Gold

196.97

196.966507

231-165-9

79Y1949PYO

DTXSID3064697

C2392

Soft, yellow metal|Cubic, yellow, ductile, metallic crystals; forms red, blue, or violet colloidal suspensions.|Yellow, ductile metal, relatively soft|Yellow, soft metal, face-centered cubic structure|For more Color/Form (Complete) data for GOLD, ELEMENTAL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

38220000

0

-0.00250

purple wire

19.3 g/cm³

1064.76 °C

2700 °C

4 °C

n20/589.3 1.523

soluble in hot sulfuric acid and aqua regia. Insoluble in water and acid.

2-8°C

VP: 1 Pa @ 1373 °C; 10 Pa @ 1541 °C; 100 Pa at 1748 °C; 1 kPa @ 2008 °C; 10 kPa @ 2347 °C; 100 kPa @ 2805 °C

19.3

No odor

/Gold/ reacts with aqua regia, with mixture containing chlorides, bromides, or iodides if they can generate nascent halogens, with many oxidizing mixture especially those containing halogens. Also with alkali cyanides, solution of thiocyanates and double cyanides.|Hardness (Mohs') 2.5-3.0; (Brinell's) 18.5; one natural isotope: 197; artificial isotopes (mass number): 177-179, 181, 183, 185-196, 198-203; Atomic number 79; Valences 1 and 3|Extremely inactive; not attacked by acids or oxygen; superficially attacked by aqueous halogens at room temperature; Reacts with aqua regia, with mixtures containing chlorides, bromides, and iodides, if they can generate nascent halogens, with many oxidizing mixtures, especially those containing halogens, also with alkali cyanides, solutions of thiocyanates and double cyanides.|Excellent reflector of infrared and heat; electrical resistivity: 2.06 microohm-cm @ 0 °C; extremely high light reflectivity|For more Other Experimental Properties (Complete) data for GOLD, ELEMENTAL (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

324 kJ/mol

II

6.1

UN 1789 8/PG 3

3

36/38-43-67-65-63-48/20-38-11-34-23-52/53

26-36/37/39-45-62-36/37-61-23

MD5420000

Xi,Xn,F,C

Stable. May react with halogens, strong oxidizing agents, ammonia, hydrogen peroxide. Reaction with ammonia or hydrogen peroxide may form explosive materials.

P201, P202, P261, P264, P271, P280, P281, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P313, P312, P321, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P403+P233, P405, P501

H315

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Incompatible with mixtures containing chlorides, bromides and iodides (if they can generate nascent halogens), some oxidizing materials (especially those containing halogens), alkali cyanides, thiocyanate solutions and double cyanides.|Gold does react with various oxidizing agents at ambient temps provided a good ligand is present to lower the redox potential below that of water.|Gold does... dissolve readily in 3:1 hydrochloric-nitric acid to form /chlorauric acid/, and in alkaline cyanide solns in the presence of air or hydrogen peroxide to form AuCN2, and these chemical reactions are important to the extraction and refining of the metal. Gold reacts with halogens, particularly in the presence of moisture, and at low (< or =200 °C) temps, chlorine is adsorbed on the gold surface to form surface chlorides.|The reaction between ammonia and gold, ... produces fulminate-like compounds of variable and uncertain composition that explode when dried. Severe accidents have occurred.|For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for GOLD, ELEMENTAL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Gold-based alloys and precious metal alloys for clinical use are mixtures of metals, the major components of which are gold, silver, or palladium. They also may contain a small quantity of copper or platinum. The device is intended to fabricate dental appliances, such as crowns and bridges, for patients.|A preformed anchor is a device made of austenitic alloys or alloys containing 75 percent or greater gold or metals of the platinum group intended to be incorporated into a dental appliance, such as a denture, to help stabilize the appliance in the patient's mouth.|A precision attachment or preformed bar is a device made of austenitic alloys or alloys containing 75 percent or greater gold and metals of the platinum group intended for use in prosthetic dentistry in conjunction with removable partial dentures. Various forms of the device are intended to connect a lower partial denture with another lower partial denture, to connect an upper partial denture with another upper partial denture, to connect either an upper or lower partial denture to a tooth or a crown, or to connect a fixed bridge to a partial denture.|A preformed clasp or a preformed wire clasp is a prefabricated device made of austenitic alloys or alloys containing 75 percent or greater gold and metals of the platinum group intended to be incorporated into a dental appliance, such as a partial denture, to help stabilize the appliance in the patient's mouth by fastening the appliance to an adjacent tooth.|For more FDA Requirements (Complete) data for GOLD, ELEMENTAL (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 119: Principles and Methods for the Assessment of Nephrotoxicity Associated with Exposure to Chemicals (1991)

Not Classified

Workers must be supplied with personal protective clothing impervious to cyanide compounds.

