Lead sulfate (PbSO4)

303.26

303.92800

231-198-9

C516H654O8

1759|1794

White, heavy crystal powder|White monoclinic or rhombic crystals

28332960

88.64000

-0.63800

White Powder/Lump

6.2 g/cm³

1170 °C

Index of refraction: 1.877, 1.822, 1.894

Partially soluble in water, dilute HCl and HNO{3}. soluble in sodium hydroxide, ammonium acetate or tartrate, concentrated hydriodic acid. Insoluble in alcohol

Lead sulfate must be stored to avoid contact with oxidizers (such as perchlorates, peroxides, permanganates, chlorates, and nitrates) and chemically active metals (such as potassium, sodium, magnesium, and zinc) since violent reactions occur ... A regulated, marked area should be established with this chemical is handled, used, or stored ...

Intraperitoneal injection-Guinea pig LD75: 290 mg/m3

Non-combustible substance; heat produces toxic sulfur oxides and lead-containing fumes

Lead is derived from the decay of radon. /Inorganic lead/|Natural lead is a mixture of four stable isotopes: Pb-204 (1.4%), Pb-206 (25.2%), Pb-207 (21.7%) and Pb-208 (51.7%). Lead isotopes are the end-products of each of the three series of naturally occurring radioactive elements: Pb-206 for the uranium series, Pb-207 for the actinium series and Pb-208 for the thorium series. Forty-three other isotopes of lead, all of which are radioactive, are recognized.|Divalent lead has a strong affinity for inorganic ions containing oxygen (eg, carbonate) or sulfur (sulfide). Lead can also complex with electron rich ligands in many organic cmpd such as amino acids, proteins, and humic acid.

Insoluble in water.

Non-Redox-Active Inorganic Compounds

LEAD SULFATE reacts explosively with boric acid [Bretherick 1979. p. 1029]. Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Toxic metal fumes (USCG, 1999).

III

6.1

UN 3077 9/PG 3

3

61-20/22-33-50/53-62

53-45-60-61

OG4375000

T,N

Treasury is ventilated, low temperature and dry; stored separately from organic matter

Free acid is corrosive

Stable.

P201-P260-P280-P301 + P312 + P330-P308 + P313

H302 + H332-H360Df-H373-H410

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D008, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste. /Lead/

Contact with oxidizers and chemically active metals may cause violent reactions.|Violent or explosive reaction with potassium.

National Toxicology Program. Eleventh Report on Carcinogens (2005). The Report on Carcinogens is an informational scientific and public health document that identifies and discusses substances (including agents, mixtures, or exposure circumstances) that may pose a carcinogenic hazard to human health. Lead and Lead Compounds are listed as reasonably anticipated to be human carcinogens. /Lead and Lead Compounds/[Available from, as of July 31, 2009: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s101lead.pdf]|WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 85: Lead - Environmental Aspects (1989). EHC are designed for scientists and administrators responsible for the establishment of safety standards and regulations and provide basic scientific risk evaluations of a wide range of chemicals and groups of chemicals.

Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Toxic metal fumes (USCG, 1999)

|Danger|H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|P201, P202, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P281, P301+P312, P304+P312, P304+P340, P308+P313, P312, P314, P330, P391, P405, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 87 companies from 7 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]|P201, P202, P260, P261, P271, P281, P304+P312, P304+P340, P308+P313, P312, P314, P405, and P501|H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]|P201, P202, P260, P281, P308+P313, P314, P405, and P501|H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]|P201, P202, P260, P264, P270, P273, P281, P307+P311, P308+P313, P314, P321, P391, P405, and P501

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. SPILL: Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown above. FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]: ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2016)

Wear approved filter mask, rubber gloves, and safety glasses. (USCG, 1999)|Wear goggles, self-contained breathing apparatus, and rubber gloves.|Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact. /Lead/|Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact. /Lead/|Respirator Recommendations: Up to 0.5 mg/cu m. /Lead/ [Table#5840]|For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for LEAD SULFATE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Not flammable

If material involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire (material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty). Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible.|Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. /Lead sulfate (containing more than 3% free acid)/|Lead sulfate is not combustible. Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or foam extinguishers ... If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position.

Environmental considerations - land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water.|Environmental considerations - land spill: Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents. /Lead sulfate (containing more that 3% free acid)/|Environmental considerations - water spill: Neutralize with agricultural lime (CaO), crushed limestone (CaCO3), or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). If dissolved, in region of 10 ppm or greater concn, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates.|Environmental considerations - air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors. /Lead sulfate (containing more than 3% free acid./|Evacuate persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until clean-up is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. Ventilate area after clean-up is complete. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters.

