AMANIN

903.963

903.343269

374

1.1627 (rough estimate)

Peritoneal-mouse LD50: 0.5 mg/kg; unknown-mouse LD50: 0.5 mg/kg

Flammable; burning produces toxic nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxide fumes

Warehouse ventilated, low temperature and dry

REVIEW OF CHEMISTRY & TOXICOLOGY OF THE TOXINS OF AMANITA PHALLOIDES: WIELAND, WIELAND, PHARMACOL REV 11, 87-107 (1959); SEE ALSO FORTSCHR CHEM ORG NATURST 25, 214-250 (1967). /AMANITIN/

most toxic

...PHARMACOLOGICAL AGENTS.../HAVE/ BEEN REPORTED TO PROTECT MICE AGAINST LETHAL DOSES OF PHALLOTOXINS & AMATOXINS /INCLUDING THE AMANITINS/. THE LIST INCLUDES HIGH DOSES OF PENICILLIN, CHLORAMPHENICOL, PHENYLBUTAZONE, & MANY OTHERS... NONE OF THESE ANTIDOTES HAS RECEIVED AN ADEQUATE CLINICAL TRIAL & SO NONE CAN BE RECOMMENDED TODAY. /AMANITINS/

TOXIC GROUP FROM THE POISONOUS MUSHROOM AMANITA PHALLOIDES (FRENCH) SECR, AGARICACEAE. COMPRISED OF ALPHA-, BETA-, GAMMA-AMANITIN & AMANIN. /AMANITIN/|MANY IF NOT ALL OF THE FIVE RECOGNIZED.../TOXIC COMPONENTS IN AMANITA PHALLOIDES, INCLUDING THE AMANITINS/ ARE...PRESENT IN THE AMERICAN SUBSPECIES AMANITA VERNA (VIROSA), AMANITA BISPORIGERA, AMANITA TENUIFOLIA & PERHAPS AMANITA BRUNNESCENS. /AMANITINS/

5-6. 5= EXTREMELY TOXIC: PROBABLE ORAL LETHAL DOSE (HUMAN) 5-50 MG/KG, BETWEEN 7 DROPS & 1 TEASPOONFUL FOR 70 KG PERSON (150 LB). 6= SUPER TOXIC: PROBABLE ORAL LETHAL DOSE (HUMAN) LESS THAN 5 MG/KG, A TASTE (LESS THAN 7 DROPS) FOR 70 KG PERSON (150 LB). /AMANITA TOXINS/

/IN COMPARISON WITH THE PHALLOTOXINS/...THE LONG DELAYED HEPATOTOXIC RESPONSE SEEN IN HUMAN POISONINGS...IS MORE LIKELY DUE TO...ALPHA-, BETA-, & GAMMA-AMANITIN, ESPECIALLY THE ALPHA COMPONENT. THESE SO-CALLED AMATOXINS...ARE MORE TOXIC THAN THE PHALLOTOXINS, &, UNLIKE THE LATTER, THEY DAMAGE THE NUCLEOLUS & LATER THE NUCLEUS OF LIVER CELLS.|CRUDE CALF THYMUS DNA-DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE, RNA POLYMERASE B (RIBONUCLEOSIDE TRIPHOSPHATE: RNA NUCLEOTIDYLTRANSFERASE, EC 2.7.7.6), WAS INCUBATED WITH THE (3)H-LABELED, POTENT INHIBITOR (3)H-AMANIN-POLYMERASE COMPLEX. THE BINDING SITE FOR (3)H-AMANIN & MOST PROBABLY FOR ALL AMATOXINS IS LOCALIZED ON THE B3 SUBUNIT SB3.

HIGHLY TOXIC. CAUSES SALIVATION, VOMITING, BLOODY STOOLS, CYANOSIS, MUSCULAR TWITCHING, CONVULSIONS. CAN BE FATAL. /AMANITIN/|.../INHIBITS/ RNA POLYMERASE II &.../INTERFERES/ WITH THE SYNTHESIS OF MRNA. THE TOXINS DISRUPT HEPATIC CELL MEMBRANES & THE STRUCTURE OF THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. AMANITIN IS ALSO A DIRECTLY ACTING NEPHROTOXIN & CAUSES TUBULAR NECROSIS. /AMANITINS/|SYMPTOMS ARE SLOW IN ONSET, APPEARING 6 TO 24 HR AFTER INGESTION; THEY INCLUDE ABDOMINAL PAIN, HEMATURIA, & DIARRHEA. DEATH USUALLY RESULTS FROM HEPATIC OR RENAL FAILURE. /AMANITINS/|...LIVER INJURY IS USUALLY THE MAJOR LESION IN MAN. THERE APPEARS TO BE A PROMPT CESSATION OF BILE FLOW, A REDUCTION IN LIVER GLYCOGEN, HYPOGLYCEMIA WITH OR WITHOUT AN INITIAL PHASE OF HYPERGLYCEMIA, A FALL IN THE RNA CONTENT OF LIVER NUCLEI, & A FAILURE OF LIVER CELL PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, BUT WHETHER OR NOT ANY OF THESE EFFECTS IS THE PRIMARY LESION HAS NOT BEEN ESTABLISHED. /AMANITINS/|MAN IS SAID TO BE EVEN MORE SUSCEPTIBLE /THAN LAB RODENTS WHOSE MEAN LETHAL DOSE OF ALPHA-AMANITIN IS ONLY 0.1 MG/KG/. A SINGLE SPECIMEN OF AMANITA PHALLOIDES MAY CONTAIN MORE THAN ENOUGH OF THIS CONSTITUENT TO KILL A MAN.

STRUCTURE: WIELAND, PURE APPL CHEM 9, 145 (1964); WIELAND, GEBERT, ANN 700, 157 (1967). /AMANITIN/|THE TOXIC PRINCIPLES OF AMANITA PHALLOIDES HAVE BEEN CHEMICALLY IDENTIFIED. ...TWO GROUPS ARE RECOGNIZED. THE PHALLOTOXINS (WHICH INCLUDES PHALLOIDIN) POSSESS A COMMON CYCLIC HEPTAPEPTIDE SKELETON...& /THE AMATOXINS: ALPHA-AMANITIN, BETA-AMANITIN, & GAMMA-AMANITIN/...POSSESS A COMMON OCTAPEPTIDE SKELETON. /AMANITINS/

AMATOXIN DETERMINATIONS BY HIGH-PERFORMANCE THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY ON COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE PLATES ARE PROPOSED. USING THESE PLATES, ALPHA-, BETA-, & GAMMA-AMANITIN CAN BE DETECTED IN EXTRACT ALIQUOTS CORRESPONDING TO GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO 0.05-0.1 MG OF DRIED MUSHROOM TISSUE BY DIRECTLY SCANNING THE CHROMATOGRAM WITH A SPECTROPHOTOMETER. THE LIMIT OF DETECTION USING CINNAMALDEHYDE AS A CHROMOGENIC REAGENT IS 50 NG. BECAUSE OF ITS SENSITIVITY & RAPIDITY, THE METHOD HAS GREAT POTENTIAL FOR FORENSIC & CLINICAL ANALYSIS IN CASES OF MUSHROOM POISONING.