Can form explosive compounds with ammonia, ammoniun hydroxide plus aqua regina, and peroxide.

Ventilation control: sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid in concentration from 10-30% are used in order to break down zinc chips in processing of gold slime and may give off hydrogen cyanide and arsine. These operations must be performed in specially equipped premises...with exhaust hoods.|Smoking should be prohibited and workers should not be allowed to eat or drink in workplace. First-aid equipment should be available and should contain material for immediately removing any cyanide solution that comes in contact with workers' bodies.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity: gold-193: 100 curie (3.7X10+12 becquerel); gold-194: 10 curie (3.7X10+11 becquerel); gold-195: 100 curie (3.7X10+12 becquerel); gold-198m: 10 curie (3.7X10+11 becquerel); gold-198: 100 curie (3.7X10+12 becquerel); gold-199: 100 curie (3.7X10+12 becquerel); gold-200m: 10 curie (3.7X10+11 becquerel); gold-200: 1000 curie (3.7X10+13 becquerel); and gold-201: 1000 curie (3.7X10+13 becquerel). The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802; In the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

Concentrations of gold in sewage sludge from 23 US cities was found to range from 0.15 ppm dry weight in Duluth, MN to 11.0 ppm dry weight in Salt Lake City, UT(1). Fly ashes, bottom ashes, or mixtures of fly and bottom ashes were collected form 18 municipal solid waste incinerators in 1987(2). Gold concentrations (ppm dry weight) ranged from not detected to 0.62 (fly ash), not detected to 0.42 (bottom ash), and not detected to 1.4 (combined fly and bottom ash)(2). Ashes from a refuse incinerator were sampled at monthly intervals and analyzed(3). Gold concentrations (ppm dry weight) for December 19, 1989, Jan 31, 1990, and Feb 28, 1990 were 0.01, 0.02, and 0.02 (fly ash) and 0.04, 0.01, and 0.01 (bottom ash), respectively(3).

SOIL: The mean gold concentration in garden soils in Nagpur City, Central India was 1.81 ug/g(1). Mean gold concentrations in house dust, street dust, and soil in Christchurch, New Zealand were determined to be 0.42 (0.09-0.87), 0.05 (<0.001-0.12), and approximately 0.04 (<0.001-0.06) ug/g, respectively(2).|SEDIMENT: The concentration of gold in the sediment of the Ginsheimer-Altrhine River, a channel of the Rhine River that drains one of the most industrialized regions of western Europe was found to range from 96 to 460 ppb(1). Gold concentrations in coastal anoxic sediments from around the world ranged from <0.1 ppb at Saanich Inlet Washington, Sept 1973 to 920 ppb at Whites Point, Los Angeles, CA, (no date)(2). Gold concentrations in sulfides in the Pacific Ocean hydrothermal deposits ranged from 1.7 to 510 ppb and range from <0.1 to 0.5 ppb in phosphorites from the Peru coast(2). Gold concentrations in Pacific Ocean pelagic sediments range from 0.3 to 6.3 ppb(2).

RURAL/REMOTE: Samples of atmospheric particulate material were collected at the South Pole for 6 periods between Dec 1974 and Feb 1975 and were found to contain gold concentrations ranging from 0.023 to 0.087 pg/cu m(1).|SOURCE DOMINATED: Gold concentrations in air were determined during gold casting processes where either a oxy-acetylene flame or electric oven was used to heat the metals to a temperature of 900-1000 °C(1). Air in the breathing zone of exposed workers was sampled during 5 8-hour shifts and 4 samples per shift were collected over a period of 2 hours(1). Average concentrations of gold before and during gold investment casting were 0.85 and 35 ug/cu m using an oxy-acetylene flame and 0.60 and 3.8 ug/cu m using an electric oven, respectively(1).

