(-)-Cytochalasin D

507.62

507.62

244-804-1

3172

DTXSID8037099

NEEDLES FROM ACETONE-PETROLEUM ETHER

29337900

112.93000

2.64

powder

1.2±0.1 g/cm3

267-271 °C

712.1±60.0 °C at 760 mmHg

87℃

1.597

DMSO: soluble

−20°C

2.76E-21mmHg at 25°C

THE CYTOCHALASINS GENERALLY CAN BE DESCRIBED AS A PHENYLALANINE OR TRYPTOPHAN MOIETY LINKED TO PERHYDROISOINDOLE MOIETY WHICH IS IN TURN LINKED TO A C16-C18 POLYKETIDE RING SYSTEM CONTAINING A CARBOCYCLIC (CYTOCHALASIN C), A LACTONE (CYTOCHALASIN A), OR A CYCLIC CARBONATE (CYTOCHALASIN E) MOIETY /CYTOCHALASINS/

No rapid reaction with air. No rapid reaction with water.

Alcohols and Polyols

CYTOCHALASIN D may be sensitive to exposure to heat. This chemical can react with strong oxidizing agents, strong acids and strong bases. (NTP, 1992).

I

6.1(a)

UN 1544 6.1/PG 2

3

25-63

36/37-45

GZ4850000

T

P264-P281-P301 + P310

H300-H361

Flash point data for this chemical are not available; however, it is probably combustible. (NTP, 1992)

|Danger|H300 (100%): Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]|P201, P202, P264, P270, P281, P301+P310, P308+P313, P321, P330, P405, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 103 companies from 1 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. SPILL: Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown above. FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: Should a spill occur while you are handling this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION, then you should dampen the solid spill material with 60-70% ethanol and transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with 60-70% ethanol to pick up any remaining material. Seal the absorbent paper, and any of your clothes, which may be contaminated, in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with 60-70% ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned. STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this chemical in a freezer and keep it away from oxidizing materials, acids and bases. (NTP, 1992)

MINIMUM PROTECTIVE CLOTHING: If Tyvek-type disposable protective clothing is not worn during handling of this chemical, wear disposable Tyvek-type sleeves taped to your gloves. RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with a combination filter cartridge, i.e. organic vapor/acid gas/HEPA (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas, SO2 and a high efficiency particulate filter). (NTP, 1992)

PRETREATMENT OF RABBIT KIDNEY CELLS WITH CYTOCHALASIN D ENHANCED HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS TYPE 2 INFECTIVITY 3- TO 6-FOLD OVER VALUES OBTAINED USING THE STANDARD CALCIUM CHLORIDE TECHNIQUE.|CYTOCHALASIN D TREATMENT OF PERMISSIVE OR SEMIRESTRICTIVE CELL LINES ENHANCED THEIR SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INFECTION WITH POLIOVIRUS.

...IN THE BIOSYNTHESES OF CYTOCHALASIN B (PHOMIN) BY PHOMA SPECIES & CYTOCHALASIN D BY ZYGOSPORIUM MASONII...A NUMBER OF (14)C & (3)H PRECURSORS WERE FED TO PHOMA SPECIES & PRECISE DEGRADATION REACTIONS WERE PERFORMED TO REVEAL THE FORMATION OF CYTOCHALASIN B FROM ONE UNIT OF PHENYLALANINE, NINE UNITS OF ACETATE-MALONATE, & TWO UNITS OF METHIONINE. THE LABELLING PATTERN WAS ALSO CONFIRMED IN THE CASE OF CYTOCHALASIN D.|A CLASS OF MOLD METABOLITES EXHIBITING INHIBITORY EFFECTS ON CELL PROCESSES. SIX CYTOCHALASINS HAVE BEEN ISOLATED: CYTOCHALASINS A, B & F FROM HELMINTHOSPORIUM DEMATIOIDEUM; C & D FROM METARRHIZIUM ANISOPLIAE; E FROM ROSELLINIA NECATRIX. /CYTOCHALASINS/

Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors|EXPTL USE: ...WORKERS INVESTIGATED THE APPLICATION OF.../ZYGOSPORIN A (CYTOCHALASIN D), E, F, G, & MORE THAN 30 DERIVATIVES/ AS ANTITUMOR AGENTS BUT WITH UNSUCCESSFUL RESULTS.|EXPTL USE: CYTOCHALASIN D (0.322-5.0 MG/KG/DAY, IP) HAD ANTITUMOR ACTIVITY AGAINST ASCITES HEPATOMA AH-130 AND MURPHY-STURM LYMPHOSARCOMA IN RATS.

