Cadmium oxide

128.41000

129.89800

215-146-2

0117

2570

DTXSID0024715

Brown cubic crystals|Dark-brown, infusible powder or cubic crystals|... Yellow-brown, finely divided particulate dispersed in air. /fume/|Colorless, amorphous powder (form 1)

17.07000

-0.12130

Cadmium oxide appears as brown crystals or brown amorphous powder. Used as an electroplating chemical and in the manufacture of cadmium electrodes. Is a component of silver alloys, phosphors, semiconductors, glass and ceramic glazes. Formerly used by veterinarians to kill worms and parasites. (EPA, 1998)

8.15 g/cm³

1230 °C

1385ºC

1.649

H2O: insoluble . <0.1 g/100 mL at 20 ºC

Storage temperature: Ambient with open venting

0mmHg at 25°C

Noncombustible Solid

Odorless

Changes color on heating|The red-brown crystalline form is soluble in acids and alkalies.|Magnetic susceptibility of cadmium oxide is -59.2X10-6 cu cm/mol at /ambient/ temperature|Cadmium oxide is an n-type semiconductor with an energy gap of 222 kJ/mol (53 kcal/mol).|For more Other Experimental Properties (Complete) data for CADMIUM OXIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Insoluble in water.

Salts, Basic

CADMIUM OXIDE reacts violently with magnesium. (NTP, 1992)

Not flammable|Noncombustible Solid

III

6.1

UN 2570

2

R49; R22; R48/23/25

S53-S45

EV1925000

T

Separated from food and feedstuffs. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

Stable. Incompatible with magnesium.

Missing Phrase - N15.00950417-P201-P260-P280-P304 + P340 + P310-P308 + P313

H301-H330-H341-H350-H361fd-H372-H410

CADMIUM DUST MAY BE DISPOSED OF IN SEALED CONTAINERS IN SECURED SANITARY /SRP: HAZARDOUS WASTE/ LANDFILL.|Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D006, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste. /Cadmium/|SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Oxides of ... Cadium ... can react explosively with Magnesium when heated.|Mixtures with magnesium explode when heated.

DHHS/NTP; NTP Toxicity Studies of Cadmium Oxide Administered by Inhalation to F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice. Toxicity Rpt Series No. 39 NIH Publication No. 95-3388 (1995)|National Toxicology Program. Eleventh Report on Carcinogens (2005). The Report on Carcinogens is an informational scientific and public health document that identifies and discusses substances (including agents, mixtures, or exposure circumstances) that may pose a carcinogenic hazard to human health. Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds are listed as known to be human carcinogens. /Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds/[Available from, as of July 31, 2009: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s028cadm.pdf]

When heated to decomposition, it emits toxic fumes of cadmium. (Non-Specific -- Cadmium Compounds) Fire may produce irritating or poisonous gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. Oxides of cadmium react explosively with magnesium when heated. (EPA, 1998)|Not combustible. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire.

|Danger|H301 (25.95%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]|P201, P202, P260, P264, P270, P271, P273, P281, P284, P301+P310, P304+P340, P308+P313, P310, P314, P320, P321, P330, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 528 companies from 12 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]|P201, P202, P260, P264, P270, P271, P280, P281, P284, P301+P310, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P307+P311, P308+P313, P310, P314, P320, P321, P330, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P403+P233, P405, and P501|P201, P202, P260, P264, P270, P271, P281, P284, P301+P310, P304+P340, P307+P311, P308+P313, P310, P314, P320, P321, P330, P403+P233, P405, and P501

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. SPILL: Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown above. FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

If dust is released in a hazardous concentration: (1) remove all ignition sources; (2) ventilate area of release; and (3) collect released material and place in sealed containers in secured sanitary landfill. (Non-Specific -- Cadmium Compounds) Keep unnecessary people away; isolate hazard area and deny entry. Stay upwind, keep out of low areas. If pollution of water occurs, notify proper authorities. Do not touch spilled material; stop leak if you can do so without risk. Absorb small spills with sand or other noncombustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal. Small dry spills: with clean shovel place material into clean, dry container and cover; move container from spill area. Dike large spills far ahead for later disposal. (EPA, 1998)

