Stibine

124.78382

123.92700

0776

2676

Colorless gas|Thermally unstable gas, forming colorless liquid and crystals at liquid air temperature

0 Ų

0.33750

Stibine appears as a colorless gas with a disagreeable odor. A moderate fire hazard that may yield toxic fumes when heated above 392°F. Irritating to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Heavier than air. If exposed to prolonged fire or intense heat, the container may rupture violently or rocket.

2.26 g/cm³ @ Temp: -25 °C

-88 °C

-18.4 °C

Flammable gas|NA (Gas)

slightly soluble H2O; soluble CS2, ethanol [KIR78]

greater than 1 atm (NIOSH, 2016)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 4.4|4.31

Inhalation-Mouse LCL0: 100 PPM/1 hour

Flammable; decomposes flammable hydrogen upon heating

Disagreeable

Heat of formation: (endothermic) 145.11 kJ/mol (34.7 kcal/mol)|Ionization potential: 9.51 eV|Decomposes slowly on standing at room temperature; decomposes rapidly at 200 °C. Decomposition products are hydrogen and metallic antimony.

Highly flammable.

Reducing Agents, Strong

Strong Reducing Agent

An explosion occurs if STIBINE is heated with ammonia or chlorine. Stibine and concentrated nitric acid exploded [Mellor 9:397 (1946-47)].

9.51 eV

Flammable Gas

The gas is heavier than air and may travel along the ground; distant ignition possible.

2.3

2676

WJ0700000

The warehouse is ventilated at low temperature and dry; stored separately from oxidants, metals and flammables

Reacts with metals and emits explosive hydrogen

Decomp slowly on standing at room temp; thermally less stable than arsine.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Acids, halogenated hydrocarbons, oxidizers, moisture, chlorine, ozone, ammonia.|Explosive reaction with ammonia plus heat; chlorine; concn nitric acid, ozone.|An explosion occurs if stibine is heated with ammonia or chlorine. Stibine and concentrated nitric acid explode.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 119 [Gases - Toxic - Flammable]: Flammable; may be ignited by heat, sparks or flames. May form explosive mixtures with air. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Some of these materials may react violently with water. Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release toxic and flammable gas through pressure relief devices. Containers may explode when heated. Ruptured cylinders may rocket. Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard. (ERG, 2016)|Extremely flammable. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire. Gas/air mixtures are explosive. Risk of fire and explosion on contact with ozone or nitric acid.|Flammable - 4th degree, Reactive - 2nd degree

|Danger|H220: Extremely flammable gas [Danger Flammable gases]|P210, P260, P264, P270, P307+P311, P321, P377, P381, P403, P405, and P501

Excerpt from ERG Guide 119 [Gases - Toxic - Flammable]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions. SPILL: See ERG Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances on the UN/NA 2676 datasheet. FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 119 [Gases - Toxic - Flammable]: ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Fully encapsulating, vapor-protective clothing should be worn for spills and leaks with no fire. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Do not direct water at spill or source of leak. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. FOR CHLOROSILANES, use AFFF alcohol-resistant medium-expansion foam to reduce vapors. If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Isolate area until gas has dispersed. (ERG, 2016)

Skin: No recommendation is made specifying the need for personal protective equipment for the body. Eyes: No recommendation is made specifying the need for eye protection. Wash skin: No recommendation is made specifying the need for washing the substance from the skin (either immediately or at the end of the work shift). Remove: No recommendation is made specifying the need for removing clothing that becomes wet or contaminated. Change: No recommendation is made specifying the need for the worker to change clothing after the work shift. (NIOSH, 2016)|Respirator Recommendations: Up to 1 ppm:[Table#2118]|Respirator Recommendations: Up to 2.5 ppm:[Table#2119]|Respirator Recommendations: Up to 5 ppm: [Table#2120]|Respirator Recommendations: Emergency or planned entry into unknown concentrations or IDLH conditions: [Table#2121]|Respirator Recommendations: Escape:[Table#2122]|(See protection codes)

Flammable when exposed to heat or flame.

