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What is urolithin A?

Urolithin A: a natural gastrointestinal microbial metabolite.

When natural polyphenols such as ellagitannins are ingested, they are converted by gut microbes to produce urolithin A. Similar to NMN, urolithin A is not produced naturally in every person at every age as ageing occurs, e.g., those who do not like pomegranates, or those who have a flocculated gut microflora.

Scientists from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne and other institutions have found that the gut metabolite of pomegranate and other fruits, urolithin A, may be able to help slow down specific aging processes by improving the functioning of the cellular mitochondria; furthermore, there is no risk to the health of the human organism from the intake of this compound.

As a product of gut microbial metabolism urolithin A, how does it help slow down specific aging processes by improving cellular mitochondrial function?

How does urolithin A achieve anti-aging?

The most consistent effect of urolithin A across species is the improvement of mitochondrial health, an effect observed in cellular, worm, mouse, and human trials. This benefit results from the removal of dysfunctional mitochondria and mitochondrial autophagy, a selective autophagic process known as mitochondrial autophagy.

Mitochondrial autophagy is impaired with age and a number of age-related diseases. Restoring normal functioning levels of mitochondrial autophagy is a promising way to counteract age-related declines in organ function.

Mitochondrial autophagy occurs when mitochondria are damaged or after exposure to external mitochondrial autophagy inducers, and in the case of impaired autophagy, whereas uroplakin A is regulated through 2 regulatory pathways, restores mitochondrial autophagy, generates autophagosomal vesicles, engulfs the damaged mitochondria and binds to the lysosome to normalise overall mitochondrial autophagy function.

Mitochondria are often referred to as the engine of the energy source, and the role of urolithin A is to clean up the engine when it is damaged and needs to be scrapped, carry it to the processing plant for scrapping, and at the same time, the cell factory produces a new mitochondrial transmitter.

 What is mitochondrial autophagy?

Mitochondrial autophagy (Mitophagy) is the targeted phagocytosis and destruction of mitochondria by the cellular autophagic apparatus, and is often considered the primary mechanism of mitochondrial quality control. Mitochondrial autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular process to remove dysfunctional or excess mitochondria in order to microregulate mitochondrial number and maintain energy metabolism.

Mitochondrial autophagy has two regulatory pathways respectively:

A: PINK1-Parkin pathway of mitochondrial autophagy.

B: Receptor-mediated mitochondrial autophagy.