1,3-Dioxane

88.106

88.11

208-005-1

B2C8M17I09

139436

1165

DTXSID3025174

2934999090

18.5

-0.419 (est)

1,3-dioxane is a clear colorless liquid. (NTP, 1992)

1.0342 g/cm³ @ Temp: 20 °C

-42 °C

105 °C @ Press: 755 Torr

35.6° F (NTP, 1992)

n20/D 1.418(lit.)

SOL IN WATER, ALC, ETHANOL, ACETONE, BENZENE

Dioxane must be stored in tightly closed containers in a cool, dry, well ventilated area away from heat, sparks, open flames, moisture, and strong oxidizers. Storage facilities should be designed to contain spills completely within a surrounding dike and to prevent contamination of workroom air. Dioxane when stored must be checked for peroxide content in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. /Dioxane/

Vapor pressure= 39 mm Hg at 25 deg C (estimated)

9.15e-12 cm3/molecule*sec

... Alcohol like odor ... /Dioxane/

Highly flammable. Can form dangerous peroxides when exposed to air. Water soluble.

Ethers

Highly Flammable

1,3-DIOXANE is sensitive to heat. This chemical can react with oxidizers. (NTP, 1992)

1,3-Dioxane|D*: Other compounds that may form peroxides|Bretherick's

II

3.1

UN 1165 3/PG 2

3

11-20/21/22

S16

JG8224000

F,Xn

Stable. Flammable. Incompatible with oxidizing agents. May form explosive peroxides in contact with the air - store under inert gas.

P210-P280

H225-H302 + H312 + H332

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Dioxane is an indirect food additive for use only as a component of adhesives. /Dioxane/

NIOSH; Criteria Document: Dioxane p.20-1 (1976) DHEW Pub. NIOSH 77-226

This chemical is flammable. (NTP, 1992)

Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 127 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet). FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION. Then, use absorbent paper to pick up all liquid spill material. Seal the absorbent paper, as well as any of your clothing which may be contaminated, in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash any surfaces you may have contaminated with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned. STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should protect this chemical from exposure to light. Keep the container tightly closed under an inert atmosphere, and store under refrigerated temperatures. STORE AWAY FROM SOURCES OF IGNITION. (NTP, 1992)

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with an organic vapor/acid gas cartridge (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas and SO2) with a dust/mist filter. RECOMMENDED GLOVE MATERIALS: If this chemical makes direct contact with your gloves, or if a tear, puncture or hole develops, replace them at once. Glove Type Model Number Thickness Bkthru Time Butyl rubber North B-174 0.61 mm 480 min Viton North F-091 0.30 mm 27 min PVA Edmont 29-250 0.28 mm 22 min (NTP, 1992)|Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact. /Dioxane/|Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact. /Dioxane/|Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possibility that workers could be exposed to the substance; this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection. /Dioxane/|Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure. (Note: It is intended that these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the substance from any body areas likely to be exposed. The actual determination of what constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific circumstances. In certain instances, a deluge shower should be readily available, whereas in others, the availability of water from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.) /Dioxane/|For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for 1,3-DIOXANE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers.|SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

/GUIDE 127: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (POLAR/WATER-MISCIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. /Dioxane/|/GUIDE 127: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (POLAR/WATER-MISCIBLE)/ Health: Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control may cause pollution. /Dioxane/|/GUIDE 127: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (POLAR/WATER-MISCIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Dioxane/|/GUIDE 127: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (POLAR/WATER-MISCIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. /Dioxane/|For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 1,3-DIOXANE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./|The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.|The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time-Weighted Avg: 100 ppm (360 mg/cu m). Skin Designation. /Dioxane/|Vacated 1989 OSHA PEL TWA 25 ppm (90 mg/cu m), skin designation, is still enforced in some states. /Dioxane/

Recommended Exposure Limit: 30 Min Ceiling Value: 1 ppm (3.6 mg/cu m). /Dioxane/|NIOSH usually recommends that occupational exposures to carcinogens be limited to the lowest feasible concentration. /Dioxane/|NIOSH considers dioxane to be a potential occupational carcinogen. /Dioxane/

This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements. Dioxane is produced, as an intermediate or final product, by process units covered under this subpart. /Dioxane/

