Sodium chloride

58.44280

57.95860

617-042-6

451W47IQ8X

77364

DTXSID3021271

C29974|C821

Colorless, transparent crystals or white, crystalline powder|Colorless and transparent or translucent when in large crystals|Colorless cubic crystals

A - Alimentary tract and metabolism|B - Blood and blood forming organs|S - Sensory organs

2501002000

0

-2.99600

Sodium chloride appears as a white crystalline solid. Commercial grade usually contains some chlorides of calcium and magnesium which absorb moisture and cause caking. (NTP, 1992)

2.165 g/cm³ @ Temp: 25 °C

801 °C

1413 °C

1413ºC

n20/D 1.378

H2O: 360 g/L (20 ºC)

Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from incompatible substances.

1 mm Hg ( 865 °C)

LD50 orally in rats: 3.75 ±0.43 g/kg (Boyd, Shanas)

Noncombustible

SRP: SALTY

pH = 6.7 to 7.3; its aqueous solution is neutral

A 23% aqueous solution of sodium chloride freezes at -20.5 °C. ... Density of saturated aqueous solution at 25 °C is 1.202 ... Begins to volatilize at a little above its melting point. ... Its solubility is decreased by hydrogen chloride.|Somewhat hygroscopic|Specific heat = 0.853 J/g-k; hardness Mohs' scale: 2.5; critical humidity at 20 °C: 75.3%; heat of solution, 1 kg H2O, 25 °C: 3.757 kJ/mol /Table/

Water soluble.

Non-Redox-Active Inorganic Compounds

SODIUM CHLORIDE is generally unreactive. Releases gaseous hydrogen chloride if mixed with a concentrated nonvolatile acid such as sulfuric acid.

Sodium chloride solutions are corrosive to base metals

NONH for all modes of transport

1

R36; R22

S24/25

VZ4725000

Xi

Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.

P264, P280, P305+P351+P338, P33, P313

H319

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.|Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

... /Sodium chloride is/ rapidly attacked by bromine trifluoride ...|Reaction with burning lithium forms the dangerously reactive sodium.|Sodium chloride extinguishant should no be used on lithium fires since the reaction releases sodium and results in a more violent fire.|Electrolysis of sodium chloride in presence of nitrogenous compounds to produce chlorine may lead to formation of explosive nitrogen trichloride.|For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for SODIUM CHLORIDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations identifies currently marketed prescription and over-the-counter drug products, including sodium chloride, approved on the basis of safety and effectiveness by FDA under sections 505 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.|Drug products containing certain active ingredients offered over-the-counter (OTC) for certain uses. A number of active ingredients have been present in OTC drug products for various uses, as described below. However, based on evidence currently available, there are inadequate data to establish general recognition of the safety and effectiveness of these ingredients for the specified uses: sodium chloride is included in digestive aid drug products.|Drug products containing certain active ingredients offered over-the-counter (OTC) for certain uses. A number of active ingredients have been present in OTC drug products for various uses, as described below. However, based on evidence currently available, there are inadequate data to establish general recognition of the safety and effectiveness of these ingredients for the specified uses: sodium chloride is included in weight control drug products.

USEPA/Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances; Reregistration Eligibility Decision Document - Inorganic Halides (September 1993). The RED summarizes the risk assessment conclusions and outlines any risk reduction measures necessary for the pesticide to continue to be registered in the U.S.[Available from, as of February 18, 2014: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm]|MacGregor GA; Salt and Hypertension. Br J Clin Pharmacol 21 (Suppl 2): 123S-8S (1986). The effectiveness of short term salt restriction in lowering blood pressure in adults appears to be related to the severity of the high blood pressure and, probably more directly, to the suppression of the renin system that occurs as blood pressure rises.

Literature sources indicate that this compound is nonflammable. (NTP, 1992)

|Warning|H319 (100%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]|P264, P280, P305+P351+P338, and P337+P313|Aggregated GHS information provided by 1967 companies from 13 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, you should dampen the solid spill material with water, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with water to pick up any remaining material. Seal your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash all contaminated surfaces with a strong soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned. STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this material in a refrigerator. (NTP, 1992)

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with an organic vapor/acid gas cartridge (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas and SO2) with a dust/mist filter. (NTP, 1992)|Skin protection: Handle with gloves.|Eye/face protection: Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).|Respiratory protection: Respiratory protection is not required. Where protection from nuisance levels of dusts are desired, use type N95 (US) or type P1 (EN 143) dust masks. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).|Body Protection: Choose body protection in relation to its type, to the concentration and amount of dangerous substances, and to the specific work-place., The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

Noncombustible

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Advice for firefighters: Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.

... Explosion /occurs when/ ... molten salt /eg, sodium chloride/ at 1100 °C in accidental contact with water ...

Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Environmental precautions: Do not let product enter drains. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.|SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.|Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.|Control of environmental exposure: Do not let product enter drains.

If heated to high temperatures, sodium chloride evolves a vapor irritating to the eyes.

Environmental effects of elevated salinity levels resulting from use of salt are highly site-specific. Deicing salt can be used to ensure traffic safety and mobility without causing environmental harm by implementing sensible salting techniques and recommending the planting of salt-tolerant trees, grasses, and shrubs along roadsides. Automobile manufacturers have improved vehicle construction and materials, such as using more plastics, to such a degree that car warranties for corrosion perforation in 2000 model year cars sold in the USA ranged from 4 to 12 years. Highway and bridge structures are lasting longer due to improved construction design and materials, such as epoxy-coated reinforced steel concrete and use of high quality air-entrained concrete(1).

The rare inadvertent intravascular administration or rapid intravascular absorption of hypertonic sodium chloride can cause a shift of tissue fluids into the vascular bed, resulting in hypervolemia, electrolyte disturbances, circulatory failure, pulmonary embolism, or augmented hypertension. ( toxnet)

The excretion of lithium appears to be proportional to the intake of sodium chloride. Patients on salt-restricted diets who receive lithium carbonate are prone to the development of lithium toxicity. Increasing sodium intake has been associated with reduced therapeutic response to lithium as well as a decrease in side effects. Large doses of sodium chloride increase lithium excretion and have been recommended by some for the treatment of lithium intoxication.|/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Effects were studied of sodium chloride on production of gastric carcinomas by 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide in male Wistar rats. NaCl given alone had no apparent carcinogenicity but when admin with 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide it enhanced carcinogenic effects in stomach.|Effects were studied of sodium chloride on production of gastric carcinomas by 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide in male Wistar rats. NaCl given alone had no apparent carcinogenicity but when admin with 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide it enhanced carcinogenic effects in stomach.|IV administration of terbutaline at a rate of 5-20 microgram/minute (ug/min) has been reported to inhibit uterine activity initiated by intra-amniotic instillation of 20% sodium chloride. Indomethacin, in doses of 25 mg orally every 6 hours for 8 doses beginning 4-6 hours after intra-amniotic instillation of sodium chloride, has been reported to increase the time interval between intra-amniotic administration of hypertonic sodium chloride and abortion.|For more Interactions (Complete) data for SODIUM CHLORIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The estimated fatal dose of sodium chloride is approximately 0.75 to 3.00 g/kg.|An estimated dose of more than 400 mEq/kg resulted in brain injury and death in a 2 year old child given a salt water solution to induce emesis.

LD50 Rat oral 3000 mg/kg|LD50 Mouse intracervical 131 mg/kg|LD50 Mouse iv 645 mg/kg|LD50 Mouse ip 6614 mg/kg|For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for SODIUM CHLORIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ In the field the possibility of birds dying from salt intoxication depends to a large extent on the form in which the salt has been ingested ... Birds appear to be susceptible to relatively small doses in their drinking water, concentrations as low as 0.54% causing serious mortality in day old chicks. The maximum safe level is of the order of 0.25%.|/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ The use of sodium chloride as a deicing agent on roads is believed to intoxicate passerine birds.|/AQUATIC SPECIES/ This study presents a preliminary evaluation of the use of the Brazilian fish Cynopoecilus melanotaenia as a test organism in toxicity tests. The cryptobiotic stage presented by the eggs of fish C. melanotaenia can overcome the difficulty of continuously keeping cultures and recruiting healthy animals in sufficient numbers to be used in toxicity tests. In order to determine the applicability of this species as a test organism, three different reference substances were evaluated in 96-hr acute toxicity tests: Copper sulfate (CuSO4 x 5H2O), sodium dodecil sulfate (C12H25NaO4S), and sodium chloride (NaCl). Sensitivity ranged as follows: copper sulfate (0.05-0.13 mg/L), sodium dodecil sulfate (10.7-19.0 mg/L), and sodium chloride (1.44-1.96 g/L) ...|/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Field and laboratory experiments were conducted to examine the effects of road salt (NaCI) on stream macroinvertebrates. Field studies investigated leaf litter processing rates and functional feeding group composition at locations upstream and downstream from point source salt inputs in two Michigan, USA streams. Laboratory studies determined the effects of increasing NaCl concentrations on aquatic invertebrate drift, behavior, and survival. Field studies revealed that leaves were processed faster at upstream reference sites than at locations downstream from road salt point source inputs. However, it was sediment loading that resulted in partial or complete burial of leaf packs, that affected invertebrate activity and confounded normal leaf pack colonization. There were no significant differences that could be attributed to road salt between upstream and downstream locations in the diversity and composition of invertebrate functional feeding groups. Laboratory drift and acute exposure studies demonstrated that drift of Gammarus (Amphipoda) may be affected by NaCl at concentrations greater than 5000 mg/L for a 24-hr period. This amphipod and two species of limnephilid caddisflies exhibited a dose response to salt treatments with 96-hr LC50 values of 7700 and 3526 mg NaCl/L, respectively. Most other invertebrate species and individuals were unaffected by NaCl concentrations up to 10,000 mg/L for 24 and 96 hr, respectively.