If material not involved in fire: Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary.|Personnel protection: Keep upwind ... Avoid breathing vapors or dusts. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water.|SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.|SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in a manner so that results in no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose of, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance procedures to confirm the efficacy of the cleaning procedures should be implemented prior to the decontaminated protective clothing being returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing (including shoes/socks) should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.|For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for LEAD SULFATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Lead sulfate, with more than 3% free acid/|/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. /Lead sulfate, with more than 3% free acid/|/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. /Lead sulfate, with more than 3% free acid/|/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Lead sulfate, with more than 3% free acid/|For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for LEAD SULFATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./|The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.|The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Skin contact can cause severe irritation and burns, itching, rash, and pigment changes. Eye contact can cause severe irritation and burns. Inhalation can cause irritation of the respiratory tract. The effects of exposure to fumes and dusts of inorganic lead may not develop quickly. Symptoms may include decreased physical fitness, fatigue, sleep disturbance, headache, aching bones and muscles, constipation, abdominal pains, and decreased appetite. These effects are reported to be reversible if exposure ceases. Inhalation of large amounts of lead may lead to seizures, coma, and death.|Strong irritant to tissues.|Dust or solid: Irritating to eyes.

Permissible Exposure Limit: The employer shall assure that no employee is exposed to lead at concentrations greater than 50 ug/cu m of air averaged over an 8-hr period. If an employee is exposed to lead for more than 8 hr in any work day, the permissible exposure limit, as a TWA for that day, shall be reduced according to the following formula: Maximum permissible limit (in ug/cu m)=400 divided by the number of hours worked in the day. /Lead, inorganic, as Pb/|The employer shall remove an employee from work having an exposure to lead at or above the action level on each occasion that a periodic and a follow-up blood sampling test conducted pursuant to this section indicate that the employee's blood lead level is at or above 60 ug/100 g of whole blood; and, the employer shall remove an employee from work having an exposure to lead at or above the action level on each occasion that the average of the last three blood sampling tests conducted pursuant to this section (or the average of all blood sampling tests conducted over the previous six (6) months, whichever is longer) indicates that the employee's blood lead level is at or above 50 ug/100 g of whole blood; provided, however, that an employee need not be removed if the last blood sampling test indicates a blood lead level at or below 40 ug/100 g of whole blood. ... The employer shall return an employee to his or her former job status: ... when two consecutive blood sampling tests indicate that the employee's blood lead level is at or below 40 ug/100 g of whole blood. ... The employer shall provide to an employee up to eighteen (18) months of medical removal protection benefits on each occasion that an employee is removed from exposure to lead or otherwise limited pursuant to this section. /Lead, inorganic, as Pb/|Permissible Exposure Limit: The employer shall assure that no employee is exposed to lead at concentrations greater than 50 ug/cu m of air averaged over an 8-hr period. If an employee is exposed to lead for more than 8 hr in any work day, the permissible exposure limit, as a TWA for that day, shall be reduced according to the following formula: Maximum permissible limit (in ug/cu m)=400 divided by the number of hours worked in the day. /Lead, inorganic, as Pb; Shipyard Employment/|The employer shall remove an employee from work having an exposure to lead at or above the action level on each occasion that a periodic and a follow-up blood sampling test conducted pursuant to this section indicate that the employee's blood lead level is at or above 60 ug/100 g of whole blood; and, the employer shall remove an employee from work having an exposure to lead at or above the action level on each occasion that the average of the last three blood sampling tests conducted pursuant to this section (or the average of all blood sampling tests conducted over the previous six (6) months, whichever is longer) indicates that the employee's blood lead level is at or above 50 ug/100 g of whole blood; provided, however, that an employee need not be removed if the last blood sampling test indicates a blood lead level at or below 40 ug/100 g of whole blood. ... The employer shall return an employee to his or her former job status: ... when two consecutive blood sampling tests indicate that the employee's blood lead level is at or below 40 ug/100 g of whole blood. ... The employer shall provide to an employee up to eighteen (18) months of medical removal protection benefits on each occasion that an employee is removed from exposure to lead or otherwise limited pursuant to this section. /Lead, inorganic, as Pb; Shipyard Empolyment/|For more OSHA Standards (Complete) data for LEAD SULFATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

NIOSH considers "Lead" to mean metallic lead, lead oxides, and lead salts (including organic salts such as lead soaps but excluding lead arsenate).|Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 hr Time-Weighted Avg: 0.050 mg/cu m /Lead/|Air concentrations should be maintained so that worker blood lead remains less than 0.06 mg Pb/100 g of whole blood.

