Endothion

280.236

280.23

220-472-3

V047DQ6B7X

3018

DTXSID2041911

Crystals

2932999013

96.4

-0.31 (est)

Endothion appears as white crystals with a slight odor. Used as an insecticide. Not sold in the USA or Canada. (EPA, 1998)

1.35g/cm3

96 °C

411.3ºC at 760mmHg

202.5ºC

1.518

soluble in chloroform and ethanol

Must be stored in its sealed original containers, in well-aired, fresh and dry storehouses or in shaded and possibly well-aired places.

5.69X10-6 mm Hg at 25 deg C (est)

Oral-rat LD50: 23 mg/kg; Oral-Mouse LD50: 17 mg/kg

Open flame is flammable; heat releases toxic sulfur oxide, phosphorus oxide, chloride gas

Henry's Law constant = 6.46X10-12 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C (est)

Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 9.55X10-11 cu cm/molec-sec at 25 °C (est)

No rapid reaction with air. No rapid reaction with water.

Esters, Sulfate Esters, Phosphate Esters, Thiophosphate Esters, and Borate Esters

Organothiophosphates, such as ENDOTHION, are susceptible to formation of highly toxic and flammable phosphine gas in the presence of strong reducing agents such as hydrides. Partial oxidation by oxidizing agents may result in the release of toxic phosphorus oxides.

II

6.1(a)

2783

24/25

36/37-45

T

The warehouse is ventilated, low temperature and dry; stored and transported separately from food materials

P264, P270, P280, P301+P310, P302+P352, P312, P321, P322, P330, P361, P363, P405, P501

H301

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

(Non-Specific -- Organophosphorus Pesticide, n.o.s.) Cylinder may explode in heat or fire. Fire and runoff from fire control water may produce irritating or poisonous gases. When heated to decomposition, it emits very toxic fumes of phosphorous oxides and sulfur oxides. (EPA, 1998)

|Danger|H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]|P264, P270, P280, P301+P310, P302+P352, P312, P321, P322, P330, P361, P363, P405, and P501

(Non-Specific -- Organophosphorus Pesticide, n.o.s.) Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Fight fire from maximum distance. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing. (Non-Specific -- Organophosphorus Pesticide, n.o.s.) This material may burn, but does not ignite readily. For small fires, use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or foam. For large fires, use water spray, fog, or foam. (EPA, 1998)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 152 [Substances - Toxic (Combustible)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. SPILL: Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown above. FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

(Non-Specific -- Organophosphorus Pesticide, n.o.s.) Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering them. Do not touch spilled material; stop leak if you can do so without risk. Use water spray to reduce vapors. Small spills: absorb with sand or other noncombustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal. Small dry spills: with clean shovel place material into clean, dry containers and cover; move containers from spill area. Large spills: dike far ahead of spill for later disposal. (EPA, 1998)

For emergency situations, wear a positive pressure, pressure-demand, full facepiece self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or pressure- demand supplied air respirator with escape SCBA and a fully-encapsulating, chemical resistant suit. (EPA, 1998)|1) 1 mg/cu m or less: Any chemical cartridge respirator with an organic vapor cartridge(s) and dust, fume, and mist filter(s), including pesticide respirators which meet the requirements of this class; Any supplied-air respirator; Any self-contained breathing apparatus. 2) 5 mg/cu m or less: A chemical cartridge respirator with a full facepiece, organic vapor cartridge(s), and dust, fume, and mist filter(s), including pesticide respirators which meet the requirements of this class; A gas mask with a chin-style or a front- or back-mounted organic vapor canister and dust, fume, and mist filter, including pesticide respirators which meet the requirements of this class; Any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece, helmet, or hood; Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece. 3) 20 mg/cu m or less: A powered air-purifying respirator with an organic vapor cartridge and high efficiency particulate filter, including pesticide respirators which meet the requirements of this class; A Type C supplied-air respirator operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure or continuous-flow mode. 4) Greater than 20 mg/cu m or entry and escape from unknown concentrations: Self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode; A combination respirator which includes a Type C supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure or continuous-flow mode and an auxiliary self-contained breathing apparatus operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode. 5) Escape: Any gas mask providing protection against organic vapors and particulates; Any escape self-contained breathing apparatus. /Parathion/|Employees should be provided with and required to use impervious clothing, gloves, face shields (eight-inch minimum), and other appropriate protective clothing necessary to prevent repeated or prolonged skin contact with malathion. Employees should be provided with and required to use splash-proof safety goggles where liquid malathion may contact the eyes. Where there is any possibility that employee's eyes may be exposed to malathion, an eye-wash fountain should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use. /Malathion/