The mean gold concentration in 16 pedestrian dust samples from various industrial, commercial-residential, transport areas, and highways in Nagpur City, Central India was 2.33 ug/g(1). Mean gold concentrations (ug/g) for each area were: 1.95 (residential-commercial, n=4); 4.68 (industrial, n=3); 0.53 (transport, n=6), and 4.0 (highway, n=3)(1). A sample of 20 g of aerosol taken from a filter mat in the air conditioning unit of the nuclear chemistry building at the Technical University of Darmstadt was found to contain 0.000015% gold(2). The efficiency of the industrial filter mat was 97% and 95% for 0.3 um and 5 um particles, respectively(2). The gold concentration in cigarette smoke is 0.00002 ug/cigarette(3).

OCCURRENCE IN EARTH'S CRUST: 0.005 PPM|GOLD GENERALLY OCCURS IN THE FREE STATE AS VEINS IN QUARTZ, & IN RIVER SANDS WHICH HAVE RESULTED FROM DISINTEGRATION OF GOLD-BEARING ROCK. IT IS ALSO FOUND IN SMALL AMT OF MANY PYRITIC & OTHER SULFIDE & TELLURIDE ORES.|OCCURS IN NATURE IN ITS NATIVE FORM & IN MINUTE QUANTITIES IN ALMOST ALL ROCKS & IN SEAWATER. GOLD ORES INCL CALAVARITE (AUTE2), SYLVANITE [(AG,AU)TE2], PETZITE [(AG,AU)2TE].|SOUTH AFRICA, USSR, NORTHWEST CANADA, US (SOUTH DAKOTA, NEVADA, UTAH, ALASKA, CALIFORNIA), AUSTRALIA. OCEANS ARE ESTIMATED TO CONTAIN 70 MILLION TONS IN SOLN, WITH 10 BILLION ADDNL TONS ON OCEAN FLOOR. THERE IS NO PRESENT METHOD OF EXPLOITING THESE RESOURCES.

SEA WATER CONTAINS 3-4 MG/TON|SEAWATER CONTAINS 0.004 PPB AU.|SURFACE WATER: Gold concentrations in seawater has been reported to have an average of about 4 ng/l with a range of 1-8460 ng/l(1). Water from 13 sites in 4 rivers (Kapus, Murung, Kahayan, and Sebangau rivers), 2 channels (Dadahup and Kelambangau), 1 lake (Lake Tundai) and 1 pond used for fish culture in Central Kalimantan Indonesia were analyzed for metal ion concentrations(2). The gold concentrations were reported to be 0.01 ug/l in the two channel samples, and gold was not detected in all other samples(2). Water from Asakawa and Nogawa Rivers, urban streams in Japan, were sampled in 1984, 1986 and 1988 and analyzed for trace elements(3). Gold was found to be predominately in the suspended phase(3). Average gold concentrations (ng/l) in the Asakawa and Nogawa Rivers were 5.73 and 4.01 (suspended fraction >0.45 um), 3.82 and 2.01 (dissolved fraction <0.45 um), 1.02 and 0.75 (MW >10+4), 0.11 and 0.05 (MW 10+4 to 500), and 2.69 and 1.21 (MW <500)(3). Semi-quantitative gold concentrations reported from the Mississippi River and its main tributaries from 5 sampling locations during July-August 1987, Nov-Dec 1987, and May-Jun 1988 were all <0.07 ug/l(4). In the semi-quantitative survey, the general detection limit for metals was <0.1 ug/l(4). Gold concentrations in the Alamosa River, CO (Jun and Sept 1994) and the Big Arsenic Springs, MN (Sept 1994) were 0.92, 1.0, and <0.01 ug/l, respectively(5).|RAIN/SNOW/FOG: Gold concentrations, measured at various depth intervals of a 140 m snow/ice core drilled at an altitude of 4250 m in the French-Italian Alps, ranged from 0.08 to 0.62 pg/g(1). Mean gold concentrations in the time intervals 1944-1991, 1900s-1940, and before 1900 were 0.22, 0.17, and 0.18 pg/g, respectively(1). Mean gold concentrations ranged from 0.70 to 0.83 pg/g in 8 snow samples collected on Mar 13, 1998 from the Chamonix valley (French Alps) at altitudes from 1150 to 3532 m(2). Mean gold concentrations ranged from 0.86 to 0.96 pg/g in 6 snow samples collected on February 26, 1998 from the Maurienne valley (French Alps) at altitudes from 2050 to 3150 m(2).

