Germanium oxide (GeO2)

106.65500

104.64

215-180-8

294212

DTXSID0051653

COLORLESS, HEXAGONAL CRYSTALS|WHITE POWDER; HEXAGONAL, TETRAGONAL & AMORPHOUS

2825600001

34.14000

-0.39340

DryPowder

4.228 g/cm³ @ Temp: 25 °C

1115.0 °C

1200ºC

1.99

ethylene glycol: soluble | 0.4 g/100 mL;Sol in about 250 parts cold water, 100 parts boiling water

Density at 25 °C: 4.228 g/cu-cm; melting point: 1116 °C; solubility in water at 25 °C: 4.53 g/l, 13 g/l at 100 °C; sol inhydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, sodium hydroxide solutions. /Hexagonal form/|Density at 25 °C: 6.239 g/cu-cm; melting point: 1086 °C; solubility in water at 25 °C: insoluble, insoluble at 100 °C; insoluble in hydrochloric acid, hydrogen fluoride, and sodium hydroxide solutions. /Tetragonal form/|Density at 25 °C: 3.637 g/cu-cm; solubility in water at 25 °C: 5.18 g/l; soluble in hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, sodium hydroxide solutions. /Amorphous form/

NONH for all modes of transport

1

R22

S22; S24/25

LY5240000

Xn

P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P301+P312, P304+P312, P304+P340, P312, P330, P501

H302

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

|Warning|H302 (91.58%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|P260, P264, P270, P301+P312, P314, P330, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 228 companies from 6 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.|SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants.|VENTILATION CONTROL: ...EXHAUST VENTILATION SHOULD BE PROVIDED...WHERE DUST OF...DIOXIDE...IS DISPERSED. LOCAL EXHAUST VENTILATION...NEAR MELTING FURNACES DURING MANUFACTURE OF SEMI-CONDUCTORS & DURING CLEANING OF FURNACES.

IF DUST OF DIOXIDE COMES INTO CONTACT WITH MUCOUS MEMBRANE OF EYE, IT COMBINES WITH MOISTURE TO FORM GERMANIC ACID, WHICH IS AN IRRITANT.

LD50 Mouse (female) ip injection 2,025 mg/kg|LD50 Rat ip injection 1,620 mg/kg|LD50 Rat oral 3,700 mg/kg|LD50 MOUSE IP 1550 MG/KG|For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for GERMANIUM DIOXIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

... HEALTH PROBLEMS MAY ARISE FROM ... BREAKING UP & LOADING OF DIOXIDE FOR REDUCTION TO METALLIC GERMANIUM ... . WHEN INNER SURFACES OF ... FURNACES ARE CLEANED ... DUST IS PRODUCED, CONTAINING IN ADDITION TO GERMANIUM, SILICON, ANTIMONY & OTHER INGREDIENTS.

Agents that reduce the frequency or rate of spontaneous or induced mutations independently of the mechanism involved. (See all compounds classified as Antimutagenic Agents.)

Germanium in various forms is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and excreted in the urine (68%) and the feces (9.7%) within 24 hours of administration. It is fairly equally distributed between plasma and red blood cells but is not bound to plasma proteins. Germanium may be transported in the blood, unbound to protein, since it leaves the bloodstream in a few hours. It is widely distributed in body tissue and not selectively retained by any single tissue. Often, within a week it has even disappeared from the tissues in which it was detected. /Germanium/|... EXCRETION OF ... (71)GERMANIUM DIOXIDE IN RABBIT & DOG SHOWED ELIMINATION CHIEFLY VIA THE URINE AS WAS FOUND IN RAT. ESSENTIALLY SAME TYPE OF METABOLIC ACTIVITY OCCURRED WITH NEUTRON-ACTIVATED ... (71)GERMANIUM DIOXIDE DUSTS BY INHALATION.|(71)GERMANIUM DIOXIDE WAS CLEARED ... MORE RAPIDLY FROM LUNGS, KIDNEYS, & LIVER (79% IN 1 DAY), & ONLY TRACER AMT REMAINED IN THESE ORGANS @ 4 & 7 DAYS.|... NEUTRALIZED GERMANIUM DIOXIDE IS READILY ABSORBED FOLLOWING SMALL ... ORAL, SC, IM, OR IP DOSES IN RAT. BLOOD LEVELS ATTAINED SOMEWHAT LESS THAN 10 UG/G WITHIN FEW HR AFTER ... SINGLE SMALL DOSE, GERMANIUM LEAVES BLOODSTREAM WITHIN FEW HR. ... GERMANIUM ... DISTRIBUTED THROUGHOUT BODY ... NOT SELECTIVELY RETAINED IN ANY TISSUE ... .|For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for GERMANIUM DIOXIDE (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

... AN AVG AMT OF 90% OF IV INJECTED GERMANIUM OXIDE WAS EXCRETED IN URINE OF DOGS WITHIN 72 HR, & 75% IN THAT OF RABBITS, AN AVG OF 9% BEING EXCRETED IN FECES DURING THAT TIME. FROM THESE RESULTS IT IS APPARENT THAT GERMANIUM ... IS NOT INCORPORATED IN BODY ... .

