Terephthalic acid

166.13

166.13

1909333

202-830-0

6S7NKZ40BQ

0330

36973

DTXSID6026080

Needles|White crystals or powder

2917361100

74.6

2

White Crystalline Powder

1.51 g/cm³

402 °C (sublm)

>572°F (sublimes)

260°C

1.648

slightly soluble in water (0,017 g/L at 25°C)

0-6°C

<0.01 mm Hg ( 20 °C)

Can explode during preparation.

Henry's Law constant = 3.9X10-13 atm-cu m/mole at 25 °C (est)

The dissociation constants pK1 and pK2 for terephthalic acid at 25 °C are 3.54 and 4.46, respectively.

Sublimes at 402 °C|Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 1.2X10-12 cu cm/molec-sec at 25 °C (est)

Insoluble in water.

Acids, Carboxylic

TEREPHTHALIC ACID is a carboxylic acid. It donates hydrogen ions if a base is present to accept them. This "neutralization" generates substantial amounts of heat and produces water plus a salt. Insoluble in water but even "insoluble" carboxylic acids may absorb enough water from the air and dissolve sufficiently in it to corrode or dissolve iron, steel, and aluminum parts and containers. May react with cyanide salts to generate gaseous hydrogen cyanide. Will react with solutions of cyanides to cause the release of gaseous hydrogen cyanide. Flammable and/or toxic gases and heat are generated by reaction with diazo compounds, dithiocarbamates, isocyanates, mercaptans, nitrides, and sulfides. React with sulfites, nitrites, thiosulfates (to give H2S and SO3), dithionites (SO2), to generate flammable and/or toxic gases and heat. Reaction with carbonates and bicarbonates generates a harmless gas (carbon dioxide) but still heat. Can be oxidized by strong oxidizing agents and reduced by strong reducing agents. These reactions generate heat. May initiate polymerization reactions; may catalyze (increase the rate of) chemical reactions.

925 °F (496 °C)|496 °C

Dust explosion possible if in powder or granular form, mixed with air.

NONH for all modes of transport

3

36/37/38

26-36

WZ0875000

Xi

Separated from strong oxidants.

Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.

P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P312, P314, P337+P313, P403+P233, P405, P501

H320

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.|After material has been contained, scoop up contaminated soil and place in impervious containers. Material may be /disposed of/ in an approved chemical incinerator. If facilities are not available, material may be /disposed of in/ an approved waste chemical landfill. When dilute, amenable to biological treatment at a municipal sewage treatment plant.

Dust may for an explosive mixture with air. may react with strong oxidizers such as chlorine or permanganates, and may form explosive compounds when exposed to nitric acid.|Very high sensitivity: [SRP: to mechanical shock] is shown by mixtures with benzene close to the stoicheiometric proportions of around 84% acid.

DOE/ORNL; Support for Establishing Structure-Activity Relationships Between a Series of Phthalate Esters and Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms. Report No. ORNL/TM-9254 Contract No# AC05-84OR21400 (1985)|PIERCE ET AL, PHTHALATE ESTERS IN THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT, NATL RES COUNC CAN ASSOC COMM SCI CRITER ENVIRON QUAL PUBL 0 (17583): 1 (1980). THE PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, ANALYTICAL DETERMINATION & ENVIRONMENTAL DYNAMICS OF PHTHALATE ESTERS (INDUSTRIAL PLASTICIZERS) ARE REVIEWED. ARTICLE INCLUDES DIBUTYL PHTHALATE.|USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Phthalate Esters (1980) EPA 440/5-80-067|USEPA/ECAO; Phthalate Atlas Report (1980)|Nat'l Research Council Canada; Phthalate Esters (1980) NRCC No.17583

Flash point data for this chemical are not available. It is probably combustible. (NTP, 1992)|Combustible. Finely dispersed particles form explosive mixtures in air.