SMALL AMT, 0.03-1 MG%, HAVE BEEN REPORTED IN MANY FOODS.|Mean gold concentrations in potatoes at three levels of nitrogen fertilization (1, 60, and 120 kg N/ha) using pig slurry were 0.82, 0.70, and 1.59 ug/kg fresh weight, respectively(1). Mean gold concentrations in potatoes at three levels of nitrogen fertilization (1, 60, and 120 kg N/ha) using calcium ammonium nitrate were 1.26, 0.71, and 1.66 ug/kg fresh weight, respectively(1). Gold concentration in peas (Pisum sativaum Ping Pong) collected from 10 background areas in Denmark with intesive cultivation with use of fertilizer and pesticides were 0.71 (mean), 0.66 (median), 0.119 (min), and 3.0 (max) ug/kg fresh weight(2). Onion (Allium cepa Hysam) samples (n=110) from 11 Danish sites uncontaminated by human activities other than normal agricultural practices were collected and analyzed for various elements(3). Gold concentration were 1.35 (mean), 0.82 (median), 0.196 (min), and 11.7 (max) ug/kg fresh weight(3).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 42,398 workers (5533 of these are female) are potentially exposed to gold in the US(1). Occupational exposure to gold may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with gold at workplaces where gold is processed or used(SRC). While gold compounds are not commonly used or encountered in the environment, monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to gold via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food, and dermal contact with gold(SRC).

Hair samples of individuals (837 male, 965 female) in non-industrial native population in unpolluted areas from 17 ethnic and territorial groups in the former USSR were analyzed for various metals(1). Gold concentrations ranged from 0.008 to 0.028 ppm dry weight in men and 0.010 to 0.060 ppm dry weight in women(1). Gold concentrations in ear wax of two people were 7.2 and 6.0 ug/g dry weight(2). Nine selected adipose tissue sample from the FY82 National Human Adipose Tissue Survey (NHATS) repository were analyzed for metals and gold was reported as not detected in 7 of the nine samples; gold concentrations were reported for 2 samples as 0.0030 and 0.0006 ug/g(3). The estimated limit of detection for these samples ranged from 0.0012 to 0.0042 ug/g(3). Mean gold concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid from patients in Saudi Arabia with various cancers ranged from 16.0 to 50.5 ug/L(4). The mean concentration in controls (non-neoplasmic diseases) was 38.5 ug/L(4). Mean gold concentrations in hair samples from 8 year old school children living in an Amsterdam suburb ranged from 4 to 8 ug/kg(4). Gold concentration in fetal liver was reported to be 2.5 ng/g (5). Gold levels in the blood of man are reported as 0.35 ng/ml(5). Organ gold concentrations are variable, with median values for adult liver and kidney under 10 ug/g ash(5). Gold concentrations in thumbnails are often greater in women (0.1-6.4; 2.6 ug/g average) than in men (0.1-0.7; 0.4 ug/g average)(5).|Post mortem lung samples from 21 workers from northern Sweden (group 1) that were previously employed between 10 and 30 years in refining and smelting non-ferrous concentrates in the production of metals, including gold, were found to contain 0.0019 ug/g wet weight of gold(1). A control group (n=8) that lived 50 km from the refinery had gold concentration of 0.00062 ug/g wet weight in lung tissue(1). Mean gold concentrations in hair of pottery workers form Tlaquepaque and Tonala, Mexico and controls from Tucson, AZ were 0.06 ppm (0.01-0.62 ppm) and 0.09 ppm (0.04-0.21 ppm)(2).|Gold concentrations from two skin biopsy samples taken from under gold rings were 90 and 70 ug/g(1).|Adult human body contains less than 10 mg Au, about 50% of which is concentration in bones.|... The distribution of numerous elements in the kidney, liver, and lungs of smelter workers /were evaluated, then/ compared them to controls, and /it was/ reported that only in the lung were gold concns greater than in control persons. There were no differences in gold concns in the kidney and liver among smelter workers compared to unexposed controls and in general, gold levels, if detectable were well below those of other metals.