One effect which may have human relevance is the profound ability of germanium to disturb water balance when high exposure levels are expected. This leads to hemoconcentration, a fall in blood pressure, and hypothermia. /Germanium/|GERMANIUM DIOXIDE IS RAPIDLY EXCRETED & IN MODERATELY LARGE DOSES PRODUCES NO DAMAGE IN INHALATION EXPERIMENTS.|There is no known biological requirement for germanium (Ge), germanates, or any organogermanium compound. Germanium deficiency has not been demonstrated in any animal. The estimated average dietary intake of germanium in humans is 1.5 mg/day. Germanium is widely distributed in edible foods, all of which, with few exceptions, contain less than 5 ppm germanium, since higher levels are toxic to most plants. Ingestion of germanium compounds has been shown to produce toxic effects in experimental animals. In recent years inorganic germanium salts and novel organogermanium compounds, such as carboxyethyl germanium sesquioxide (Ge-132) and lactate-citrate-germanate (Ge lactate citrate) have been sold as nutritional supplements in some countries for their purported immunomodulatory effects or as health producing elixirs, resulting in intakes of germanium significantly exceeding the estimated average dietary intake. Since 1982, there have been 18 reported cases of acute renal dysfunction or failure, including two deaths, linked to oral intake of germanium elixirs containing germanium dioxide (GeO2) or Ge-132. In these cases, biopsies show vacuolar degeneration in renal tubular epithelial cells, without proteinuria or hematuria, in the absence of glomerular changes. Serum creatinine levels have been well above 400 mu mol/L in such patients. In 17 of 18 cases, accumulated elemental Ge intakes reportedly ranged between 16 to 328 g over a 4-36 mo period, or between 100 to 2000 times the average estimated dietary intake for human. In surviving patients, renal function improved after discontinuation of Ge supplementation. However, in no case was recovery complete. One organogermanium compound, an azaspiran organogermanium compound, 2-aza-8-germanspiro[4,5] decane-2-propamine-8,8-diethyl-N,N-dimethyl dichloride (spirogermanium), has been found to cause both neurotoxicity and pulmonary toxicity in phase I and II studies examining its chemotherapeutic potential as an antitumor drug in the treatment of various malignancies. In cancer patients given the drug spirogermanium, 40 experienced marked, yet transient neurotoxicity. Two patients suffered from pulmonary toxicity. Results of phases I and II human cancer trials for spirogermanium have not been favorable, with the exception of moderate benefits for three types of malignancies. It is recommended that patients exposed to long term (greater than 3 mo) germanium supplementation at levels well above the estimated daily intake be medically supervised and monitored for potential renal, pulmonary or neurotoxicity. Further study regarding the mechanism of Ge-induced nephrotoxicity in human is warranted.|Chronic renal failure developed in 5 patients who were taking germanium dioxide (GeO2) containing compounds. Renal functional deterioration was slow but progressive and dialysis treatment was necessitated temporarily in 2 patients. After the discontinuation of germanium dioxide, the impaired renal function tended to improve but remained abnormal for an observation period of 10-40 months. The lack of proteinuria and hematuria was characterized as the clinical manifestations. Renal biopsy specimens revealed the tubular epithelial cell degeneration containing hematoxylin positive fine granules on light microscopy, and electron dense inclusions in the swollen mitochondria on electron microscopy. These findings localized mainly in distal segment of the tubules. In the rats given germanium dioxide orally for 10 weeks, similar histological lesions were evident, as manifested by marked weight loss, anemia, azotemia, and negative proteinuria. In the rats given carboxyethylgermanium sesquioxide, these changes were not observed and germanium concn of kidney was significantly lower than in the rats given germanium dioxide. The present study indicates that chronic germanium dioxide intake causes progressive renal dysfunction characterized by the degeneration of distal tubules.|... Two cases of renal failure following long term ingestion of germanium dioxide (GeO2) and comment on eight other cases reported in Japan /are considered/. Germanium induced nephropathy is characterized by insidious onset of renal failure without proteinuria or hematuria after oral intake of germanium containing compounds for more than several months, and by degeneration of renal tubular cells with minor glomerular abnormality in histology. When patients ceased to ingest germanium compounds, renal function gradually recovered but never returned to the normal range. Serious extrarenal complication can contribute to an unfavorable prognosis.

GeO2

GRADES: TECHNICAL; SEMICONDUCTOR 99.999% PURE.

All other basic inorganic chemical manufacturing|Germanium oxide (GeO2): ACTIVE|METALLIC GERMANIUM IS OBTAINED BY REDUCING GERMANIUM OXIDE WITH HYDROGEN AT 600-700 °C TO A POWDER WHICH IS MELTED IN PRESENCE OF NITROGEN AT 1000 °C, OR IT CAN BE REDUCED WITH CARBON & SODIUM CYANIDE AT 1200 °C.