|Warning|H315 (99.54%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]|P261, P264, P271, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P312, P321, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P403+P233, P405, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 1189 companies from 10 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|Danger|H320: Causes eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]|P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P312, P314, P337+P313, P403+P233, P405, and P501|H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|P201, P202, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P281, P301+P312, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P313, P312, P314, P330, P332+P313, P337+P313, P403+P233, P405, and P501

Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)|Use water spray, foam, powder, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: Should a spill occur while you are handling this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION, then you should dampen the solid spill material with ethanol and transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with ethanol to pick up any remaining material. Seal the absorbent paper, and any of your clothes, which may be contaminated, in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned. STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this material in a refrigerator. (NTP, 1992)

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with an organic vapor/acid gas cartridge (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas and SO2) with a dust/mist filter. (NTP, 1992)|Protection against inhalation and contact with the material. Must wear protective clothing including gloves, boots, safety goggles, and an approved respirator.

Combustible

Can explode during preparation.

Remove all ignition sources. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. Ventilate area after clean up is complete.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.|SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

May cause irritation to mouth, nose, or throat. Can cause irritation /to eyes and skin/.|An eye irritant.|Material is mild irritant to respiratory tract.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Separated from strong oxidants.

Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible; a nuisance-causing concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly when dispersed.

May cause mechanical irritation to the eyes and respiratory tract.

NO open flames. Closed system, dust explosion-proof electrical equipment and lighting. Prevent deposition of dust.

Use local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety goggles.

This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements. Terephthalic acid is produced, as an intermediate or a final product, by process units covered under this subpart.

| 1 - Materials that, under emergency conditions, can cause significant irritation.| 1 - Materials that must be preheated before ignition can occur. Materials require considerable preheating, under all ambient temperature conditions, before ignition and combustion can occur.| 0 - Materials that in themselves are normally stable, even under fire conditions.

Terephthalic acid was detected at a concentration of 5.3 ppb in the effluent of night soil treatment plant in Japan(1). The concentration of terephthalic acid in the waste water from a dimethyl terephthalate manufacturing plant was 459 mg/L(2).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: Terephthalic acid was qualitatively detected in the gas phase of urban air from Belgium(1). It was also qualitatively detected in the air particulate matter collected from Tokyo, Japan(2). Terephthalic acid was detected in atmospheric aerosol and in rainwater particle extracts from West Los Angeles, CA(3). Samples of urban aerosols over West Los Angeles, Downtown Los Angeles, Pasadena, Riverside, and San Nicholas Island (July-Dec) contained terephthalic acid at annual average concentrations of 1.3, 2.8, 1.5, 0.88, and less than 0.03 ng/cu m, respectively(4). The average atmospheric terephthalic acid concentration in the fine particulates collected at four urban sites in southern California (Sept 8-9, 1993 monitoring) was 5.4 ng/cu m with an overall range of 0.9 to 17.2 ng/cu m(5). Monitoring at 12 sites in southern CA in 1995, as part of the Southern California Children's Health Study, detected terephthalic acid particulate concentrations ranging from 0.256 to 0.7 ng/cu m(6).|RURAL/REMOTE: The average concns of terephthalic acid in the airborne aerosols from two relatively unpolluted mountainous regions of Japan were 11.1 ng/cu m and 3.9 ng/cu m(1). During 1995 air monitoring conducted at the Great Smoky Mountain National Park, TN, terephthalic acid was detected in 1 of 21 daytime samples at a concentration of 9 ng/cu m(1).|SOURCE DOMINATED: Terephthalic acid was detected at concentrations ranging from 20.8 to 99.6 ng/cu m in the particulates collected from a roadway tunnel in Hong Kong during Aug 2003 to Feb 2004 monitoring(1).

Terephthalic acid was identified as a particulate-phase emission product from motor vehicles(1). Terephthalic acid was identified as a particulate-phase emission product from industrial-scale boilers burning No. 2 disillate fuel oil(2). Terephthalic acid was detected in the organic film collected from both indoor and outdoor windows in Toronto Canada in July 2000(3).