National primary and secondary ambient air quality standards for lead and its compounds, measured as elemental lead by a reference method based on appendix G to this part, or by an equivalent method, are: 1.5 micrograms per cubic meter, maximum arithmetic mean averaged over a calendar quarter. /Lead and its compounds, as Pb/|Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Lead compounds are included on this list. /Lead compounds/

D008; A solid waste containing lead may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste. /Lead/

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 10 lb or 4.54 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

D008; A solid waste containing lead may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste. /Lead/|The Environmental Protection Agency is ... /promulgated/ regulations concerning ground-water monitoring with regard to screening suspected contamination at land based hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities. ... /There are/ new requirements to analyze for a specified core list of chemicals plus those chemicals specified by the Regional Administrator on a site-specific basis. ... /Total lead (all species) is included on this list./ /Total lead (all species)/

The chemical composition of baghouse effluent from smelting and refining operations has been examined in one study which found that elemental lead composed 15-20% of the emissions in some cases; with PbS, PbSO4, and PbO.PbSO4 also being present(1). The form of lead in emissions from a lead smelter contained 41.2% of the lead as PbSO4, 48.8% as PbS and 10.1% as PbO(2). Bulk dust samples collected from different areas of a primary lead smelter contained lead in the ore storage area, sinter area, and the blast and dross furnace; lead particles emitted from the smelter would primarily be in the form of lead sulfur compounds, PbSO4, PbO.PbSO4, and PbS(3).

The principal form of lead from along roadsides is the sulfate salt(1). In a calcareous soil, PbSO4 and PbCO3 were shown to account for <5% of the total lead content, whereas in road side dust, PbSO4, elemental lead, Pb3O4, PbO.PbSO4 and 2PbCO3.Pb(OH)2 were present in high quantities(2).

The percent composition of airborne lead particles at a site near a road, 400 yds from a road, and at a rural site were, respectively: 2.2, 6.0 and 3.2 for PbSO4; and 1.0, 4.6 and 5.0 for PbO.PbSO4(1). An air filter containing particles with 2.3% lead, collected near a lead smelter, was rinsed so as to separate the Pb particles by density; the heavy and light fractions contained 61.5% and 7.8% of the original Pb, respectively, with 37% and 84% of these fractions being PbSO4(2).

The major constituents of sintering and blast furnace operations appear to be PbO.PbSO4 and PbSO4(1). In a study which identified lead compounds in the atmosphere, lead sulfate was listed, along with PbCO3 and 2PbBrCl.NH4Cl, as a major lead species(2). The chemical composition of baghouse effluent from smelting and refining operations contained 5% to ca. 100% PbSO4, and in one case, 70% PbO.PbSO4(3). The mining and smelting industry is geographically localized. The composition of airborne lead particulates in car exhaust was 0.1% PbSO4, which converted to the basic lead sulfate after standing(3).

moderately toxic

LD50 Guinea pig ip 300 mg/kg

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ ... Female mallards /were dosed/ with 100 mg lead/kg diet. This was added as a mixture of 43 mg/kg lead carbonate, 37 mg/kg lead oxide, and 49 mg/kg lead sulfate, each salt contributing one-third of the total lead. No significant effect on eggshell thickness was found when it was measured on days 76 and 85 of treatment. When lead was added to the diet along with DDE at 40 mg/kg, lead did not increase the effect of the organochlorine on shell thickness.|/AQUATIC SPECIES/ ... Nymphs of stonefly (Acroneuria lycorias), mayfly (Ephemerella subvaria), and caddisfly (Hydropsyche betteni) /were exposed/ to lead sulfate in static bioassays ... 50% survival times /were reported/ of > 14 days at 64 mg/L, 7 days at 16 mg/L, and 7 days at 32 mg/L. There was a considerable decrease in the metal concn in solution over the 2 wk experimental period ...; nominal concentrations were /considered/ unreliable after 96 hr.|/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ In a series of experiments, the toxicity of lead to worms in soil was determined following the draft OECD earthworm reproduction toxicity protocol except that lead was added as solid lead nitrate, carbonate and sulfide ... The compounds were added to the test soil to give lead concn of 625-12 500 ug Pb/g of soil. Calculated toxicities of the lead decreased in the order nitrate > carbonate > sulfide, the same order as the decrease in the solubility of the metal compounds used. The 7-day LC50 ... for the nitrate was 5,321 +/- 275 ug Pb/g of soil, and this did not change with time. The LC50 values for carbonate and sulfide could not be determined at the concn ranges used. The only parameter sensitive enough to distinguish the toxicities of the three compounds was cocoon (egg) production. The EC50s for cocoon production (the concn to produce a 50% reduction in cocoon production) were 993, 8,604, and 10,246 pg Pb/g of soil for lead nitrate, carbonate, and sulfide, respectively ...|/PLANTS/ ... Maize (Zea mays), sugarbeet, bean, and wheat /were sown/ in soil dosed with lead nitrate or sulfate (0 to 5,000 mg lead/kg). Lead uptake into shoots and roots (on a dry wt basis) was measured 30 days after emergence. It was found that more lead was taken up into the roots than into the shoots ...|For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for LEAD SULFATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Extent of occurrence of /lead/ in earth's crust is about 15 g/ton, also expressed as 0.002% (depth of crust: 16 km). Occurs chiefly as sulfide in galena, other minerals include anglesite (PbSO4), cerussite (PbCO3), mimetite (PbCl2.3Pb3-(AsO4)2) and pyromorphite [PbCl2.3Pb3(PO4)2)].|Lead sulfate occurs naturally in anglesite, one of three lead ores found in sufficient abundance to form mineable deposits(1). It also occurs in the mineral lanarkite, in which it is combined with PbO(2). Lead sulfate is a major component of more than 200 identified minerals(1).