Skin: No recommendation is made specifying the need for personal protective equipment for the body. Eyes: No recommendation is made specifying the need for eye protection. Wash skin: The worker should wash daily at the end of each work shift. Remove: No recommendation is made specifying the need for removing clothing that becomes wet or contaminated. Change: Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premise. (NIOSH, 2016)|Respirator Recommendations: At concentrations above the NIOSH REL, or where there is no REL, at any detectable concentration: /Cadmium fume (as Cd)/ [Table#3346]|Respirator Recommendations: Escape: /Cadmium fume (as Cd)/ [Table#3347]|(See protection codes)

Noncombustible

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. /Cadmium compounds, NOS/

1) REMOVE ALL IGNITION SOURCES. 2) VENTILATE AREA OF RELEASE. 3) COLLECT RELEASED MATERIAL IN THE MOST CONVENIENT AND SAFE MANNER FOR RECLAMATION OR FOR DISPOSAL. ... /CADMIUM DUST/

Provide adequate ventilation|/If cadmium oxide is involved in a spill on water/: Notify local health and wildlife officials and operators of nearby water intakes.|SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers.|SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants.|For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for CADMIUM OXIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Cadmium compound/|/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. /Cadmium compound/|/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. /Cadmium compound/|/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Cadmium compound/|For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for CADMIUM OXIDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-2 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 0.1 mg/cu m. This standard applies to any operations or sectors for which the Cadmium standard, 1910.1027, is stayed or otherwise not in effect. /Cadmium fume/|Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-2 Acceptable Ceiling Concentration: 0.3 mg/cu m. This standard applies to any operations or sectors for which the Cadmium standard, 1910.1027, is stayed or otherwise not in effect. /Cadmium fume/

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Vacuum spilled material with specialist equipment. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Separated from food and feedstuffs. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed.

The substance is irritating to the respiratory tract. May cause mechanical irritation to the eyes. Inhalation of the aerosol may cause lung oedema. Exposure far above the OEL could cause death. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is indicated.

The substance may have effects on the kidneys and lungs. This may result in kidney impairment and tissue lesions. This substance is carcinogenic to humans.

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST! AVOID ALL CONTACT! IN ALL CASES CONSULT A DOCTOR!

Use local exhaust or breathing protection.

Wear safety goggles or eye protection in combination with breathing protection if powder.

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Cadmium oxide is included on this list.

The major hazards encountered in the use and handling of cadmium oxide stem from its toxicologic properties. Toxic primarily by ingestion and inhalation, exposure to this odorless, brown crystalline substance may occur from the smelting and refining of ore, and from the smelting and refining of zinc, lead, and copper ores, spraying cadmium-containing pigments, and from its use in electroplating, as a chemical intermediate or catalyst and in ceramic glazes, silver-zinc storage batteries, and plastics. Effects from exposure may include headache, shortness of breath, chest pain, fever, kidney damage, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and pulmonary edema (possibly resulting in death). NIOSH has recommended that cadmium (dust and fumes) be treated as a potential human carcinogen. The OSHA PEL for cadmium fume is 0.1 mg Cd/cu m, and for cadmium dust is 0.2 mg Cd/cu m. Processes and operations which may release cadmium fumes or dust should be enclosed and fitted with exhaust ventilation to maintain exposure at or below recommended levels. In activities where over-exposure is possible workers should wear a high efficiency particulate filter respirator or self-contained breathing apparatus. Protective clothing also should be worn. Preferably this should include disposable one-piece suits (close-fitting at the ankles and wrists, gloves, hair covering, and overshoes.These should be removed before leaving work. If contact should occur, immediately wash contaminated skin with large amounts of water. Do not eat, smoke, or drink in work areas. Cadmium oxide presents only a moderate fire hazard(when in the form of dust) if exposed to heat, flame, or by chemical reaction with oxidizing agents, metals, hydrogen azide, zinc, selenium, or tellurium. Wear a self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting such fires. Cadmium oxide should be stored in cool, well-ventilated areas, out of direct rays of the sun, and away from fire hazards. If hazardous concentrations of cadmium oxide are accidentally released, remove all ignition sources, ventilate the area, and collect the released material in closed containers for disposal. Before implementing land disposal of waste cadmium oxide, consult environmental regulatory agencies for guidance.