TERRESTRIAL FATE: No experimental data are available pertaining to the chemical or biochemical degradation of 1,3-dioxane in soil. The miscibility of 1,3-dioxane in water(1) suggests that leaching through soil to associated groundwaters may be possible(SRC).|AQUATIC FATE: No experimental data are available pertaining to the chemical or biochemical degradation of 1,3-dioxane in natural water. The chemical structure of 1,3-dioxane suggests that aqueous hydrolysis will not occur(1,SRC). The miscibility of 1,3-dioxane in water(2) suggest that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms and adsorption to sediments will not be important. Volatilization from environmental waters is expected to be slow based on estimated half-lives of 7.2 days, 77.5 days, and 35.5 months from a shallow model river, a model environmental pond, and Lake Zurich, respectively(1,3,SRC).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: Based on an estimated vapor pressure of 39 mm Hg at 25 °C(1,SRC), 1,3-dioxane can be expected to exist almost entirely in the vapor-phase in the ambient atmosphere(2,SRC). By analogy to 1,4-dioxane, vapor-phase 1,3-dioxane will be degraded relatively rapidly in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically formed hydroxyl radicals(3,SRC); the half-life for this reaction in average air is approximately 2 days(3,SRC). Due to its miscibility in water(4), physical removal of 1,3-dioxane from the atmosphere via wet deposition may be possible(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1,3,5-trioxane with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals has been experimentally measured to be 7.9X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C, which corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 2 days at an atmospheric concn of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1,SRC); 1,3-dioxane is expected to have a similar rate of reaction with atmospheric hydroxyl radicals because of the structural similartiy(SRC). Ethers are generally resistant to aqueous environmental hydrolysis(2); therefore, 1,3-dioxane is not expected to undergo aqueous hydrolysis in environmental waters(SRC).

Based upon an estimated log Kow of -0.419(1), the BCF for 1,3-dioxane can be estimated to be 0.3 from a recommended regression-derived equation(2,SRC). In addition, 1,3-dioxane has been reported to be miscible in water(3). The estimated BCF and water solubility of 1,3-dioxane indicate that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is not important(SRC).

1,3-Dioxane has been reported to be miscible in water(1); therefore, leaching through soil to associated groundwaters may be possible(SRC).

The Henry's Law Constant for 1,4-dioxane has been experimentally measured to be 4.88X10-6 atm cu m/mole at 25 °C(1); the Henry's Law Constant for 1,3-dioxane is expected to have a similar value(SRC). This value of Henry's Law Constant indicates that volatilization from environmental waters is expected to be relatively slow(2). Based on this Henry's Law Constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep flowing 1 m/sec with a wind velocity of 3 m/sec) can be estimated to be about 7.2 days(2,SRC); the volatilization half-lives from a model environmental pond and from Lake Zurich (Switzerland) can be estimated to be 77.5 days and 35.5 months, respectively(3,SRC).

There are no data available to suggest that the general population of the USA is currently exposed to 1,3-dioxane. (SRC)

beta-Hydroxyethoxyacetic acid, rather than oxalic acid or diglycolic acid, was the major urinary metabolite of dioxane in rats. Uniformly labeled (14)C dioxane was administered to two rats by oral intubation. Composite 24 hr urine samples were collected and analyzed for metabolites using thin layer ion exchange column chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. One major and two minor (14)C containing compounds were confirmed by thin layer chromatography. The two minor compounds were identical to (14)C dioxane and (14)C diethylene glycol. The major compound was identified as beta-hydroxyethoxyacetic acid using the other four analytical methods. beta-Hydroxyethoxyacetic acid accounted for approximately 85% of the radioactivity in the urine, with dioxane and diethylene glycol accounting for the remaining 15%. /Dioxane/

ACUTE/CHRONIC HAZARDS: When heated to decomposition this compound emits acrid smoke and fumes. (NTP, 1992)

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment. INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing. INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

An occupational fatality in which a man had been exposed to dioxane for just 1 week /is described/. The 21 year old man, who had a history of heavy beer consumption, had used dioxane to clean a workbench and to keep his hands free of resin-type glue. He kept an uncovered bucket of dioxane between his knees for these purposes. Neither a respirator nor an exhaust ventilation system was employed. After 1 week of dioxane exposure, he was hospitalized with severe epigastric pain and rising blood pressure which reached 220/120 about 3 hours after admission. Within a few hours, he developed severe convulsions followed by unconsciousness and anuria. The anuria lasted 5 days during which time his blood nonprotein nitrogen rose to 181 mg/100 ml compared to a normal value of 15-40 mg/100 ml. His condition continued to deteriorate even after he regained kidney function, and he died on the 6th day of hospitalization. Autopsy findings included centrilobular liver necrosis and necrosis of the renal cortex with extensive interstitial hemorrhage and occassional hyalinization of glomeruli. There were microscopic findings in the brain that were considered to be secondary to anoxia and cerebral edema. /Dioxane/|The effects on five volunteers /of a 1 minute exposure to/ inhaled air containing 5,500 ppm dioxane /is described/. Signs and symptoms of exposure included eye irritation, a burning sensation in the nose and throat, and, in three subjects, slight vertigo that disappeared "quickly" after they left the exposure chamber. When the same five subjects were exposed to air containing 1,600 ppm dioxane for 10 minutes, they experienced an immediate slight burning of the eyes with lacrimation, and a slight irritation of the nose and throat. The alcohol-like odor of dioxane, easily noticeable at first, decreased in intensity with continued exposure. Lacrimation and nasal irritation persisted throughout the test. No vertigo was noticed, but one subject complained of an upset stomach after the exposure had been completed. The specifications of the exposure chamber, the purity of the dioxane, and the methods of generating and measuring the dioxane atmospheres were not reported. /Dioxane/