Nonacosane

408.78700

408.79

211-126-2

IGL1697BK1

DTXSID2060884

Orthorhombic crystals from petroleum ether

0

11.55890

Solid

0.805g/cm3

63.7 °C

440.8 °C

291.2ºC

1.45

Very soluble in ethanol, ether, acetone; soluble in benzene; slightly soluble in chloroform

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.

4.3X10-10 mm Hg at 25 (extrapolated)

Henry's Law constant: 1200 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C (est)

NONH for all modes of transport

3

Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.|Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Incompatible materials: Strong oxidizing agents

Eye/face protection: Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).|Skin protection: Handle with gloves.|Body Protection: Choose body protection in relation to its type, to the concentration and amount of dangerous substances, and to the specific work-place.|Respiratory protection: Respiratory protection is not required. Where protection from nuisance levels of dusts are desired, use type N95 (US) or type P1 (EN 143) dust masks. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.|Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Environmental precautions: Do not let product enter drains. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed. Normal measures for preventive fire protection.|ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Environmental precautions: Do not let product enter drains.|Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.|SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants. Ensure that the local ventilation moves the contaminant away from the worker.|SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

/Higher alkanes/ may cause eye and skin irritation.

Alkanes (C20-C32) were the most abundant trace organic compounds found in particulate matter from vehicle exhaust with emission factors for nonacosane from diesel driven light-duty vehicles of <0.2-0.47 ug/km(1).

SEDIMENT: Nonacosane concentrations were 20-708 ng/g dry weight in sediments samples collected from 14 sites from the Shinano River in Niigata Japan from November 2005 to April 2006(1).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: Nonacosane was detected in particulate air samples from Georgia Tech campus, GA at mean concentrations of 3.20 and 2.30 ng/cu m for summer 2005 and winter 2006, respectively(1). A mean nonacosane concentration of approximately 20 ng/cu m was reported in the particulate phase of air samples collected in an urban and industrialized area in Prato, Italy during 2002(2). Nonacosane concentration was 15.4 and 10.1 ng/cu m in particulate phase in the summer and winter, respectively; the concentration was 1.2 and 0.9 ng/cu m in the vapor phase in summer and winter, respectively; samples were collected in an urban area in Nagoya, Japan in 1991(3).|RURAL/REMOTE: Nonacosane was detected in particulate air samples from a rural area of Yorkville, GA at mean concentrations of 0.54 and 1.61 ng/cu m for summer and winter, respectively(1).|SOURCE DOMINATED: Nonacosane was detected in the gas and particle phase of tailpipe emissions from non-catalyst equipped gasoline powered motor vehicles at concentrations of 2.8 and 95 ug/km, respectively(1). Nonacosane was detected at 140-1660 pg/cu m with a mean of 620 pg/cu m in particulate air samples collected near a highway in Raleigh, NC; concentrations in samples collected 275 meters from the highway contained 230-2740 pg/cu m with a mean of 710 pg/cu m(2). Nonacosane was detected in particulate air samples from an interstate highway in Georgia at a mean concentration of 5.96 and 3.16 ng/cu m for summer and winter, respectively(3).

Occupational exposure to nonacosane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where petroleum products are used or processed. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to nonacosane via inhalation of polluted air, ingestion of food and dermal contact with water contaminated by combustion effluents. (SRC)

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Nonacosane is a higher n-alkane containing 29 carbon atoms (C29). HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: A case report described human disorder characterized by the accumulation of plant long-chain n-alkanes in viscera of a human patient. Diffuse visceral granuloma containing lipophilic crystallized material showed the presence of long-chain n-alkanes including n-nonacosane. Study of n-alkane distribution in patient tissues showed a major accumulation in lumbo-aortic lymph nodes, adrenal glands, lung and liver; significantly lower amounts were detected in myocardium and kidney, whereas no detectable level was found in brain. ANIMAL STUDIES: Nonacosane can contribute to the "paraffin liver" in cows. The very large quantities of the abnormal substance in the cow livers indicate low toxicity, and evidently accumulation over long periods of time.

Nonacosane is detected in various plants used in food and medicinal applications(1).

Alkanes such as nonaconsane may be components in petroleum products(1) and may be released to the environment through the processing and combustion of petroleum products (SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1.3X10+8(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that nonacosane is expected to be immobile in soil. Volatilization of nonacosane from moist soil surfaces is expected given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1150 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(2). However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization(SRC). Nonacosane is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an extrapolated vapor pressure of 4.30X10-10 mm Hg at 25 °C(3). Biodegradation oxygen consumption values of 8.2 and 7.8 ug/mL for analogous tetracosane (C24) and dotriacontane (C32), respectively, using a soil suspension(4) indicate that biodegradation of nonacosane may be a slow environmental fate process in soil(SRC).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1.3X10+8(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that nonacosane is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1150 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(2). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 6 hours and 8 days, respectively(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column(SRC). The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is more than 2 years if adsorption is considered(4). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 14.58(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Biodegradation oxygen consumption values of 8.2 and 7.8 ug/mL for analogous tetracosane (C24) and dotriacontane (C32), respectively, using a soil suspension(6) indicate that biodegradation of nonacosane may be a slow environmental fate process in water(SRC).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), nonacosane, which has an extrapolated vapor pressure of 4.30X10-10 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), will exist in solely particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase nonacosane may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Nonacosane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Nonacosane is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(1). Nonacosane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(1) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated in fish for nonacosane(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 14.58(1) and a regression-derived equation(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of nonacosane can be estimated to be 1.3X10+8(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that nonacosane is expected to be immobile in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for nonacosane is estimated as 1150 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that nonacosane is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 6 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 8 days(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The volatilization half-life from a model pond is greater than 2 years when adsorption is considered(3). Nonacosane's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Nonacosane is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an extrapolated vapor pressure of 4.3X10-10 mm Hg at 25 °C(4).