Compounds that inhibit cell production of DNA or RNA. (See all compounds classified as Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors.)

IN...WORK USING STEREOSPECIFICALLY LABELLED PRECURSORS, L-PHENYLALANINE WAS SHOWN TO BE THE PRIMARY PRECURSOR OF CYTOCHALASIN D, & THE RAPID EQUILIBRIUM OF D- & L-ISOMERS THROUGH PHENYLPYRUVIC ACID WAS SHOWN TO ACCOUNT FOR THE EQUALLY EFFICIENT INCORPORATION OF BOTH ENANTIOMERS.|IN...THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF CYTOCHALASIN D BY ZYGOSPORIUM MASONII, [1,2-(13)C]-ACETATE WAS FED TO A GROWING CULTURE OF THIS FUNGUS. THE ARRANGEMENT OF INTACT ACETATE UNITS WAS ESTABLISHED... CYTOCHALASIN D ORIGINATED FROM PHENYLALANINE, METHIONINE & 9 INTACT ACETATE UNITS. EIGHT OF THE ACETATE UNITS COUPLE IN A HEAD-TO-TAIL FASHION TO FORM THE C16-POLYKETIDE MOIETY. THE FEEDING OF HIGHER EVEN-NUMBERED SATURATED ACIDS SUCH AS C1-LABELLED BUTYRATE, MYRISTATE & PALMITATE SHOWED NO DIRECT INCORPORATION. THEY DO, HOWEVER, UNDERGO BETA-OXIDATION TO YIELD C1-LABELLED ACETATE WHICH IS INCORPORATED INTO CYTOCHALASIN D.

MAJOR BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS ARE THE BLOCKAGE OF CYTOPLASMIC CLEAVAGE RESULTING IN MULTINUCLEATE CELL FORMATION, THE INHIBITION OF CELL MOVEMENT, & THE INDUCTION OF NUCLEAR EXTRUSION... OTHER REPORTED EFFECTS INCLUDE THE INHIBITION OF GLUCOSE TRANSPORT, OF THYROID SECRETION, OF GROWTH HORMONE RELEASE, OF PHAGOCYTOSIS, & OF PLATELET AGGREGATION & CLOT CONTRACTION. /CYTOCHALASINS/|IN THE EARLY STAGE OF CYTOLOGICAL RESEARCH USING CYTOCHALASINS THE MODE OF ACTION OF THE COMPOUNDS WAS EXPLAINED AS DIRECT DISRUPTION OF MICROFILAMENTS INTERFERRING WITH CONTRACTILE MOVEMENTS OF THE MAMMALIAN CELLS. FURTHER STUDY, ESPECIALLY THE OBSERVATION OF THEIR EFFECTS ON THE TRANSPORT OF A NUMBER OF SUBSTANCES INTO THE CELLS, REVEALED A MORE COMPLEX MODE OF ACTION. IT IS CLEAR THAT THE NATURE OF THE BINDING BETWEEN THE CYTOCHALASINS & ACTIVE SITES IS NOT COVALENT BECAUSE OF THE RAPID REVERSIBILITY OF THE ACTION. /CYTOCHALASINS/|THROUGH THE USE OF (3)H-LABELLED CYTOCHALASINS B & D THE PRECISE BINDING SITES & SUB-CELLULAR LOCALIZATION ARE NOW UNDER INVESTIGATION... EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS OBTAINED THUS FAR SUPPORT THE IDEA THAT THE PRIMARY EFFECT IS MEMBRANOTROPIC, PERHAPS INVOLVING THE ASSOCIATION OF MICROFILAMENTS WITH THE PLASMA MEMBRANE.|CYTOCHALASIN D DID NOT PREVENT ATTACHMENT BUT DID PREVENT ENTRY OF TOXOPLASMA GONDII INTO PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES AND BLADDER TUMOR 4934 CELLS.|For more Mechanism of Action (Complete) data for CYTOCHALASIN D (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SYMPTOMS: Chronic effects of exposure to this compound include congenital malformation of the fetus. ACUTE/CHRONIC HAZARDS: This compound may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through the skin. It may cause irritation. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides. (NTP, 1992)