The decomposition /of stibine/ is autocatalytic and under certain conditions can be explosive.|Stibine & ozone explode at 90 °C.|Potentially explosive decomposition at 200 °C.

Stop flow of gas before extinguishing fire. Approach fire from upwind to avoid hazardous vapors & toxic decomp products. Fight fire from protected location or maximum possible distance. Explosive decomp may occur under fire conditions. Use flooding quantities of water as spray. DO NOT use halogenated extinguishing agents. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool.

Vapors are heavier than air & may travel to a source of ignition & flash back. Closed containers may rupture violently when heated. Evolves hydrogen & ignites on contact with many materials. Combustion by-products include antimony fumes.

Approach release from upwind. Eliminate all ignition sources. Stop or control the leak, if this can be done without undue risk.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

If ... THERE IS NO FIRE, go directly to the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances /(see table below)/ ... to obtain initial isolation and protective action distances. IF THERE IS A FIRE, or IF A FIRE IS INVOLVED, go directly to the appropriate guide /(see guide(s) below)/ and use the evacuation information shown under PUBLIC SAFETY.|/GUIDE 119 GASES - TOXIC - FLAMMABLE/ Fire or Explosion: Flammable; may be ignited by heat, sparks or flames. May form explosive mixtures with air. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Some of these materials may react violently with water. Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release toxic and flammable gas through pressure relief devices. Containers may explode when heated. Ruptured cylinders may rocket. Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard.|/GUIDE 119 GASES - TOXIC - FLAMMABLE/ Health: TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.|/GUIDE 119 GASES - TOXIC - FLAMMABLE/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream. Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Ventilate closed spaces before entering.|For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for Stibine (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./|The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Stibine is included on the dangerous goods list.|The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Stibine is included on the dangerous goods list.

May cause severe allergic respiratory reaction.

Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 0.1 ppm (0.5 mg/cu m).

Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 Hour Time-Weighted Average: 0.1 ppm (0.5 mg/cu m).

Remove all ignition sources. Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: gas-tight chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Ventilation.

Fireproof. Cool.

A harmful concentration of this gas in the air will be reached very quickly on loss of containment.

Rapid evaporation of the liquid may cause frostbite. The substance is severely irritating to the respiratory tract. The substance may cause effects on the blood. This may result in destruction of blood cells. Exposure above the OEL could cause death. Medical observation is indicated.

NO open flames, NO sparks and NO smoking. Closed system, ventilation, explosion-proof electrical equipment and lighting.

AVOID ALL CONTACT! IN ALL CASES CONSULT A DOCTOR!

Use closed system or ventilation.

Cold-insulating gloves.

Wear eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Antimony compounds are included on this list. /Antimony Componds/

| 4 - Materials that, under emergency conditions, can be lethal.| 4 - Materials that rapidly or completely vaporize at atmospheric pressure and normal ambient temperature or that are readily dispersed in air and burn readily.| 2 - Materials that readily undergo violent chemical changes at elevated temperatures and pressures.|W - No water: Materials that react violently or explosively with water.

most toxic

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Stibine is a colorless gas. High purity stibine is used as an n-type gas phase dopant for silicon in semiconductors. It has been used as fumigating agent. It is also used in the production of lead batteries. HUMAN STUDIES: Stibine is a toxic gas that has effects similar to those of arsine, but stibine is not encountered as frequently as arsine. The most likely route of exposure to stibine is inhalation. Stibine attacks the blood and central nervous system. In acute poisoning, the signs in man are headache, nausea, weakness, slow breathing, and weak and irregular pulse. One of the early signs of overexposure to stibine in man may be hemoglobinuria. Laboratory findings may include: anemia, elevated bilirubin (indirect), hyperkalemia, damaged red blood cells (basophilic stippling, anisocytosis, Heinz-Ehrlich bodies), low haptoglobin, elevated plasma-free hemoglobin levels, elevated urinary hemoglobin, elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine, abnormal liver function tests, thrombocytopenia. Stibine gas is not capable of inhibiting cholinesterase activity at toxicologically relevant concentrations. ANIMAL STUDIES: The odorless toxic gas stibine, like arsine, is a potent hemolytic agent. The lethal concentration of stibine in air for mice is about 100 ppm for 1.6 hr. The formation of Heinz bodies in red blood cells was associated with acute stibine exposure that may underlie its hemolytic effects. Stibine was found genotoxic in vitro (significant nicking to pBR 322 plasmid DNA).

