Intracranial hypertension refers to a series of clinical manifestations caused by increased brain volume and weight due to increased brain parenchymal fluid. In pathology, the accumulation of free fluid in the interstitial space of brain cells is called cerebral edema, while the increase of fluid in brain cells is called brain swelling. However, in actual clinical work, the two are difficult to distinguish, or they are different stages of the same pathological process. In the later stage, they often exist at the same time, so they are often collectively referred to as cerebral edema. Obvious and persistent cerebral edema causes intracranial hypertension, which is more common in certain pediatric diseases, especially acute infectious diseases. Early diagnosis and timely treatment of intracranial hypertension is one of the important measures to control cerebral edema, prevent brain herniation, and reduce mortality and disability rates.