Name | Pidotimod |
CAS number | 121808-62-6 |
EINECS number | 2017-001-1 |
Synonym | Pidotomod; PGT/1A; PGT 1A; PGT1A; PGT-1A; (R)-3-((S)-5-Oxopyrrolidine-2-carbonyl)thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid; 3-Pyroglutamoylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid; |
Description | Pidotimod is a synthetic dipeptide with immunomodulatory properties, primarily used to enhance both innate and adaptive immune responses. It is characterized by anti-toxicity, anti-oxidation, anti-irritation and anti-infection; it can promote both non-specific and specific immune responses. Clinically, it is mainly used for the prevention and treatment of recurrent respiratory tract infections in children, chronic bronchitis, recurrent urinary tract infections and other chronic diseases caused by the decline in the immune function of the organism as well as reducing the recurrence of tumors. The drug has the advantages of rapid distribution, excretion, no accumulation in the body, good tolerance, and the age of applicable patients is not limited. |
Structure |  |
Molecular Formula | C9H12N2O4S |
Molecular Weight | 244.27 g/mol |
Appearance | Solid powder |
Quality Standard | CP Standard |
Assay | ≥98% |
Shipping Condition | Shipped under ambient temperature as non-hazardous chemical. This product is stable enough for a few weeks during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs. |
Storage Condition | Store in cool place. Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well ventilated place. |
Shelf Life | >2 years if stored properly |
Sample package | Aluminium foil bag |
Commercial package | Aluminium Tin, Fiber drum |
Origin | China |
HS Code | 2934109099 |
Pidotimod is a synthetic dipeptide with immunomodulatory properties, primarily used to enhance the immune response in individuals with recurrent infections, particularly in the respiratory and urinary tracts.
Mechanism of Action
Pidotimod functions as an immunostimulant by modulating both innate and adaptive immune responses. Its mechanisms include:
Induction of Dendritic Cell Maturation: Pidotimod promotes the maturation of dendritic cells, which are crucial for antigen presentation.
Upregulation of Co-stimulatory Molecules: It increases the expression of HLA-DR and co-stimulatory molecules like CD83 and CD86 on dendritic cells.
T-cell Differentiation: Pidotimod encourages T-cell differentiation towards a Th1 phenotype by stimulating dendritic cells to release pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Enhancement of Natural Killer (NK) Cell Activity: It boosts the activity of NK cells, which play a vital role in the innate immune response.
Promotion of Phagocytosis: Pidotimod enhances the phagocytic activity of immune cells.
Inhibition of Thymocyte Apoptosis: This action helps in maintaining T-cell populations during immune responses.
Increased Salivary Immunoglobulin A (IgA): It elevates IgA levels, which are important for mucosal immunity.
These actions collectively contribute to a more robust immune response against pathogens, making pidotimod effective in preventing infections and reducing their severity.
Applications
Recurrent Respiratory Infections: Particularly useful in children and adults with frequent upper respiratory tract infections.
Chronic Bronchitis and COPD: It has shown efficacy in managing chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Urinary Tract Infections: Used for patients experiencing recurrent urinary tract infections.
Immunocompromised Patients: Beneficial in individuals with immune deficiencies or conditions such as Down syndrome, where immune responses are compromised.
Clinical studies have demonstrated that pidotimod can reduce the frequency and severity of infections, leading to decreased antibiotic use and improved quality of life.
Routes of Administration
Pidotimod is primarily administered orally:
Oral Tablets: The most common form for both children (aged 3 years and older) and adults. It is recommended to take pidotimod on an empty stomach or at least 2 hours after meals to optimize absorption.
Safety and Side Effects
Pidotimod is generally well-tolerated with a favorable safety profile. Common side effects include:
Gastrointestinal Symptoms: Nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite.
Skin Reactions: Skin rash may occur but is typically mild.
Fatigue or Dizziness: Some patients report feeling fatigued or dizzy.
Serious adverse events are rare, although there have been isolated reports of conditions like Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Overall, pidotimod does not exhibit significant mutagenic potential or severe allergic reactions.
Pharmacokinetics
Absorption
Pidotimod is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, with an oral bioavailability ranging from 43% to 45%. Food intake can significantly decrease its absorption by up to 50%, so it is best taken on an empty stomach.
Distribution
Once absorbed, pidotimod distributes throughout the body but has limited data on its volume of distribution. It does not significantly bind to plasma proteins.
Metabolism
Hepatic metabolism of pidotimod is minimal; it remains largely unchanged in the body.
Elimination
The elimination half-life of pidotimod is approximately 4 hours. The drug is primarily excreted unchanged through renal pathways. This pharmacokinetic profile indicates that pidotimod can be effectively dosed without significant accumulation in patients with normal renal function.
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