Non-impervious clothing which becomes contaminated should be removed promptly and not reworn until the cmpd is removed from the clothing. /Malathion/

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./|The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.|The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Endothion is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 500 or 10,000 lbs. Extremely hazardous substances that are solids are subject to either of two threshold planning quantities ... The lower quantity applies only if the solid exists in powdered form and has a particle size less than 100 microns; or is handled in solution or in molten form; or meets the criteria for a National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) rating of 2, 3 or 4 for reactivity. If the solid does not meet any of these criteria, it is subject to the upper ... threshold planning quantity ... .

most toxic

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Goldfish survived exposure to 10 ppm in water for 14 days.

Endothion's former production may have resulted in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its former use as an insecticide/acaricide(1) will have resulted in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 10(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that endothion is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of endothion from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.5X10-12 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(3). Endothion is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 5.7X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(4). Biodegradation data in soil were not available(SRC, 2013).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 10(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that endothion is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.5X10-12 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of -0.31(2) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Hydrolysis is expected to be an important environmental fate process given estimated hydrolysis half-lives for the phosphorus ester fragment of 132 and 35 days at pH 7 and 8, respectively(2). Biodegradation data in water were not available(SRC, 2013).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), endothion, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 5.7X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase endothion is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 4 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 9.5X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase endothion may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). Endothion contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of endothion with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 9.5X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 4 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Hydrolysis is expected to be an important environmental fate process given estimated hydrolysis half-lives for the phosphorus ester fragment of 132 and 35 days at pH 7 and 8, respectively(2). Endothion contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated in fish for endothion(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of -0.31(1) and a regression-derived equation(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of endothion can be estimated to be 10(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that endothion is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for endothion is estimated as 6.5X10-12 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that endothion is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water and moist soil surfaces(2). Endothion is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 5.7X10-6 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3).

Occupational exposure and general population exposure should be low or non-existent since endothion is no longer produced or used in the USA. (SRC)|Organophosphates are efficiently absorbed by inhalation, ingestion, and skin penetration. /Organophosphate pesticides/

Endothion was applied to several species of insects and the degree of penetration and metabolism was studied. Three metabolites were isolated but the quantities were insufficient to permit rigorous identification. After treatment of plants with (35)S-endothion, the monomethyl derivative was detected.

Organophosphates poison insects and mammals primarily by phosphorylation of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme of nerve endings. The enzyme is critical to normal transmission of nerve impulses from nerve fibers to innervated tissues. Some critical proportion of the tissue enzyme mass must be inactivated by phosphorylation before symptoms and signs of poisoning are manifest. At sufficient dosage, loss of enzyme function allows accumulation of acetylcholine (the impulse-transmitter substance) at cholinergic neuroeffector junctions (muscarinic effects), and at skeletal myoneural junctions and in autonomic ganglia (nicotinic effects). Organophosphates also impair nerve impulse transmission in the brain, causing disturbances in sensorium, motor function, behavior, and respiratory drive. Depression of respiration is the usual cause of death in organophosphate poisoning. Recovery depends ultimately on generation of new enzyme. /Organophosphate pesticides/

This material is poisonous to humans. Its toxic effects are most likely related to action on the nervous system. (EPA, 1998)

