TRANEXAMIC ACID- tranexamic acid_injection, solution

Tranexamic acid is a synthetic lysine amino acid derivative, which diminishes the dissolution of hemostatic fibrin by plasmin. In the presence of tranexamic acid, the lysine receptor binding sites of plasmin for fibrin are occupied, preventing binding to fibrin monomers, thus preserving and stabilizing fibrin's matrix structure. The antifibrinolytic effects of tranexamic acid are mediated by reversible interactions at multiple binding sites within plasminogen. Native human plasminogen contains 4 to 5 lysine binding sites with low affinity for tranexamic acid (Kd = 750 mumol/L) and 1 with high affinity (Kd = 1. The high affinity lysine site of plasminogen is involved in its binding to fibrin. Saturation of the high affinity binding site with tranexamic acid displaces plasminogen from the surface of fibrin. Although plasmin may be formed by conformational changes in plasminogen, binding to and dissolution of the fibrin matrix is inhibited. Tranexamic acid, in concentrations of 1 mg/mL and 10 mg/mL prolongs the thrombin time. An antifibrinolytic concentration of tranexamic acid remains in different tissues for about 17 hours, and in the serum, up to 7 or 8 hours. Tranexamic acid in concentrations up to 10 mg/mL blood has no influence on the platelet count, the coagulation time or various coagulation factors in whole blood or citrated blood from healthy subjects. Distribution The initial volume of distribution is about 9 to 12 liters. The plasma protein binding of tranexamic acid is about 3% at therapeutic plasma levels and seems to be fully accounted for by its binding to plasminogen. Tranexamic acid does not bind to serum albumin. Elimination After an intravenous dose of 1 g, the plasma concentration time curve shows a triexponential decay with a half-life of about 2 hours for the terminal elimination phase. Excretion Urinary excretion is the main route of elimination via glomerular filtration. Overall renal clearance is equal to overall plasma clearance (110 to 116 mL/min), and more than 95% of the dose is excreted in the urine as unchanged drug. Excretion of tranexamic acid is about 90% at 24 hours after intravenous administration of 10 mg/kg body weight. Specific Populations Patients with Renal Impairment The blood levels of tranexamic acid are increased in patients with renal insufficiency. Urinary excretion following a single intravenous injection of tranexamic acid declines as renal function decreases. Following a single 10 mg/kg intravenous injection of tranexamic acid, the 24-hour urinary fractions of tranexamic acid with serum creatinine concentrations 1. 4 en dash 2. 8 en dash 5. 7, and greater than 5. 7 mg/dL were 51, 39, and 19%, respectively. The 24-hour tranexamic acid plasma concentrations for these patients demonstrated a direct relationship to the degree of renal impairment. Therefore, dose adjustment is needed in patients with renal impairment [see Dosage and Administration (2. 2) Use in Specific Populations (8. 6) Drug Interaction Studies No studies of interactions between tranexamic acid.

Tranexamic acid Tranexamic acid is an antifibrinolytic indicated in patients with hemophilia for short-term use (2 to 8 days) to reduce or prevent hemorrhage and reduce the need for replacement therapy during and following tooth extraction.

Before Extraction: Administer 10 mg/kg actual body weight of tranexamic acid intravenously with replacement therapy. 1 After Extraction: Administer 10 mg/kg actual body weight 3 to 4 times daily for 2 to 8 days. Infuse no more than 1 mL/minute to avoid hypotension. 1 Reduce the dosage for patients with renal impairment. 6 The recommended dose of tranexamic acid injection is 10 mg/kg actual body weight intravenously administered as a single dose, immediately before tooth extractions Infuse no more than 1 mL/minute to avoid hypotension [see Warnings and Precautions (5. 1) Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit. For intravenous infusion, tranexamic acid injection may be mixed with most solutions for infusion such as electrolyte solutions, carbohydrate solutions, amino acid solutions, and Dextran solutions. Heparin may be added to tranexamic acid injection. Tranexamic acid injection should NOT be mixed with blood. The drug is a synthetic amino acid and should NOT be mixed with solutions containing penicillin. Discard any unused portion. The diluted mixture may be stored for up to 4 hours at room temperature prior to patient administration. For patients with moderate to severe impaired renal function, the following dosages are recommended: Table 1. Recommended Dosage in Patients with Varying Degrees of Renal Impairment Serum Creatinine (mg/dL) Tranexamic Acid Injection Intravenous Dosage *Dose reduction is recommended for all doses, both before and after tooth extraction. 83 10 mg/kg twice daily 2. 66 10 mg/kg daily >5. 66 (>500 micromol/L) 10 mg/kg every 48 hours.

The following clinically significant adverse reactions are described elsewhere in the labeling: Thromboembolic Risk [see Warnings and Precautions (5. 1) Seizures [see Warnings and Precautions (5. 2) Hypersensitivity Reactions [see Warnings and Precautions (5. 3) Visual Disturbances [see Warnings and Precautions (5. 4) Dizziness [see Warnings and Precautions (5. 5) Most common adverse reactions are nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, allergic dermatitis, giddiness, hypotension, and thromboembolic events. ( 6 To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Apollo Pharmaceuticals USA Inc. at 1-833-727-6556 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www. gov/medwatch. The following adverse reactions have been identified during postapproval use of tranexamic acid. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. Gastrointestinal disturbances (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea) may occur and may resolve with dose-reduction. Allergic dermatitis and giddiness have been reported. Hypotension has been reported when intravenous injection is too rapid. Thromboembolic events (e. , deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, cerebral thrombosis, acute renal cortical necrosis, and central retinal artery, vein obstruction and cases associated with concomitant use of combination hormonal contraceptives) have been rarely reported in patients receiving tranexamic acid for indications other than hemorrhage prevention in patients with hemophilia. Convulsion, cromatopsia, and visual impairment have also been reported. Anaphylaxis or anaphylactoid reactions have been reported that are suggestive of a causal relationship.