INCR EFFECTIVENESS OF CERTAIN ANTIBIOTICS SUCH AS CHLORTETRACYCLINE.|... Chlorothiacide or dietary bicarbonate abolished terephthalic acid-induced urolithiasis in /male weanling Fisher 344 rats fed 4.0% terephthalic acid in diet for 2 weeks (postnatal days 28-42)/.|(14)C-labeled terephthalic acid may be both secreted and reabsorbed by the nephron, and when infused at 3 or 6 umol/min its excretion efficiency is comparable to that of p-aminohippuric acid and tetraethylammonium. Probenecid significantly inhibited the excretion of (14)C-labeled terephthalic acid. M-Hydroxybenzoic acid significantly decreased the excretion of (14)C-labeled terephthalic acid but was without any significant effect on the excretion of p-aminohippuric acid.|The joint injury actions and mechanisms of terephthalic acid (TPA), ethylene glycol (EG) and/or Dowtherm A (DOW): [SRP: a mixture of biphenyl and biphenyl oxide] on liver in rats were investigated. A subchronic toxicity study was designed by a 2(3) factorial method. Some enzymes, biochemical and morphologic indices reflecting the injury of liver were studied. The results showed that serum ALT and serum total bile acid (TBA) of rats in the combined intoxication groups were significantly higher than those in the groups with single toxic agent and control group. The results of factorial analysis showed that the joint action induced by TPA, EG and/or DOW were characterized as additive (TPA + EG), synergistic (EG + DOW), synergistic (TPA + DOW) and additive(TPA + EG + DOW) actions. The deduction was identified by morphologic observations.|To study injury of liver and kidney among the workers exposed to terephthalic acid(TPA), ethylene glycol(EG) and(or) dowtherm A(DOW), and research for early biological monitoring indexes. By using the method of occupational epidemiology, an investigation of industrial hygiene in a chemical fibre corporation was carried out and the changes of the liver and kidney functions were analyzed among the workers who had been exposed to TPA, EG, DOW.The values of serum gamma-glutamyl traspetidase(GGT) and total bile acid(TBA) in TPA + EG + DOW group men were (35.45 +/- 16.09) U/L, (10.29 +/- 6.76) umol/L respectively and the values of serum alanine transaminase(ALT) and TBA in TPA + EG + DOW group women were(30.68 +/- 8.58) U/L, (9.53 +/- 6.63) umol/L respectively, significantly higher than those in TPA, DOW and control groups(P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Compared with TPA, DOW and control groups, the values of urine N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and beta 2-2-microglobulim (beta 2-MG) in TPA + EG + DOW group of both men and women increased significantly(P < 0.05, P < 0.01), with (5.68 +/- 4.01) U/mmol Cr and (23.49 +/- 13.44) mg/mol Cr, and(6.68 +/- 4.68) U/mmol Cr and (22.80 +/- 13.00) mg/mol Cr, respectively. Analysis of regression indicated that both liver and renal injuries of the workers were evidently correlated with their exposure to TPA, EG and DOW after adjustment for the confounding factors such as sex, smoking, drinking, etc(P < 0.001). Based on available knowledge, it is reasonable to assume that the joint actions should be considered on the injury of liver and kidney caused by TPA, EG and(or) DOW among the workers. Serum ALT, GGT, TBA, urine NAG and beta 2-MG should be suggested as biomarkers for liver and kidney damage.