Lead sulfate forms in lead storage batteries during the discharge cycle(1), and in the paste mixing process in the manufacture of lead storage batteries(2). Lead sulfate may be released into the environment during its manufacture, use and disposal, and especially in the disposal of lead storage batteries. Organic tetraalkyl lead compounds are emitted from automobiles primarily in the form of lead bromochloride, which is ultimately transformed to lead sulfate(3).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: It was reported that after adding 3,000-4,000 mg/kg of lead in the form of PbSO4 to soil, subsequent extractions revealed that the lead sulfate was rapidly transformed to other lead compounds in the soil(1).|AQUATIC FATE: If released into water, lead sulfate will mostly precipitate out due to its low solubility. (SRC)|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: In the atmosphere, lead most likely exists primarily as PbSO4 and PbCO3 and is deposited onto soil as lead sulfates and lead carbonates(1). Lead sulfate is a major species of lead in the atmosphere, either being emitted in that form or possibly being formed from the sulfide or other lead species with atmospheric SO2 and oxygen. Lead sulfate is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere, and will be subject to washout and gravitational settling. Transformations in the atmosphere to the carbonate and oxide may be expected(2).

Lead particulate matter emitted by motor vehicles, which is largely lead bromochloride and lead oxide with lesser amounts of the sulfate and phosphate salt, nonphotolytically degrade in the atmosphere. The sulfate concentration and water solubilities of the particulates is increased by irradiation(1). It has been suggested that sulfuric acid formed from the SO2 in the atmosphere or at the soil interface reacts with the lead particulate to form lead sulfate. This can also occur in soil in contact with groundwater(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 26,736 workers (5,171 of these were female) were potentially exposed to lead sulfate in the US(1). Occupational exposure to lead sulfate may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where lead is produced or used; workers at mines, ore processing facilities, and smelting and refining operations may be exposed to lead sulfate in air and soil since other lead compounds may be converted to the sulfate in these compartments. The lead industry employs about 7,000 people; two thirds of this number are employed in mining and concentrating operations(2). Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to lead sulfate via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with this compound or other products containing lead. Concentrations in food may be elevated due to surface contamination of fresh fruits and vegetables; some of this lead intake may be in the form of PbSO4, which should dissolve in stomach acid(SRC).|People living in the vicinity of lead sources such as emissions from motor vehicles, mining operations, and smelters may be exposed to lead sulfate in soil; lead compounds may be converted to the sulfate in soil or at the air-soil interface. Limited data on speciation of atmospheric lead particles suggest that exposure to atmospheric lead sulfate will primarily result for people living close to stationary sources, such as smelters. This lead is primarily in airborne particulate matter that settles on plants and in water and may subsequently be ingested(1). Exposure may arise for people in contact with lead storage batteries(2).

... The lead content on the skin surface of 10 lead-battery workers was measured by the method of skin stripping, and urinary lead content of rats was measured with epicutaneous application of four lead compounds: lead sulfate, lead oxide, lead powder, and lead stearate. There were significant amounts of lead on the 9th and 10th skin strippings of the dorsal hand and the back of lead workers. The amount of lead on the dorsal hand was significantly correlated with the amount in the blood (n = 10, r 2 = 0.66, p < 0.05, linear regression). In rats, after lead compounds were applied for 12 days, total lead amount in urine significantly increased to 146.0 +/- 6.4 ng (SD) for lead stearate, 123.1 +/- 7.2 ng for lead sulfate, 115.9 +/- 5.3 ng for lead oxide, 47.8 +/- 6.9 ng for lead powder, and 10.3 ng for the control, which indicated significant skin absorption. It was concluded that significant amounts of inorganic lead compounds can be absorbed through the skin, and skin protection in lead-working or any contaminated environment should be carefully considered.