D006; A waste containing cadmium may or may not be characterized as a hazardous waste following testing by the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure as prescribed by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations. /Cadmium/

Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Cadmium oxide is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 100 or 10,000 lbs. Extremely hazardous substances that are solids are subject to either of two threshold planning quantities ... The lower quantity applies only if the solid exists in powdered form and has a particle size less than 100 microns; or is handled in solution or in molten form; or meets the criteria for a National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) rating of 2, 3 or 4 for reactivity. If the solid does not meet any of these criteria, it is subject to the upper ... threshold planning quantity ... .

D006; A solid waste containing cadmium may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste. /Cadmium/

... CALCULATED LETHAL INHALATION DOSE OF CADMIUM OXIDE IN MAN TO BE 2500 MG/CU M FOR 1 MIN EXPOSURE.

LD50 Rat oral 72 mg/kg|LC50 Rat inhalation 780 mg/cu m/10 minutes|LD50 Rat ip 12 mg/kg|LD50 Mouse oral 72 mg/kg|For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for CADMIUM OXIDE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Male and female F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice were exposed to cadmium oxide aerosol (MMAD=1.1-1.6 mm) for 6 hours per day, 5 days per week, for 2 or 13 weeks. Exposure levels were 0.1 to 10 mg/cu m for the 2-week studies and 0.025 to 1 mg/cu m for the 13-week studies. ... In the 2-week studies, all rats and mice at the highest exposure level (10 mg/cu m) died from respiratory toxicity characterized by inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis of the lung. Toxicity to the nasal cavity and tracheobronchial lymph nodes was also observed in the 10 mg/cu m groups. At the lower exposure levels, treatment-related toxic lesions were not life threatening, and all body weights were within 10% of controls. In the 13-week studies, all rats and mice (with the exception of one control mouse) survived to the end of the studies. The final mean body weight of rats in the highest exposure groups (1 mg/cu m) was 93% of the control value. For all other exposed rat and mouse groups, final mean body weights corresponded to those of the respective controls. For rats and mice in the 13-week studies, the major toxicity was to the respiratory system. Treatment-related lesions were observed in the lung, tracheobronchial lymph node, larynx, and nose. The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) in the lungs was 0.025 mg/cu m for rats. A NOAEL was not found in the lungs or larynx of mice or in the larynx of rats. At the 0.025 and 0.05 mg/cu m levels in mice, lung lesions were minimal and not considered life threatening. A NOAEL in the nasal cavity was 0.05 mg/cu m for rats and mice. Reproductive toxicity was observed in the 1 mg/cu m groups of rats and was evidenced by a reduced number of spermatids per testis and an increase in the length of the estrous cycle. Reproductive toxicity was not observed at any exposure level in mice.|Sperm-positive Sprague-Dawley rats and Swiss (CD-1) mice were exposed to 0, 0.05, 0.5, or 2 mg/cu m cadmium oxide 6 hours per day, 7 days per week, on gestation Day 4 through 19 (rats) or gestation Day 4 through 17 (mice). Maternal toxicity was observed in Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to 2 mg/cu m cadmium oxide for 16 days and included body weights lower than those of the controls and clinical signs of toxicity (dyspnea and hypoactivity). There was no evidence of embryolethality in rats at any exposure level. However, in rats exposed to 2 mg/cu m, developmental toxicity was evidenced by lower fetal weights and a significant increase in the incidence of reduced skeletal ossifications. Maternal toxicity was also observed in Swiss (CD-1) mice exposed to 2 mg/cu m cadmium oxide for 14 days. Clinical signs were dyspnea, hypoactivity, lower body weight, and a lower pregnancy rate (30% vs. 97% in the control group). The total number of resorptions per litter was increased at the 2 mg/cu m level. Developmental toxicity was evidenced by lower fetal weights in the 0.5 and 2 mg/cu m groups and an increase in the incidence of reduced sternebral ossification in the 2 mg/cu m group.|Cadmium oxide was not mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, or TA1537, with or without exogenous metabolic activation, and did not induce micronuclei in erythrocytes of mice exposed by inhalation for 13 weeks.

/Protect/ from exposure those individuals with diseases of the ... liver, kidneys, or blood.