LD50 Mouse iv 770 mg/kg|LD50 Mouse ip 1900 mg/kg|LD50 Mouse ip 880 mg/kg|LD50 Rat ip 1210 mg/kg|For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for TEREPHTHALIC ACID (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The biodegradation and toxicity of the purified terephthalic acid (PTA) processing wastewater was researched ...The results of bioassay ...and calculation with software Ebis3 showed that the 48hr-LC50 (median lethal concentration) to Daphnia magna for the PTA concentration in the wastewater was only 1/10 of that for the chemical PTA. There were 5 kinds of benzoate pollutants and their toxicities existing in the wastewater at least. The toxicity parameter value of the pure chemical PTA cannot be used to predicate the PTA wastewater toxicity...|/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ By using model Caenorhabditis elegans, the toxicity of purified terephthalic acid (PTA) wastewater was evaluated through a battery of biotest, including life span, days of 50% lethal, generation time, brood size, head thrashes, and body bends. The results revealed that compared with control, the life span and generation time of C. elegans exposed to 660 mg PTA/L were delayed to some degree, and its head thrashes and body bends were inhibited. The procreation function of C. elegans exposed to PTA wastewater was greatly affected, with the brood size being as low as 25% of the normal one. The most sensitive indicator, brood size of C. elegans, might be a potential indicator in evaluating PTA wastewater toxicity.|/PLANTS/ Toxicity of products from polyester hydrolysis such as succinic acid (SA), adipic acid (AA), mandelic acid (MA), terephthalic acid (TA), 1,4-butanediol (1,4-B), ethylene glycol (EG), styrene glycol (SG) and 1,4-cyclohexane dimethanol (1,4-C) was evaluated by phytotoxicity test on germination of young radish seeds ...The phytotoxicity test revealed SG > MA > 1,4-C > AA approximately SA > TA approximately EG > 1,4-B in order of decreasing toxicity taking into consideration the growth behavior after germination as well as the percentage of germination...Tests for the phytotoxicity ...indicated that the aromatic compounds were more harmful than the aliphatic ones...

Terephthalic acid's production and use to produce saturated polyesters(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).|Terephthalic acid was identified as a metabolite of dimethyl terphthalate and dibutyl terephthalate biodegradation in soil(1). Terephthalic acid was identified as a particulate-phase emission product from motor vehicles(2). Terephthalic acid was identified as a particulate-phase emission product from industrial-scale boilers burning No. 2 disillate fuel oil(3). Terephthalic acid was identified in smoke particulates from the burning plastic bags, road-side litter and landfill trash(4). Airborne terephthalic acid can be produced by the photochemical oxidation of anthropogenic compounds (e.g., p-xylene) during long range transport(5).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 79(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that terephthalic acid is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa1 and pKa2 of terephthalic acid are 3.54 and 4.46 at 25 °C(3), respectively, indicating that this compound will partially exist in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). Volatilization of terephthalic acid from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.9X10-13 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(2). Terephthalic acid is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an extrapolated vapor pressure of 6X10-11 mm Hg at 25 °C(3). Terephthalic acid, present at 100 mg/L, reached 74.7% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test which classifies the compound as readily biodegradable(5). Terephthalic acid was determined to be biodegradable using the following biodegradation screening tests: Coupled Units (93% DOC, 1-day), Zahn-Wellens (93% DOC,4-days), Sturm Test (72% CO2 evolution, 28 days), Modified OECD Test (82% DOC, 19-day surface water die-away) and Closed Bottle Test (112% BODT, 30 days)(6).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 79(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that terephthalic acid is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.9X10-13 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(2). According to a classification scheme(4), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow of 2.00(5) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Terephthalic acid is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). Terephthalic acid, present at 100 mg/L, reached 74.7% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test which classifies the compound as readily biodegradable(6). Terephthalic acid was determined to be biodegradable using the following biodegradation screening tests: Coupled Units (93% DOC, 1-day), Zahn-Wellens (93% DOC,4-days), Sturm Test (72% CO2 evolution, 28 days), Modified OECD Test (82% DOC, 19-day surface water die-away) and Closed Bottle Test (112% BODT, 30 days)(7).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), terephthalic acid, which has an extrapolated vapor pressure of 6X10-11 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere; however, one monitoring study has reported its detection in the gas-phase(3). Terephthalic acid absorbs UV light at wavelengths >290 nm(4), and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of terephthalic acid with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.2X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 13 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Terephthalic acid absorbs UV light at wavelengths >290 nm(2), and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). The rate constant for the reaction of hydroxyl radicals in aqueous solutions at pH 9 is 3.2X10+9 L/mol-sec(3); this corresponds to an aquatic half-life of 250 days(SRC) at an aquatic concentration of 1X10-17 hydroxyl radicals per liter(4). Terephthalic acid is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(5).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated in fish for terephthalic acid(SRC), using a log Kow of 2.00(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of terephthalic acid can be estimated to be 79(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that terephthalic acid is expected to have high mobility in soil. The pKa1 and pKa2 of terephthalic acid are 3.54 and 4.46 at 25 °C(3), respectively, indicating that this compound will partially exist in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4).