Lethal concn in air for mice is approx 100 ppm.

Antimony may be volatilized when in the form of stibine or its methylated derivatives. ... Most of the stibine formed in the sediments reacts in the water column to produce the oxide, resulting in remobilization of stibine.

Stibine was quantitatively identified in the atmosphere of fleet and nuclear submarines. The highest concentration normally found was 1 ppm(1).|... Chief sources of exposure are metallurgy, welding or cutting with blow torches, soldering, filling hydrogen balloons, etching of zinc, and chemical laboratories.|Stibine was found to evolve during charging of lead storage batteries in which antimony was a compound of the negative grid.

Distribution of antimony in blood & tissues after inhalation of stibine gas was investigated ... using radioactive tracer technique. ... /It was/ found that red corpuscles contained higher concn than plasma.|In the production of lead batteries two antimony compounds occur: in the casting of grids antimony trioxide, and in the formation of lead plates stibine. Seven workers from the grid-casting area and 14 workers from the formation area were examined with regard to the antimony concentration in blood (Sb-B) and urine (Sb-U). Antimony air concentrations (Sb-A) were measured by means of personal air samplers. Urine samples were collected at the end of the working week, at the beginning (U1) and the end (U2) of the shift, and at the beginning of work following a weekend without Sb exposure (U3). At U2 among the casters, the median Sb-A exposure was 4.5 (1.18-6.6.6) ug Sb/cu m and among the formation workers, 12.4 (0.6-41.5) ug Sb/cu m. The exposure in both groups is more than 10 times lower than the present threshold limit values. The median Sb-B concentrations in the preshift samples was 2.6 (0.5-3.4) ug Sb/L for the casters and 10.1 (0.5-17.9) ug Sb/L for the formation workers. The average Sb-U values (U2) were 3.9 (2.8-5.6) ug Sb/g creatinine in the forming area. Our investigation indicates that the two antimony compounds show virtually equal pulmonary absorption and renal elimination. The statistically significant correlations between Sb-A/Sb-B and Sb-A/Sb-U form the basis for proposals regarding appropriate biological exposure limits for occupational antimony exposure.|Rabbits were subjected to chronic and acute stibine poisoning at unknown concentrations of stibine in air. The effects of stibine on the animal organism were found to closely follow those of other antimonous compounds. In stibine, as in the other compounds, the electroenegative constituent is the true active one. With the exception of the blood, all organs investigated in two rabbits poisoned with stibine contained antimony.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 119 [Gases - Toxic - Flammable]: TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control may cause pollution. (ERG, 2016)

Breathing: If a person breathes large amounts of this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible. (NIOSH, 2016)|(See procedures)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer immediately for medical attention.

ON FROSTBITE: rinse with plenty of water, do NOT remove clothes. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer immediately for medical attention.