Tranexamic acid injection is contraindicated: In patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Anecdotal experience indicates that cerebral edema and cerebral infarction may be caused by tranexamic acid injection in such patients. In patients with active intravascular clotting [see Warnings and Precautions (5. 1) In patients with hypersensitivity to tranexamic acid or any of the ingredients [ see Warnings and Precautions (5. 3) In patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage, due to risk of cerebral edema and cerebral infarction. ( 4 In patients with active intravascular clotting. ( 4 In patients with severe hypersensitivity reactions to tranexamic acid or any of the ingredients.

Risk Summary Available data from published studies, case series and case reports with tranexamic acid use in pregnant women in the second and third trimester and at the time of delivery have not clarified whether there is a drug-associated risk of miscarriage or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. There are 2 (0. 02%) infant cases with structural abnormalities that resulted in death when tranexamic acid was used during conception or the first trimester of pregnancy; however, due to other confounding factors the risk of major birth defects with use of tranexamic acid during pregnancy is not clear. Tranexamic acid is known to pass the placenta and appears in cord blood at concentrations approximately equal to maternal concentration (see Data Reproduction studies performed in mice, rats, and rabbits have not revealed any adverse effects on the fetus due to tranexamic acid administered during organogenesis. Doses examined were multiples of up to 3 times (mouse), 6 times (rat), and 3 times (rabbit) the maximum human dose based on body surface area in the mouse, rat, and rabbit, respectively (see Data The estimated background risk for major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in the clinically recognized pregnancies is 2en dash4% and 15en dash20%, respectively. It is not known whether tranexamic acid use in pregnant women may cause a drug-associated risk of miscarriage or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. For decisions regarding the use of tranexamic acid tranexamic acid tranexamic acid Data Human Data Tranexamic acid passes through the placenta. The concentration in cord blood after an intravenous injection of 10 mg/kg to pregnant women is about 30 mg/L, as high as in the maternal blood. There were 13 clinical studies that described fetal and/or neonatal functional issues such as low Apgar score, neonatal sepsis, cephalohematoma and 9 clinical studies that discussed alterations to growth including low birth weight and preterm birth at 22en dash36 weeks of gestation in fetuses and infants exposed to tranexamic acid in-utero. Animal Data In embryo-fetal development studies, tranexamic acid was administered to pregnant mice from Gestation day (GD) 6 through GD 12 and rats from GD 9 through GD 14 at daily doses of 0. There was no evidence of adverse developmental outcomes in mice and rats at multiple of 3 and 6 times the maximum recommended human dose based on body surface area in the mouse and rat, respectively. In rabbits, tranexamic acid was administered intravenously at doses of 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg/day or orally at doses of 100, 200, or 400 mg/kg/day from GD 6 through GD 18. There was no evidence of adverse developmental outcomes at dose multiples of 2 or 3 times, respectively, the maximum recommended human dose based on body surface area. Intravenous doses of 200 mg/kg/day showed slightly retarded weight gain in pregnant rabbits. Risk Summary Published literature reports the presence of tranexamic acid in human milk. There are no data on the effects of tranexamic acid on the breastfed child or the effects on milk production. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother's clinical need for tranexamic acid a tranexamic acid Contraception Concomitant use of tranexamic acid [see Warnings and Precautions (5. 5) Drug Interactions (7. 1) There are limited data concerning the use of tranexamic acid Clinical studies of tranexamic acid This drug is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of toxic reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor renal function [see Dosage and Administration (2. 2) Clinical Pharmacology (12. 3) Reduce the dosage of tranexamic acid [see Dosage and Administration (2.

Prothrombotic Medical Products: Avoid concomitant use, can further increase the risk of thromboembolic adverse reactions associated with tranexamic acid. 3 Avoid concomitant use of tranexamic acid [see Warnings and Precautions (5. 1) Use in Specific Populations (8.

OVERDOSAGE
Cases of overdosage of tranexamic acid
NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY
Tranexamic acid was not carcinogenic in a 2-year study in rats and mice at oral doses up to 3 and 5. 3 g/kg/day, which are approximately 12 and 11 times the maximum recommended human dose based on body surface area, respectively. Tranexamic acid was not genotoxic in the reverse mutation bacterial (Ames) test, and in vitro and in vivo cytogenetic test. In a fertility and early embryonic development study, tranexamic acid was administered to male rats as 0. 3% and 1% of drug in diet (average doses of 222 and 856 mg/kg/day) or to female rats at dose levels of 0. 2% of drug in diet. Tranexamic acid had no effect on fertility or reproductive function of male or female rats at dose multiples of 4 or 5 times the maximum recommended human dose based on body surface area, respectively. Nonclinical studies have shown a retinal toxicity associated with tranexamic acid. Toxicity is characterized by retinal atrophy commencing with changes to the retinal pigmented epithelium and progressing to retinal detachment in cats. The toxicity appears to be dose related, and changes are partially reversible at lower doses. Effects were observed in dogs at oral doses of 800 mg/kg/day and higher (multiple of 11 times the maximum human dose based on body surface area), and in cats at 250 mg/kg/day for 14 days (multiple of 1. 6 times the maximum human dose based on body surface area). Some fully reversible changes in pigmentation were observed in cats at doses of 125 mg/kg/day (multiple of 0. 8 times the maximum human dose based on body surface area). Studies suggest that the underlying mechanism may be related to a transient retinal ischemia at high exposures, linked to the known sympathomimetic effect of high plasma exposures of tranexamic acid.

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