The Henry's Law constant for terephthalic acid is estimated as 3.9X10-13 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that terephthalic acid is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2). Terephthalic acid's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to occur(SRC). Terephthalic acid is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an extrapolated vapor pressure of 6X10-11 mm Hg at 25 °C(3).

SURFACE WATER: Terephthalic acid was detected in the concentration range 1.1 ppb to 3.4 ppb in a polluted river water in Japan, but none was detected in unpolluted waters(1).|DRINKING WATER: Terephthalic acid was qualitatively detected in a drinking water concentrate from Seattle, WA collected during 1976(2).

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of terephthalic acid is 1000 or greater; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).|NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 6,456 workers (2,563 of these were female) were potentially exposed to terephthalic acid in the US(1). Occupational exposure to terephthalic acid may occur through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where terephthalic acid is produced or used(SRC). Terephthalic acid can form dust clouds(2), therefore, workers handling the compound may be exposed through inhalation(SRC). The detection of terephthalic acid in ambient atmospheric particulate matter(2-4) indicates the general population may be exposed through inhalation of atmospheric particulates(SRC).

Substances that eliminate free radicals. Among other effects, they protect PANCREATIC ISLETS against damage by CYTOKINES and prevent myocardial and pulmonary REPERFUSION INJURY. (See all compounds classified as Free Radical Scavengers.)

... The concentrations of urine terephthalic acid(TPA) in rats after single oral administration in dose of 100 mg/kg bw were determined by high pressure liquid chromatography. ... The results showed that the first-order kinetics and two-compartment model were noted on the elimination of TPA. ... The excretion rates of TPA in urine were about 50%, 52% and 53% in 0-24 hr, 0-48 hr and 0-72 hr respectively after administration. TPA is well absorbed when given orally and rapidly eliminated via urine. Urine TPA at the end of work shift should be considered as a biomarker of exposure for the occupational workers.|Terephthalic acid is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and is excreted in the urine apparently unchanged. Dermal or ocular absorption is negligible.|The pharmacokinetics of (14)C terephthalic acid were determined in Fischer-344 rats after iv and oral administration. After iv injection, the plasma concentration-time data were fitted with a three-compartment pharmacokinetic model. The average terminal half-life in 3 rats was 1.2 + or - 0.4 hr, and the average volume of distribution in the terminal phase was 1.3 + or - 0.3 l/kg. Following administration by gavage, a longer terminal half-life was obtained, indicating that dissolution of (14)C TPA or absorption from the gut may have been partially rate limiting. Recovery of (14)C TPA in the urine following a bolus iv dose was 101 + or - 8%, indicating essentially complete urinary excretion of the compound. No evidence of metabolism of (14)C TPA was obtained by analysis of urine by high-performance liquid chromatography. (14)C TPA was transported to the fetus after administration of the compound to pregnant rats; the concentrations in fetal tissues were low relative to the corresponding maternal tissues. Neonatal rats exposed to 5% TPA in the diet of their dams did not develop calculi until the onset of self-feeding. TPA was rapidly excreted into urine after administration to rats, and excretory mechanisms in the dam provided an effective mechanism of defense against TPA-induced urolithiasis in neonatal rats.|By use of the Sperber in vivo chicken preparation method, infusion of radiolabeled terephthalic acid ([14C]TPA) into the renal portal circulation revealed a first-pass excretion of the unchanged compound into the urine. This model was utilized further to characterize the excretory transport of [14C]TPA and provide information on the structural specificity in the secretion of dicarboxylic acids. At an infusion rate of 0.4 nmol/min. 60% of the [14C]TPA which reached the kidney was directly excreted. An infusion rate of 3 or 6 mumol/min resulted in complete removal of [14C]TPA by the kidney. These results indicate that TPA is both actively secreted and actively reabsorbed when infused at 0.4 nmol/min and that active reabsorption is saturated with the infusion of TPA at higher concentrations. The secretory process was saturated with the infusion of TPA at 40 mumol/mn. The excretory transport of TPA was inhibited by the infusion of probenecid, salicylate, and m-hydroxybenzoic acid, indicating that these organic acids share the same organic anion excretory transport process. m-Hydroxybenzoic acid did not alter the simultaneously measured excretory transport of p-aminohippuric acid (PAH), suggesting that there are different systems involved in the secretion of TPA and PAH. The structural specificity for renal secretion of dicarboxylic acids was revealed by the use of o-phthalic acid and m-phthalic acid as possible inhibitors of TPA secretion. m-Phthalate, but not o-phthalate, inhibited TPA excretory transport, indicating that there is some specificity in the renal secretion of carboxy-substituted benzoic acids. TPA was actively accumulated by rat and human cadaver renal cortical slices.|(14)C-Labeled terephthalic acid may be both secreted and reabsorbed by the nephron, and when infused at 3 or 6 umol/min its excretion efficiency is comparable to that of p-aminohippuric acid and tetraethylammonium.