Cadmium content /in/: sphalerite: 0.0001-2%; greenockite: 77.8%; hawleyite: 77.8%; chalcopyrite: < 0.4-110 ppm; marcasite: < 0.3-<50 ppm; arsenopyrite: < 5 ppm; galena: < 10-3000 ppm; pyrite: < 0.06-42 ppm; pyrrhotite: trace; tetrahedrite: 80-2000 ppm; magnetite: 0-0.31 ppm; cadmium oxide: 87.5%; limonite: < 5-1000 ppm; wad and manganese oxides: < 10-1000 ppm; anglesite: 120->1000 ppm; barite: < 0.2 ppm; anhydrite and gypsum: < 0.2 ppm; calcite: < 1-23 ppm; smithsonite: 0.1-2.35%; otavite: 65.18%; pyromorphite: < 1-8 ppm; scorodite: < 1-5.8 ppm; beudantite: 100-1000 ppm; apatite: 0.14-0.15 ppm; bindheimite: 100-1000 ppm; silicates: 0.03-2.8 ppm.

Of the two basic methods of zinc production, thermal smelting and electrolytic refining, only the former releases significant emissions of cadmium(1). Cadmium emissions at a lead smelter is expected to be elemental cadmium and the oxide(2).|Liberation during smelting and refining of ores where it is a by-product of zinc, lead and copper bearing ores. Liberation during recovery of metal by processing scrap; during melting and pouring of cadmium metal; during casting of alloys for cadmium-copper, cadmium-lead, cadmium-bismuth, cadmium-silver, cadmium-nickel, cadmium-lead-silver, cadmium-lead-silver-nickel, cadmium-lead-bismuth-tin, and cadmium-gold products used for coating telephone cables, trolley wires, welding, electrodes, automatic sprinkling systems, steam boilers, fire alarms, high pressure/temperature bearings, starting switches, aircraft relays, light duty circuit breakers, low temperature solder, and jewelry. Liberation during fabrication of metal, alloys, or plated steel. Liberation during casting and use of solders; during melting of cadmium ingots for paint and pigment manufacture used for coloring of plastics and ceramic glazes, electroplating, and in chemical synthesis. Liberation during coating of metals by hot dipping or spraying. Liberation during manufacture of nickel-cadmium batteries for use in radio portable telephones, convenience appliances, and vented cells used in airplanes, helicopters, and stand-by power and lighting. /Cadmium, cadmium oxide/

BCF values of 4.2-11, 6.9-20, 57, 39 were calculated in fish for cadmium(SRC), using carp (Cyprinus carpio) which were exposed at concentrations of 50, 20, 4.0, and 1.0 ppb over an 5-week period(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). It was noted that fish showed abnormalities adn died during the 6th week of exposure at th 500 ppb exposure level(1).

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of cadmium oxide is 1 to 99; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).|NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 15,727 workers (4,850 of these were female) were potentially exposed to cadmium oxide in the US(1). Cadmium may be present as a minor component in welding materials(2) indicating a risk of occupational exposure to cadmium oxide via inhalation(SRC).|The concentrations of cadmium oxide in the pre-mould department of a smelter ranged from 0.074-0.09 mg/cu m, and 1.1 mg/cu m were found in the retort department.

MEDICATION (VET): AS AN ASCARICIDE IN SWINE

Cadmium is a metallic impurity in various minerals. The two main cadmium exposure sources in general population are food and tobacco smoking...Cadmium is a cumulative toxic substance whose half-time for elimination is about 20 to 40 years and it is mainly stored in the liver and kidneys. Inhalation of cadmium oxide fumes may cause inhalation fevers or chemical pneumonitis. Cadmium chronic poisoning causes mainly renal tubulopathy and could be the cause of osteomalacia and diffuse osteoporosis. Cadmium is classified as certain carcinogen agent for humans by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). The most relevant biological index exposure is the urinary cadmium. According to literature, no chelating agent can be still used in human cadmium poisonings. In France, some diseases caused by occupational exposure to cadmium may be compensated.|1 YR INHALATION OF CADMIUM OXIDE ... BY DOGS @ LEVELS OF 3-7 MG/CU M DAILY RESULTED IN ... BLOOD CADMIUM CONCN AVG 0.22 MG% & URINE ... WERE 0.36 MG/L. MOST ... CADMIUM ... RETAINED IN LUNGS, CONSIDERABLE AMT IN KIDNEY & LIVER ... LESSER AMT IN BONE & TEETH. LACK OF EFFECT ... ATTRIBUTED TO LOW RATE OF SOLUBILITY ...|... ARC-PRODUCED CD FUME PARTICLE DEPOSITION IN LARGE NUMBER OF 5 ANIMAL SPECIES AT LD50 DOSES ... /WITH/ PARTICULATE DIAMETER ... FROM 0.3 TO 0.5 MU ... /SHOWED/ AVG FUME DEPOSITION IN LUNG ... ABOUT SAME FOR ALL SPECIES, 11%, WITH RANGE BETWEEN 4.3 & 21.7% ...|RATS WHICH DIED WITHIN 3 DAYS OF EXPOSURE TO AEROSOL OF CADMIUM OXIDE (60 M UG/L FOR 30 MIN) SHOWED LUNG LEVEL OF 26.9 UG.|For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for CADMIUM OXIDE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