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas. INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing. INGESTION: If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Generally, the induction of vomiting is NOT recommended outside of a physician's care due to the risk of aspirating the chemical into the victim's lungs. However, if the victim is conscious and not convulsing and if medical help is not readily available, consider the risk of inducing vomiting because of the high toxicity of the chemical ingested. Ipecac syrup or salt water may be used in such an emergency. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

CYTOTOXICITY OF CYTOCHALASIN D ON HELA CELLS: SAMPLES WERE DISSOLVED IN DMSO AT 10 MG/ML & DILUTED IN THE MEDIUM. CELLS ON COVER-GLASSES WERE TREATED FOR 3-DAYS. DEGREE OF CYTOTOXICITY WAS ESTIMATED ON A SCALE RANGING '0' (LITTLE CELLULAR DAMAGE) THROUGH '4' (COMPLETE CYTOLYSIS) IN OBSERVING THE STAINED COVER-GLASSES. '2' DENOTES APPROXIMATE 50% GROWTH-INHIBITORY DOSE. SPECIFIC DOSAGE WITH RESPECTIVE CYTOTOXICITY RATING WAS NOTED: 32 UG/ML= 3.5 RATING; 10 UG/ML= 3 RATING; 3.2 UG/ML= 3 RATING; 1.0 UG/ML= 2.5 RATING; 0.32 UG/ML= 1 RATING. /FROM TABLE/|...ONE REPORT HAS DESCRIBED THE STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP AMONG /CYTOCHALASINS/...ZYGOSPORIN A (CYTOCHALASIN D), E, F, G, & MORE THAN 30 DERIVATIVES...FOR CYTOTOXICITY TO HELA CELLS ALONG WITH SKIN IRRITATION TESTS. THE RESULTS INDICATED THAT THE HYDROXYL GROUP AT C(7) & THE PHENYL GROUP AT C(10) IN THE SKELETON ARE ESSENTIAL FOR CYTOTOXICITY.|CYTOCHALASIN D INDUCED A GENERALIZED CELL CONTRACTION AND ZEIOSIS IN HELA AND HEP2 CELLS, TOGETHER WITH A CENTRIPETAL TRANSLOCATION OF ACTIN, MYOSIN, AND TROPOMYOSIN.|ONE DAY AFTER THE ADDITION OF CYTOCHALASIN D (0.2-0.5 UG/ML) TO A CULTURE OF HUMAN ESOPHAGEAL EPITHELIAL CELLS (CELL LINE, ECA-109), THE CELLS BECAME WRINKLY AND TRANSFORMED INTO VARIOUS SHAPES AND SIZES WITH AN ARBORIZED CYTOPLASMIC PROTRUBERANCE, BOUQUET-LIKE AND BUD-LIKE PROTRUSIONS ON THE CELL SURFACE, WHILE THE MICROVILLI DISAPPEARED.|THERE HAS BEEN NO REPORT ON CHRONIC TOXICITY & CARCINOGENICITY OF CYTOCHALASINS... ALTHOUGH MANY CYTOLOGICAL STUDIES HAVE BEEN DONE, THE VARIETY OF EFFECTS THUS FAR OBSERVED INDICATE THE IMPORTANCE OF THE COMPOUNDS FOR ANIMAL & HUMAN HEALTH. ...STRONG ACUTE TOXICITIES EXHIBITED BY SOME CYTOCHALASINS & THE WIDE NATURAL OCCURRENCE OF THE FUNGI THAT PRODUCE CYTOCHALASINS SHOULD BE CONSIDERED IN FUTURE STUDIES ON MYCOTOXINS. /CYTOCHALASINS/

Cytochalasin D

CYTOCHALASIN D HAD ANTIFUNGAL PROPERTIES, INCLUDING BRANCHING AND, AT HIGHER CONCENTRATIONS, SWELLING OF HYPHAL TIPS IN BOTRYTIS CINEREA.

TLC DATA; DETECTION: A BRIGHT YELLOW FLUORESCENT SPOT UNDER UV LIGHT AFTER SPRAYING WITH 50% ETHANOLIC H2SO4 & HEATING. WELLS JM ET AL; CAN J MICROBIOL 22: 1137 (1976).