INHALATION: Joint and muscle pains, headache, dizziness and insomnia. Weakness, frequently of extensor muscles of hand and wrist (unilateral or bilateral). Heavy contamination. Brain damage. Stupor progressing to coma - with or without convulsion, often death. Excitation, confusion, and mania less common. Cerebrospinal pressure may be increased. EYES: Caused a moderat purulent reaction and general inflammation of the rabbit eye. INGESTION: Abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, loss of appetite, muscular weakness, headache, blue line on gums, metallic taste, nausea and vomiting. (USCG, 1999)|Carcinogens, Corrosives

Get medical aid. INHALATION: Remove from source of exposure and keep quiet. EYES: Wash with running water. SKIN: Wash with soap and water. INGESTION: Wash mouth, give emetic then epsom salts (30 g/250 ml hot water); get medical attention. (USCG, 1999)

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Lead and related compounds/|Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Administer activated charcoal ... . /Lead and related compounds/|Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or is in severe respiratory distress. Moderate hyperventilation (20 respiration per minute) may be beneficial for increased intracranial pressure. Start IV administration of 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. For hypotension ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Lead and related compounds/|Treatment. Emergency and supportive measures. Treat seizures and coma if they occur. Provide adequate fluids to maintain urine flow but avoid overhydration, which may aggravate cerebral edema. Avoid phenothiazines for delirium, as they may lower the seizure threshold. Patients with increased intracranial pressure may benefit from corticosteroids and mannitol. /Lead/|For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for LEAD SULFATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ This chemical is corrosive. Skin contact can cause severe irritation and burns, itching, rash, and pigment changes. Eye contact can cause severe irritation and burns. Inhalation can cause irritation of the respiratory tract. Ingestion of large amounts of lead may lead to seizures, coma, and death. The effects of exposure to fumes and dusts of inorganic lead may not develop quickly. Symptoms may include decreased physical fitness, fatigue, sleep disturbance, headache, aching bones and muscles, constipation, abdominal pains, and decreased appetite.|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Highly irritating and corrosive substances can cause lung irritation that may lead to bronchitis. Lead can accumulate in the body over a period of time. Therefore, long-term exposures to lower levels can result in a build-up of lead in the body and more severe symptoms. These may include anemia, pale skin, a blue line at the gum margin, decreased handgrip strength, abdominal pain, severe constipation, nausea, vomiting, and paralysis of the wrist joint. Prolonged exposure may also result in kidney and brain damage. If the nervous system is affected, usually due to very high exposures, the resulting effects include severe headache, confulsions, coma, delirium, and death. In non-fatal cases, recovery is slow and not always complete. Alcohol ingestion and physical exertion may bring on symptoms. Lead exposure increases the risk of high blood pressure. Continuous exposure can result in decreased fertility. Elevated lead exposure of either parent before pregnancy can increase the chances of miscarriage or birth defects. Exposure of the mother during pregnancy can cause birth defects.|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ A corrosive irritant to skin, eyes, and mucous membrane.|/CASE REPORTS/ A 53-year-old man who had worked for 17 yr manufacturing car batteries, with overt exposure to lead /sulfate/, developed a clinical picture initially characterized by signs of parkinsonism, followed by atypical signs such as loss of memory, reduction of eye movement, dysarthria, chorea-like dyskinesia and sexual impotence. The diagnosis of atypical parkinsonism was eventually changed to progressive supranuclear palsy-like parkinsonism. The patient was treated with various anti-Parkinson's disease drugs, including levodopa, with modest improvement. The symptoms deteriorated progressively, leading to permanent occupational disability with noticeable limitation of daily activities. Toxicological studies revealed abnormally high blood levels of lead. Discontinuation of lead exposure was followed first by clinical stabilization and then steady improvement ...|For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for LEAD SULFATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

lead sulfate

Electrical equipment, appliance, and component manufacturing|Sulfuric acid, lead salt (1:?): ACTIVE|Sulfuric acid, lead salt, tetrabasic: ACTIVE|Sulfuric acid, lead(2+) salt (1:1): ACTIVE|SP - indicates a substance that is identified in a proposed Significant New Use Rule.|Forms in lead storage batteries during discharge cycles.

Health Hazards -> Carcinogens, Corrosives