Warning: Effects may be delayed up to 12 hours. Caution is advised. Note: Endothion is a cholinesterase inhibitor. Signs and Symptoms of Endothion Exposure: Acute exposure to endothion may produce the following signs and symptoms: sweating, pinpoint pupils, blurred vision, headache, dizziness, profound weakness, muscle spasms, seizures, and coma. Mental confusion and psychosis may occur. Excessive salivation, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea, and abdominal pain may also occur. The heart rate may decrease following oral exposure or increase following dermal exposure. Chest pain may be noted. Hypotension (low blood pressure) may be observed, although hypertension (high blood pressure) is not uncommon. Respiratory symptoms include dyspnea (shortness of breath), pulmonary edema, respiratory depression, and respiratory paralysis. Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to endothion exposure may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination. Inhalation Exposure: 1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to endothion. 2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer 100% humidified oxygen or other respiratory support. 3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures. 4. Transport to a health care facility. Dermal/Eye Exposure: 1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to endothion. 2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer 100% humidified oxygen or other respiratory support. 3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible. 4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes. 5. Wash exposed skin areas three times with soap and water. 6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures. 7. Transport to a health care facility. Ingestion Exposure: 1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer 100% humidified oxygen or other respiratory support. 2. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures. 3. Vomiting may be induced with syrup of Ipecac. If elapsed time since ingestion of endothion is unknown or suspected to be greater than 30 minutes, do not induce vomiting and proceed to Step 4. Ipecac should not be administered to children under 6 months of age.Warning: Ingestion of endothion may result in sudden onset of seizures or loss of consciousness. Syrup of Ipecac should be administered only if victims are alert, have an active gag-reflex, and show no signs of impending seizure or coma. If ANY uncertainty exists, proceed to Step 4.The following dosages of Ipecac are recommended: children up to 1 year old, 10 mL (1/3 oz); children 1 to 12 years old, 15 mL (1/2 oz); adults, 30 mL (1 oz). Ambulate (walk) the victims and give large quantities of water. If vomiting has not occurred after 15 minutes, Ipecac may be readministered. Continue to ambulate and give water to the victims. If vomiting has not occurred within 15 minutes after second administration of Ipecac, administer activated charcoal. 4. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water. 5. Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims. Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3- 1/2 oz) is recommended for adults. 6. Transport to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