A Rhodococcus species was isolated from soil by enriching for growth with dimethyl terephthalate as the sole carbon source. The organism degraded dimethyl terephthalate by hydrolysis of ester-bonds to free terephthalic acid which in turn was metabolized through protocatechuate by an ortho-cleavage pathway.|No evidence of metabolism of (14)C TPA was obtained by analysis of urine by high-performance liquid chromatography /following an iv dose to Fischer-344 rats/.

... The concentrations of urine terephthalic acid(TPA) in rats after single oral administration in dose of 100 mg/kg bw were determined by high pressure liquid chromatography. ... The results showed that the first-order kinetics and two-compartment model were noted on the elimination of TPA. The main toxicokinetic parameters were as follows: Ka = 0.51/hr, half-life ka = 0.488 hr, half-life alpha = 2.446 hr, time to peak = 2.160 hr, Ku = 0.143/hr, half-life beta = 31.551 hr, Xu(max) = 10.00 mg. ...|The pharmacokinetics of (14)C labeled terephthalic acid were determined in Fischer 344 rats after iv and oral administration. After iv injection, the plasma concentration-time data were fitted using a 3-compartment pharmacokinetic model. The avg terminal half-life in rats was 1.2 hr and the average volume of distribution in the terminal phase was 1.3 L/kg.|(14)C-Terephthalic acid has a short elimination half-life (approximately 60-100 minutes) in the plasma; however, the apparent half-life was longer following administration by gavage.

/The aim of this study was/ to investgate the metabolism of terephthalic acid (TPA) in rats and its mechanism. Metabolism was evaluated by incubating sodium terephthalate (NaTPA) with rat normal liver microsomes, or with microsomes pretreated by phenobarbital sodium, or with 3-methycholanthrene, or with diet control following a NADPH-generating system. The determination was performed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the mutagenic activation was analyzed by umu tester strain Salmonella typhimurium NM2009. Expression of CYP4B1 mRNA was detected by RT-PCR. The amount of NaTPA (12.5-200 uL /per/ L) detected by HPLC did not decrease in microsomes induced by NADPH-generating system. Incubation of TPA (0.025-0.1 mmol /per/ L) with induced or noninduced liver microsomes in an NM2009 umu response system did not show any mutagenic activation. TPA exposure increased the expression of CYP4B 1 mRNA in rat liver, kidney, and bladder. Lack of metabolism of TPA in liver and negative genotoxic data from NM2009 study are consistent with other previous short-term tests...