SURFACE WATER: Nonacosane concentrations ranged from 0.05 to 1 ug/L in eight stations located in the Guanabara Bay Basin, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, sampled from September 2011 to August 2012(1).

This report deals with a new human disorder characterized by the accumulation of plant long-chain n-alkanes in viscera of a human patient. Lipid analysis of tissues from an adult male after sudden death (affected with diffuse visceral granuloma containing lipophilic crystallized material) showed the presence of abnormal compounds identified as long-chain n-alkanes with 29 (n-nonacosane), 31 (n-hentriacontane) and 33 carbons (n-tritriacontane). Study of n-alkane distribution in patient tissues showed a major accumulation in lumbo-aortic lymph nodes, adrenal glands, lung (the highest levels were found in lung granulomas) and liver; significantly lower amounts were detected in myocardium and kidney, whereas no detectable level was found in brain. On the basis of the structural composition and of the tissue distribution of the accumulated n-alkanes, their dietary (plant) origin and the pathophysiological mechanism of the storage are discussed.|Arthrobacter nicotianae KCC B35 isolated from blue-green mats densely covering oil sediments along the Arabian Gulf coast grew well on C10 to C40 n-alkanes as sole sources of carbon and energy. Growth on C20 to C40 alkanes was even better than on C10 to C18 alkanes. Biomass samples incubated for 6 hr with n-octacosane (C28) or n-nonacosane (C29) accumulated these compounds as the predominant constituent alkanes of the cell hydrocarbon fractions. The even chain hexadecane C16 and the odd chain pentadecane C15 were the second dominant constituent alkanes in C28 and C29 incubated cells, respectively. n-Hexadecane-incubated cells accumulated in their lipids higher proportions of C16-fatty acids than control cells not incubated with hydrocarbons. On the other hand, C28 and C29-incubated cells did not contain any fatty acids with the equivalent chain lengths, but the fatty acid patterns of the cell lipids suggest that there should have been mid-chain oxidation of these very long chain alkanes. This activity qualifies A. nicotianae KCC B35 to be used in cocktails for bioremediating environments polluted with heavy oil sediments.

100.00 Days

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/|/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Treat frostbite with rapid rewarming techniques ... ./Aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/|/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) or lorazepam (Ativan) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/|Emergency and supportive measures. 1. General. Provide basic supportive care for all symptomatic patients. Maintain an open airway and assist ventilation if necessary. Administer supplemental oxygen. Monitor arterial blood gases or oximetry, chest radiographs, and ECG and admit symptomatic patients to an intensive care setting. Use epinephrine and other beta-adrenergic medications with caution in patients with significant hydrocarbon intoxication because arrhythmias may be induced. 2. Pulmonary aspiration. Patients who remain completely asymptomatic after 4-6 hours of observation may be discharged. In contrast, if the patient is coughing on arrival, aspiration probably has occurred. Administer supplemental oxygen and treat bronchospasm and hypoxia if they occur. Do not use steroids or prophylactic antibiotics. 3. Ingestion. In the vast majority of accidental childhood ingestions, less than 5-10 mL is actually swallowed and systemic toxicity is rare. Treatment is primarily supportive. Injection. For injections into the fingertip or hand, especially those involving a high-pressure paint gun, consult with a plastic or hand surgeon immediately, as prompt wide exposure, irrigation, and debridement are often required. /Hydrocarbons/|For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for n-Nonacosane (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/CASE REPORTS/ We report a case of n-nonacosane storage disease, which went undiagnosed until the death of a 55-year-old farmer. Clinical, histological, and biochemical features are discussed. n-Nonacosane storage was identified by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of different tissue extracts, n-nonacosane concentration reaching 1.2 mg/g of lung tissue and 0.32 mg/g of liver tissue. It was possible to rule out a work-induced intoxication, and n-nonacosane storage appeared to be accounted for by a lifelong, heavy consumption of unpeeled apples and Brussels sprouts.|/CASE REPORTS/ This report deals with a new human disorder characterized by the accumulation of plant long-chain n-alkanes in viscera of a human patient. Lipid analysis of tissues from an adult male after sudden death (affected with diffuse visceral granuloma containing lipophilic crystallized material) showed the presence of abnormal compounds identified as long-chain n-alkanes with 29 (n-nonacosane), 31 (n-hentriacontane) and 33 carbons (n-tritriacontane). Study of n-alkane distribution in patient tissues showed a major accumulation in lumbo-aortic lymph nodes, adrenal glands, lung (the highest levels were found in lung granulomas) and liver; significantly lower amounts were detected in myocardium and kidney, whereas no detectable level was found in brain. On the basis of the structural composition and of the tissue distribution of the accumulated n-alkanes, their dietary (plant) origin and the pathophysiological mechanism of the storage are discussed.