Emergency and supportive measures. 1. Antimony. Large volume IV fluid resuscitation may be necessary for shock caused by gastroenteritis. Electrolyte abnormalities should be corrected, and intensive supportive care may be necessary for patients with multiple-organ failure. Perform continuous cardiac monitoring and treat torsade de pointes if it occurs. 2. Stibine. Blood transfusion may be necessary after massive hemolysis. Treat hemoglobinuria with fluids and bicarbonate as for rhabdomyolysis. /Antimony and stibine/|Specific drugs and antidotes. There is no specific antidote. British anti-lewisite (BAL; dimercaprol), dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), and dimercaptopropanesulfonic acid (DMPS) have been proposed as chelators for antimony, although data in human poisoning are conflicting. Chelation therapy is not expected to be effective for stibine. Case reports have described the use of NAC (N-acetylcysteine) to facilitate the conjugation of trivalent antimony to glutathione. /Antimony and stibine/|Decontamination. 1. Inhalation. Remove the patient from exposure, and give supplemental oxygen if available. Protect rescuers from exposure. 2. Ingestion of antimony salts. Activated charcoal is probably not effective in light of its poor adsorption of antimony, Gastric lavage may be helpful if performed soon after a large ingestion. /Antimony and stibine/|Enhanced elimination. Hemodialysis, hemoperfusion,a and forced diuresis are not effective at removing antimony or stibine. Exchange transfusion may be effective in treating massive hemolysis caused by stibine. /Antimony and stibine/|For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for Stibine (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Stibine attacks the blood and central nervous system. In acute poisoning, the signs in man are headache, nausea, weakness, slow breathing, and weak and irregular pulse. ... One of the early signs of overexposure to stibine in man may be hemoglobinuria.|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ The toxic action of stibine: ... Death occurring rapidly on exposure to a concentration of 1 percent in air. It is a powerful hemolytic poison, and though arsine is frequently suspected as the cause of poisoning from gases liberated from certain alloys, cases have been recorded which have emphasized the presence and potential toxic action of stibine.|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Stibine gas is an extremely toxic hemolytic agent which causes injury to the liver and kidneys. ... Acute exposures to humans would be expected to cause rapid destruction of red blood cells, hemoglobinuria, anuria, jaundice, and death.|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Signs of /stibine/ poisoning include symptoms of shock ... .|For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Stibine (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

antimony hydride

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation.|inhalation

headache, lassitude (weakness, exhaustion); nausea, abdominal pain; lumbar pain, hematuria (blood in the urine), hemolytic anemia; jaundice; pulmonary irritation

Cough. Sore throat. Headache. Weakness. Laboured breathing. Nausea. Weak and irregular pulse. Hemoglobinuria.

ON CONTACT WITH LIQUID: FROSTBITE.

Redness.

Blood, liver, kidneys, respiratory system

Production of antimony trihydride occurs whenever an acid reacts with a metal containing antimony as an impurity, or when a highly electropositive metal such as aluminum reacts with water. Stibine has been generated in overcharged storage batteries or whenever nascent hydrogen comes in contact with metallic antimony or soluble antimony cmpd.|Antimony can be trivalent or pentavalent in compounds. Both exist in antimony(IV) oxide, Sb2O4, and presumably in the deep violet haloantimonates (IV), such as Cs2(SbCl6). The pentavalent compounds, as well as most of the trivalent ones, are hydrolyzed by water to form antimony salts, e.g., SbOCl, and hydrated oxides. The only halides of antimony that have any industrial significance are the chlorides and fluorides. /Antimony compounds/

NIOSH 6008: Analyte: Stibine; Matrix: air; Sampler: solid sorbent tube (mercury chloride coated silica gel, 1 g/0.5 g); Flow rate: 0.01 to 0.2 L/min; Vol: min: 4 L, max: 50 L; Stability: at least 7 days at 25 °C; Procedure: Colorimetry; Wavelength: 552 nm; Range: 2 to 20 ug antimony per sample; Est LOD: 0.4 ug antimony hydride per sample; Precision: not defined.|Method of estimating small amt of stibine in air has been described ... .|Determination of stibine in air with pyridine silver diethyldithiocarbamate scrubber and flameless atomic absorption spectrometry.|Inorganic halides such as stibine detected by gas chromatography with mass specific detection.|In air samples using colorimetry & atomic absorption. Stibine was one of the substances monitored.

Fire Hazards -> Flammable - 4th degree, Reactive - 2nd degree