Airway protection. Insure that a clear airway exists. Intubate the patients and aspirate the secretions with a large-bore suction device if necessary. Administer oxygen by mechanically assisted pulmonary ventilation if respiration is depressed. Improve tissue oxygenation as much as possible before administering atropine, so as to minimize the risk of ventricular fibrillation. In severe poisonings, it may be necessary to support pulmonary ventilation mechanically for several days. /Organophosphate pesticides/|Atropine sulfate. Administer atropine sulfate intravenously, or intramuscularly if intravenous injection is not possible. Remember that atropine can be administered through an endotracheal tube if initial IV access is difficult to obtain. Depending on the severity of poisoning, doses of atropine ranging from very low to as high as 300 mg/day may be required, or even continuous infusion. The objective of atropine antidotal therapy is to antagonize the effects of excessive concentrations of acetylcholine at end-organs having muscarinic receptors. Atropine does not reactivate the cholinesterase enzyme or accelerate disposition of organophosphate. Recrudescence of poisoning may occur if tissue concentrations of organophosphate remain high when the effect of atropine wears off. Atropine is effective against muscarinic manifestations, but it is ineffective against nicotinic actions, specifically muscle weakness and twitching, and respiratory depression. Despite the limitations, atropine is often a life-saving agent in organophosphate poisonings. Favorable response to a test dose of atropine (1 mg in adults, 0.01 mg/kg in children under 12 years) can help differentiate poisoning by anticholinesterase agents from other conditions. However, lack of response, with no evidence of atropinization (atropine refractoriness) is typical of more severe poisonings. The adjunctive use of nebulized atropine has been reported to improve respiratory distress, decrease bronchial secretions, and increase oxygenation. /Organophosphate pesticides/|Glycopyrolate has been studied as an alternative to atropine and found to have similar outcomes using continuous infusion. Ampules of 7.5 mg of glycopyrolate were added to 200 mL of saline and this infusion was titrated to the desired effects of dry mucous membranes and heart rate above 60 beats/min. During this study, atropine was used as a bolus for a heart rate less than 60 beats/min. The other apparent advantage to this regimen was a decreased number of respiratory infections. This may represent an alternative when there is a concern for respiratory infection due to excessive and difficult to control secretions, and in the presence of altered level of consciousness where the distinction between atropine toxicity or relapse of organophosphate poisoning is unclear. /Organophosphate pesticides/|Pralidoxime. Before administration of pralidoxime, draw a blood sample (heparinized) for cholinesterase analysis (since pralidoxime tends to reverse the cholinesterase depression). Administer pralidoxime (Protopam, 2-PAM), a cholinesterase reactivator, in cases of severe poisoning by organophosphate pesticides in which respiratory depression, muscle weakness, and/or twitching are severe. When administered early (usually less than 48 hours after poisoning) pralidoxime relieves the nicotinic as well as the muscarinic effects of poisoning. Pralidoxime works by reactivating the cholinesterase and also by slowing the "aging" process of phosphorylated cholinesterase to a non-reactivatable form. ... Dosage of pralidoxime may be repeated in 1-2 hours, then at 10-12 hour intervals if needed. In very severe poisonings, dosage rates may be doubled. Repeated doses of pralidoxime are usually required. In cases that involve continuing absorption of organophosphate (as after ingestion of large amounts), or continuing transfer of highly lipophilic organophosphate from fat into blood, it may be necessary to continue administration of pralidoxime for several days beyond the 48 hour post-exposure interval usually cited as the limit of its effectiveness. ... Blood pressure should be monitored during administration because of the occasional occurrence of hypertensive crisis. Administration should be slowed or stopped if blood pressure rises to hazardous levels. Be prepared to assist pulmonary ventilation mechanically if respiration is depressed during or after pralidoxime administration. If intravenous injection is not possible, pralidoxime may be given by deep intramuscular injection. /Organophosphate pesticides/|For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for ENDOTHION (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Symptomatology: 1. Nausea ... vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, excessive salivation ... 2. Headache, giddiness, vertigo & weakness. 3. Rhinorrhea & sensation of tightness in chest are common in inhalation exposure. 4. Blurring or dimness of vision, miosis ... tearing, ciliary muscle spasm, loss of accommodation & ocular pain ... mydriasis ... sometimes seen ... probably due to sympatho-adrenal discharge. 5. Loss of muscle coordination, slurring of speech, fasciculations & twitching of muscles (particularly of tongue & eyelids), & generalized profound weakness. 6. Mental confusion, disorientation & drowsiness. /Parathion/|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Symptomatology: 7. Difficulty in breathing, excessive secretion of saliva & of resp tract mucus, oronasal frothing, cyanosis, pulmonary rales & rhonchi & hypertension, (presumably due to asphyxia). 8. Random jerky movements, incontinence, convulsions, & coma. 9. Death primarily due to resp arrest arising from failure of resp center, paralysis of resp muscles, intense bronchoconstriction OR all three. /Parathion/|/CASE REPORTS/ Apparently the only poisoning by endothion involved a 27-yr-old chemist and his 25-yr-old assistant and was the result of an explosion in their laboratory. A hot, vaporized solution of endothion in acetone reached the face and clothed trunk of one and the head of the other. Each of them washed, received an injection of 1 mg of atropine sulfate, and then entered hospital so rapidly that cholinesterase activity of one of them was still normal. It ... decr later. During the next few hr the men developed moderate poisoning characterized in one or both of them by sweating, weakness, miosis, headache, diarrhea, and intermittent fasciculations. They recovered in 3 and 4 days, respectively.

The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard identifies endothion as an active ingredient believed to be obsolete or discontinued for use as a pesticide.

FOR PRODUCT ANALYSIS BY ALKALINE HYDROLYSIS, RESULTANT THIOL ... CONVERTED TO DISULFIDE BY IODINE TITRATION: CIPAC HANDBOOK 1: 374 (1970).