nonacosane

Nonacosane: ACTIVE|Gas-phase dehydrogenation of n-alkanes over noble-metal catalysts yield the corresponding n-alkenes at low conversion rates (ca. 10%) with predominantly internal double bonds. The corresponding alkenes can be isolated in high purity by selective molecular-sieve processes. /Higher n-Alkanes/

The external surface of all insects is covered by a species-specific complex mixture of highly stable, very long chain cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs). Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry was used to identify CHCs from four species of Sarcophagidae, Peckia (Peckia) chrysostoma, Peckia (Pattonella) intermutans, Sarcophaga (Liopygia) ruficornis and Sarcodexia lambens. The identified CHCs were mostly a mixture of n-alkanes, monomethylalkanes and dimethylalkanes with linear chain lengths varying from 23 to 33 carbons. Only two alkenes were found in all four species. S. lambens had a composition of CHCs with linear chain lengths varying from C23 to C33, while the other three species linear chain lengths from 24 to 31 carbons. n-Heptacosane, n-nonacosane and 3-methylnonacosane, n-triacontane and n-hentriacontane occurred in all four species. The results show that these hydrocarbon profiles may be used for the taxonomic differentiation of insect species and are a useful additional tool for taxonomic classification, especially when only parts of the insect specimen are available.|Petroleum-related contaminants in seafoods were analyzed. A GC (SIM) method was developed for the determination of contaminants, which covered 7 n-alkanes (C20-C32) and 7 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), including benzo(a)pyrene, and dibenzothiophene (DBT). The detection limits were 2-3 ppb for n-alkane, 0.1-0.2 ppb for PAH and 0.2 ppb for DBT. The concentrations of petroleum-related contaminants in seafoods, collected either from waters that were outside the spill area or before the oil spill, were determined by the GC/MS (SIM) method. Levels of total n-alkanes ranged from nd (not detected) to 532 ppb and those of PAH and DBT ranged from nd to 15.5 ppb. The concentrations of n-alkanes and PAH in the visceral mass of squid and scallops were higher than those in their muscle tissues. /n-Alkanes/|Temporal changes in the cuticular hydrocarbons of female Anopheles stephensi (Liston) (Diptera: Culicidae) were quantified using gas-liquid chromatography with flame-ionization detection. The ratio of two prominent hydrocarbons, nonacosane (C29) and hentriacontane (C31), was found to change significantly with respect to mosquito age over a period of 15 d. A regression model was developed using this ratio, C29/C31 = 3.96-1.63 log (age), and prediction intervals, based on a 12-d developmental interval necessary for females to transmit malaria, were generated using confidence levels for one-sided tests. The model predicted that females that had a C29/C31 ratio of 2.6 or greater were only 10% probable to be old enough to transmit malaria, whereas females with ratios of 1.8 or less were 90% probable.|A solid phase microextraction (SPME) technique was applied for the sampling of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ambient air polluted by two stroke autorickshaw engines and automobile exhausts in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Analysis was carried out by capillary gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry (MS). The methodology was tested by insitu sampling of an aromatic hydrocarbon mixture gas standard with a precision of +/- 5% and an average accuracy of 1-20%. The accuracy for total VOCs concentration measurement was about 7%. VOC's in ambient air were collected by exposing the SPME fiber at four locations in Dhaka city. The chromatograms showed signature similar to that of unburned gasoline (petrol) and weathered diesel containing more than 200 organic compounds; some of these compounds were positively identified. These are normal hydrocarbons pentane (n-C5H2) through nonacosane (n-C29H60), aromatic hydrocarbons: benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, n-propylbenzene, n-butylbenzene, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, xylenes, and 1-isocyanato-3-methoxybenzene. Two samples collected near an autorickshaw station contained 783000 and 1479000 ug/cu m of VOCs. In particular, the concentration of toluene was 50-100 times higher than the threshold limiting value of 2000 ug/cu m. Two other samples collected on street median showed 135000 ug/cu m and 180000 ug/cu m of total VOCs. The method detection limit of the technique for most semi-volatile organic compounds was 1 ug/cu m.

We report a case of n-nonacosane storage disease, which went undiagnosed until the death of a 55-year-old farmer. Clinical, histological, and biochemical features are discussed. n-Nonacosane storage was identified by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of different tissue extracts, n-nonacosane concentration reaching 1.2 mg/g of lung tissue and 0.32 mg/g of liver tissue. It was possible to rule out a work-induced intoxication, and n-nonacosane storage appeared to be accounted for by a lifelong, heavy consumption of unpeeled apples and Brussels sprouts.

Fatty Acyls [FA] -> Hydrocarbons [FA11]