Adult human body contains less than 10 mg Au, about 50% of which is concentration in bones.|... The relative tissue distributions of trace elements in nonoccupationally exposed individuals following death /was assessed/ and ...for gold, there was no consistent pattern among tissues or organs. Gold was observed with the greatest frequency in the adrenal and aorta and in the highest concn in the aorta.

/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poison A and B/|/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in respiratory arrest. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poison A and B/|BAL (British anti-Lewisite, Dimercaprol) is a dithiol-chelating agent used in the treatment of poisoning by the heavy metal ... gold. Adequate doses of BAL must be given to ensure an excess of free BAL. An insufficient concentration of BAL may allow dissociation of the BAL-metal complex. This chelate dissociates more rapidly in an acidic urine; adequate renal function must exist to allow elimination of the mercaptide complex. /Gold compounds/

/CASE REPORTS/ .../A/ case of gold allergy after ingestion of GOLDSCHLAGER, a gold-containing liquor, in a patient with a previous allergy to gold jewelry /is described/. The patient was not aware that genuine gold particles were contained in the schnapps liquor and that ingestion could result in a reaction similar to that experienced by individuals sensitive to gold jewelry. Clinicians should be familiar with the presence of gold particles in GOLDSCHLAGER liquor and the potential for allergic reactions to occur in those so predisposed.|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Dermatitis is the most frequently reported toxic reaction to gold and is sometimes accompanied by stomatitis probably involving allergic mechanisms.|/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Owing to its poor absorption, gold dust...not toxic when given orally.|/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ Various ingredients of dental materials and related compounds were tested for cytotoxicity in two /human/ alveolar epithelial cell lines (L2 and A549 cells). Release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from cells was measured after incubation with the test substances for time intervals up to 48 h and expressed as percentage of total LDH content of lysed cells. Furthermore, the glutathione content of cells was determined in the nonmalignant L2 cells. Additionally, cell viability was assessed by microscopic examination... Gold ... particles < 1.5 micron) did not produce any sign of toxic reactions. A time-dependent increased toxicity in pulmonary cell lines was /not/ found for ... gold ...|For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for GOLD, ELEMENTAL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Colloid, Gold

Jewelry and Arts, 52%; Industrial (mainly electronic), 35%; Dental, 12%;and small bars, etc, mainly for investment, about 1% (1985)

INGOTS, SHEET, WIRE, TUBING, POWDER, LEAF; ALLOYS WITH COPPER OR OTHER METALS, GOLD CONTENT BEING EXPRESSED IN CARATS (NUMBER OF PARTS OF GOLD IN 24 PARTS OF ALLOY). SINGLE CRYSTALS & AQ COLLOIDAL SUSPENSIONS. LEAF MAY BE MADE IN NEAR-COLLOIDAL THICKNESS; 1 TROY OZ COVERS 68 SQ FT (0.0001 INCH).

Gold: ACTIVE|Purple of cassius is delicate test for auric gold. ...gold, like other precious metals, is measured in troy weight; when alloyed with other metals, term karat is used to express amount of gold present, 24 karats being pure gold.

Method: EPA-NERL 231.1, Gold (Atomic Absorption, Direct Aspiration); Analyte: gold; Matrix: water; Detection Level: 100 ug/l.|Method: EPA-NERL 231.2, Gold (Atomic Absorption, Furnace Technique); Analyte: gold; Matrix: water; Detection Level: 1 ug/l.|Method: OSHA ID-121, Metal and Metalloid Particulates in Workplace Atmospheres (Atomic Absorption); Analyte: gold; Matrix: air, wipes or bulks; Detection Level: 0.05 ug/l.

Gold may be measured /in blood or urine/ by diluting sample and aspirating solution into burner of atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Absorption measurements are made at 242.8 nm using suitable gold hollow-cathode lamp.|Nondestructive neutron activation analysis of gold in kidney and liver is described.

Food additives|Cosmetics -> Cosmetic colorant

Food Additives -> COLOUR;