TECHNICAL GRADE: MAXIMUM MOISTURE CONTENT 0.5 WT%; POLYMER GRADE SPECIFICATIONS: ASH, 15 PPM (MAX); TOTAL SIGNIFICANT METALS (MOLYBDINUM, CHROMIUM, NICKEL, COBALT, IRON, TIN, MAGNESIUM) 10 PPM (MAX); 4-FORMYLBENZOIC ACID, 25 PPM (MAX); MOISTURE, 0.5% (MAX)

SYMPTOMS: Symptoms of exposure to this compound may include irritation of the skin and eyes. ACUTE/CHRONIC HAZARDS: This compound is a local irritant. (NTP, 1992)

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment. INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing. INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

Fresh air, rest.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/|/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/|/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ A 10 mL application of an oily paste containing 80% terephthalic acid to equal sites on the hand was not irritating. Also, a 24 hour application did not produce any signs of irritation or redness.|/SURVEILLANCE/ Forty-three workers exposed to terephthalic acid(TPA) were selected to study the dermal contamination of TPA and the load of TPA in urine. The results showed that there existed a double logarithmic correlation between dermal contamination of TPA and air TPA concentration and a logarithmic correlation between urinary TPA and total inhaled TPA. Neither dermal TPA contamination nor total TPA exposure exhibited a dose-dependent relationship with urinary TPA. Based on this occupational epidemiology investigation, it was proved that the absorption of TPA is not mainly from dermal exposure.|/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ Toxicity of products from polyester hydrolysis such as succinic acid (SA), adipic acid (AA), mandelic acid (MA), terephthalic acid (TA), 1,4-butanediol (1,4-B), ethylene glycol (EG), styrene glycol (SG) and 1,4-cyclohexane dimethanol (1,4-C) was evaluated ...by cytotoxicity test on HeLa cells...Toxicity on HeLa cells decreased /in order/ SG > 1,4-C > MA > TA > SA > AA > EG > 1,4-B. Tests for ...cytotoxicity indicated that the aromatic compounds were more harmful than the aliphatic ones...

disodium terephthalate

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and by ingestion.

Cough.

Redness.

Redness.

CHEM INT FOR POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE POLYESTERS, OF WHICH 93% IS USED IN POLYESTER FIBERS, AND 7% IS USED IN POLYESTER FILM (1973)|POLYESTER FILMS, 67%; PET FILMS AND PLASTICS, 23%; MISC, 3%; EXPORT, 7% (1982)|287X10+3 tons in the U.S. (1976)|1363X10+3 tons in the U.S. (1989)

Grades: Commercial; fiber.|Technical grade: 98.5 wt%, min; polymer grade: >98.5 wt% polymer grade: >98.5 wt%|Specifications and typical analyses of purified terephthalic acid: [Table#2256]

Adhesive manufacturing|1,4-Benzenedicarboxylic acid: ACTIVE|TP - indicates a substance that is the subject of a proposed TSCA section 4 test rule.|US Capacity = 3.2X10+6 tons/yr including dimethyl ester (1978)

POLAROGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF TEREPHTHALIC ACID IN INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATERS|Terephthalic acid detection in air by ultraviolet spectrophotometry.|Determination of phthalic acid derivations in color additives using spectrophotometric method.

A procedure for the hydrolysis of phthalate esters and metabolites to free phthalic acid, recovery and esterification of the acid, and gas chromatographic quantification on 10% OV 25 on Gas Chroin Z all relative to an internal standard of 4-chlorophthalate was developed. The measurement limit is 0.5 nmol of total phthalate/mL of urine, and replicates. The assay is linear between 0.5 and 50 nmol/mL of urine, which spans of phthalate levels found thus far in human urine samples. The procedure can also be used to detect levels of isophthalate and terephthalate simultaneously with phthalate.

Environmental transformation -> Pesticide transformation products (metabolite, successor)

Terephthalic acid is a known environmental transformation product of Iprovalicarb.