IN RATS, INTRATRACHEALLY ADMIN CADMIUM OXIDE TAGGED WITH (109)CD, HALF-LIFE IN LUNG WAS 4 HR ...

Rats were intratracheally... /dosed with/ 36.5 or 27.5 ug of cadmium (Cd) as soluble cadmium chloride (CdCl2) and insoluble cadmium oxide (CdO) salts. The retention of metal in lungs, liver and kidney was assessed by atomic adsorption spectrophotometer. The animals were ip primed with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and assessed for the number of antibody forming cells in lung associated lymph nodes (LALN) and spleen. Both the compounds had similar retention of metal in lungs but CdO induced more pulmonary inflammatory and degradative changes than CdCl2. The larger influx of polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) following CdO exposure appears to be due to the absence of protection afforded by Cd induced metallothionein cytoplasmic protein while the Cd metallothionein complex formed in the case of CdCl2 is more protective. However both forms of Cd had similar local immunosuppressive potential but CdO had more prolonged suppressive effect|Surfactant lipids of the alveolar space protect the lung from various environmental stimuli. We investigated the influence of ultrafine (UF) CdO particles inhalation on two key enzymes involved in lung sphingolipid metabolism, serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT), and sphingomyelinase (SMase). Rats inhaled either 0.63 mg UF-CdO/cu m for 6 hr (group 1), or 1.08 mg UF-CdO/cu m 12 hr/day for 10 days (group 2). Two corresponding control groups inhaled filtered clean air. Additional rats intratracheally instilled with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were used as positive controls. Semiquantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of lung tissue showed a significant increase in the level of SPT mRNA (LCB2 subunit) expression in group 2 compared to the corresponding controls (p <0.01). Group 1 and LPS were not statistically different from control. No alteration in the mRNA level of SMase was detected in any exposure group. The immunohistochemical analysis showed that SPT (LCB2 subunit) localization was stronger in the alveolar type II cells of group 2 lungs compared to the corresponding controls. These results were correlated with alterations in ...cellular and biochemical parameters and lung morphology. Since SPT is the key enzyme for de novo sphingolipid synthesis in lung surfactant and SMase is responsible for sphingomyelin catabolism, we can postulate that high-dose UF-CdO exposure for 10 days induces an increase in sphingolipid synthesis in the type II cells of rat lungs that would not be promptly followed by its degradation.

Cadmium oxide, powder reagent grade has the following impurities: chloride: 0.002%; nitrate (NO3); 0.01%; sulfate (SO4); 0.20%; copper: 0.005%; iron: 0.002%; lead: 0.01%.|Cadmium oxide ... impurities (%): Cl, 0.002; NO3, 0.01; SO4, 0.20; Cu, 0.005; Fe, 0.002; and Pb, 0.01.

The lethal inhalation dose of cadmium oxide in humans is 2,500 mg/m3 for a 1 minute exposure. Lethal exposure has been established at 50 mg (cadmium)/m3 for 1 hour for cadmium oxide dust and 1/2 hour for the fume. These concentrations may be inhaled without sufficient discomfort to warn worker of exposure. Inhalation may cause acute tracheobronchitis, pneumonitis, and pulmonary edema. Exposure can cause kidney and lung damage. Acute exposure by inhalation may cause death by anoxia. The lowest human toxic inhalation concentration is 8.630 mg/m3/5 hours for the fume. Persons with respiratory disorders should be excluded from contact with this material. (EPA, 1998)|Carcinogens

