e.g. methoxy, ethoxy etc.) groups as well? Technically, due to the electron-donating effect of the alkyl group, wouldnt the extent of coordination to the catalyst increase for these groups?More
phenol DOES NOT undergo Friedel Craft Alkylation or Acylation. This is because oxygen's lone pair in phenol makes co ordinate bond with AlCl3 (A Lewis acid) hence blocking it .
So alternative way is Fries Rearrangement.
phenol DOES NOT undergo Friedel Craft Alkylation or Acylation. This is because oxygen's lone pair in phenol makes co ordinate bond with AlCl3 (A Lewis acid) hence blocking it . So alternative way is Fries Rearrangement.
To add to @user223679's answer. Phenol can react via two pathways with acyl chlorides to give either esters, via O-acylation, or hydroxyarylketones, via C-acylation.
However, phenol esters also undergo a Fries rearrangement under Friedel-Crafts conditions to produce the C-alkylated, hydroxyarylketones. This reaction is promoted by having an excess of catalyst present, either a Lewis acid such as $\ce{AlCl3}$ or strong Brønsted acids such as $\ce{HF}$ and $\ce{TfOH}$.
This paper reports yields of >90% (up to 99%) O-acylated products when phenol, and various derivatives is reacted with acyl chlorides in 1% $\ce{TfOH-CH3CN}$ solutions.
In neat $\ce{TfOH}$, yields of >90% C-acylated products are reported for phenol, and many ortho- and para-substituted derivatives, but significantly lower yields of 40-50% C-acylation are reported for meta substituted derivatives.
Additionally, various phenol esters were heated in neat $\ce{TfOH}$ and yields of >90% of the C-acylated Fries rearrangement products were reported. The yields were similar for ortho- and para-substituted phenol esters but again significantly lower (30-60%) for meta-substituted reactants.
Overall this suggests that the ratio of O- to C-acylated products is strongly influenced by the concentration of the catalyst, with high concentrations favouring C-acylation and low concentrations favouring O-acylation.
To add to @user223679's answer. Phenol can react via two pathways with acyl chlorides to give either esters, via O-acylation, or hydroxyarylketones, via C-acylation.
However, phenol esters also undergo a Fries rearrangement under Friedel-Crafts conditions to produce the C-alkylated, hydroxyarylketones. This reaction is promoted by having an excess of catalyst present, either a Lewis acid such as $\ce{AlCl3}$ or strong Brønsted acids such as $\ce{HF}$ and $\ce{TfOH}$.
This paper reports yields of >90% (up to 99%) O-acylated products when phenol, and various derivatives is reacted with acyl chlorides in 1% $\ce{TfOH-CH3CN}$ solutions.
In neat $\ce{TfOH}$, yields of >90% C-acylated products are reported for phenol, and many ortho- and para-substituted derivatives, but significantly lower yields of 40-50% C-acylation are reported for meta substituted derivatives.
Additionally, various phenol esters were heated in neat $\ce{TfOH}$ and yields of >90% of the C-acylated Fries rearrangement products were reported. The yields were similar for ortho- and para-substituted phenol esters but again significantly lower (30-60%) for meta-substituted reactants.
Overall this suggests that the ratio of O- to C-acylated products is strongly influenced by the concentration of the catalyst, with high concentrations favouring C-acylation and low concentrations favouring O-acylation.
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Like aniline, phenol too reacts to a very less extent during Friedel-Crafts reaction.
The reason being that the oxygen atom of phenol has lone pair of electrons which coordinate with Lewis acid.
In fact most substituents with lone pair would give poor yield.
The two pathways involved in the reaction with phenol reduce the overall yeild:
Phenols are examples of bidentate nucleophiles, meaning that they can react at two positions:
or,
Like aniline, phenol too reacts to a very less extent during Friedel-Crafts reaction.
The reason being that the oxygen atom of phenol has lone pair of electrons which coordinate with Lewis acid.
In fact most substituents with lone pair would give poor yield.
The two pathways involved in the reaction with phenol reduce the overall yeild:
Phenols are examples of bidentate nucleophiles, meaning that they can react at two positions:
or,
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phenol DOES NOT undergo Friedel Craft Alkylation or Acylation. This is because oxygen's lone pair in phenol makes co ordinate bond with AlCl3 (A Lewis acid) hence blocking it . So alternative way is Fries Rearrangement.
phenol DOES NOT undergo Friedel Craft Alkylation or Acylation. This is because oxygen's lone pair in phenol makes co ordinate bond with AlCl3 (A Lewis acid) hence blocking it . So alternative way is Fries Rearrangement.
More
VOTE