Warning: Effects may be delayed for hours. Caution is advised. Signs and Symptoms of Acute Cadmium Oxide Exposure: The following signs and symptoms may be noted following exposure to cadmium oxide: cough, dyspnea (shortness of breath), dry mouth or increased salivation, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, bronchitis, and chest pain. Pulmonary edema may develop. Vertigo (dizziness), fever, and profuse sweating are common. Victims may collapse. Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to cadmium oxide may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination. Inhalation Exposure: 1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to cadmium oxide. 2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support. 3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures. 4. Transport to a health care facility. Dermal/Eye Exposure: 1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self- exposure to cadmium oxide. 2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support. 3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible. 4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes. 5. Wash exposed skin areas THOROUGHLY with soap and water. 6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures. 7. Transport to a health care facility. Ingestion Exposure: 1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support. 2. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures. 3. Vomiting may be induced with syrup of Ipecac. If elapsed time since ingestion of cadmium oxide is unknown or suspected to be greater than 30 minutes, do not induce vomiting and proceed to Step 4.Ipecac should not be administered to children under 6 months of age.Warning: Ingestion of cadmium oxide may result in sudden loss of consciousness. Syrup of Ipecac should be administered only if victims are alert, have an active gag-reflex, and show no signs of impending seizure or coma. If ANY uncertainty exists, proceed to Step 4.The following dosages of Ipecac are recommended: children up to 1 year old, 10 mL (1/3 oz); children 1 to 12 years old, 15 mL (1/2 oz); adults, 30 mL (1 oz). Ambulate (walk) the victims and give large quantities of water. If vomiting has not occurred after 15 minutes, Ipecac may be readministered. Continue to ambulate and give water to the victims. If vomiting has not occurred within 15 minutes after second administration of Ipecac, administer activated charcoal. 4. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water. 5. Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims. Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) is recommended for adults. 6. Transport to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)|(See procedures)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Refer for medical attention.

Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Cadmium and Related Compounds/|Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Cadmium and Related Compounds/|Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... .... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Cadmium and Related Compounds/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Twelve-sixteen hours after inhalation of /cadmium oxide/ fumes, /symptoms may include the following/: headache, vertigo, gastrointestinal lesions, severe pleurodynia, cough with hemoptysis, dyspnea, high temperature, severe perspiration, collapse, pneumonia. Chronic symptoms by inhalation include the following: rhinopharyngitis, malaise, ... mucosal ulceration, mucous membrane atrophy, ... insomnia, depressed appetite, nausea, and loss of weight. ... In 15-30 hours /after ingestion/, symptoms may include the following: increased salivation, nausea and vomiting, abdominal pains, diarrhea, vertigo, or unconsciousness.|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Short-term exposure to moderate concentrations (200-500 ug/cu m) of freshly generated cadmium /oxide/ fume during less than 1 hour may cause symptoms similar to those of metal-fume fever, usually with a complete recovery within a few days. More intense or prolonged exposure may lead, after several hours, latency, to a chemical pneumonia and edema.|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ High inhalation exposure to cadmium oxide fume results in acute pneumonitis with pulmonary edema, which may be lethal.|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ The chief chronic pulmonary effects of cadmium are ... centrilobular emphysema and bronchitis resulting from several years of occupational exposure to cadmium oxide fumes, cadmium oxide dust, and cadmium pigment dust.|For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for CADMIUM OXIDE (19 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

cadmium oxide

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.|inhalation

pulmonary edema, dyspnea (breathing difficulty), cough, chest tightness, substernal (occurring beneath the sternum) pain; headache; chills, muscle aches; nausea, vomiting, diarrhea; emphysema, proteinuria, anosmia (loss of the sense of smell), mild anemia; [potential occupational carcinogen]

Cough. Laboured breathing. Shortness of breath. Symptoms may be delayed.

Redness. Pain.

respiratory system, kidneys, blood

2.04X10+9 GRAMS USED FOR ELECTROPLATING (1971)

Reagent grade: 99.0% assay|Cadmium oxide - purities: 99.0-99.9999%; reagent grade, 99.0%; commercial grade, 99.7%.

All other chemical product and preparation manufacturing|Cadmium oxide (CdO): ACTIVE|Some fume and dust from welding processes ... may contain cadmium or cadmium oxide compounds. The specific form and concentration of cadmium present ... are dependent on the composition of the filler metal, base metals, metal coatings, atmosphere, flux, and welding process.

Health Hazards -> Carcinogens