Sodium chloride is contraindicated in patients with conditions in which administration of sodium and chloride is detrimental. Sodium chloride 3 and 5% injections are also contraindicated in the presence of increased, normal, or only slightly decreased serum electrolyte concentrations.|Sodium chloride should be used with extreme caution, if at all, in patients with congestive heart failure or other edematous or sodium-retaining conditions, in patients with severe renal insufficiency, in patients with liver cirrhosis, and in patients receiving corticosteroids or corticotropin; particular caution is necessary in geriatric or postoperative patients. IV administration of sodium chloride may cause fluid and/or solute overload resulting in dilution of serum electrolytes, overhydration, congestive conditions, or pulmonary edema. The risk of dilutional conditions is inversely proportional to the electrolyte concentration administered, and the risk of solute overload and resultant congestive conditions with peripheral and/or pulmonary edema is directly proportional to the electrolyte concentration administered. The manufacturers warn that excessive IV administration of sodium chloride may result in hypokalemia.

Sodium is not bound by plasma proteins.

Sodium chloride, commonly known as salt, table salt, and sea salt, is abundant in nature(1).|Ocean water: 2.6% concentration; deposits in central New York, southern Michigan, Gulf Coast, Great Salt Lake, Newfoundland.|Sodium chloride occurs in nature as the mineral halite.|In the Western hemisphere, there are 10 principal salt beds: (1) the Maritime provinces of eastern Canada; (2) Appalachian (New York, Ohio, and Ontario); (3) Michigan (Michigan and Ontario); (4) Williston (North and South Dakota, Montana, and Saskatchewan); (5) Alberta (northern and eastern Alberta); (6) Mackenzie (Northwest Territories); (7) Permian (west Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Kansas); (8) Paradox (southeast Utah and southwest Colorado); (9) Supai (New Mexico and Arizona); and (10) the Gulf region (southern United States, eastern Mexico, and Cuba... These bedded deposits are found with layers of halite separated by layers of anhydrite (calcium sulfate). Other mineral impurities that have been identified in salt formations include shale, iron pyrites, and silica.

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of sodium chloride is 1000 or greater; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).|NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 1,747,983 workers (819,264 of these were female) were potentially exposed to sodium chloride in the US(1). The NOES Survey does not include farm workers. Occupational exposure to sodium chloride may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where sodium chloride is produced or used. Use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to sodium chloride via ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with consumer products containing sodium chloride(SRC).

This intravenous solution is indicated for use in adults and pediatric patients as a source of electrolytes and water for hydration. Also, designed for use as a diluent and delivery system for intermittent intravenous administration of compatible drug additives.|Parenteral nutrition|Bowel cleansing prior to clinical procedures

Sodium chloride injections are used as a source of sodium chloride and water for hydration. Sodium chloride is used in the prevention or treatment of deficiencies of sodium and chloride ions and in the prevention of muscle cramps and heat prostration resulting from excessive perspiration during exposure to high temperature. Sodium chloride is also used to treat deficiencies of sodium and chloride caused by excessive diuresis or excessive salt restriction.|0.45% Sodium chloride injection is used principally as a hydrating solution and may be used to assess renal function status, since more water is provided than is required for excretion of salt. 0.45% Sodium chloride injection is also used in the management of hyperosmolar diabetes.|0.9% Sodium chloride injection is used for extracellular fluid replacement and in the management of metabolic alkalosis in the presence of fluid loss and mild sodium depletion. 0.9% Sodium chloride injection (normal saline) is also used as a priming fluid for hemodialysis procedures and to initiate and terminate blood transfusions.|Hypertonic (i.e., 3%, 5%) sodium chloride injection is used in the management of severe sodium chloride depletion when rapid electrolyte restoration is essential. Severe sodium chloride depletion may occur in the presence of heart failure or renal impairment, or during surgery or postoperatively. In these conditions, chloride loss often exceeds sodium loss. Hypertonic sodium chloride injections are also used in the management of hyponatremia and hypochloremia resulting from administration of sodium-free fluids during fluid and electrolyte therapy; in the management of extreme dilution of extracellular fluid following excessive water intake (e.g., that resulting from multiple enemas or perfusion of irrigating solutions into open venous sinuses during transurethral prostatic resections); and in the emergency treatment of severe sodium chloride depletion resulting from excess sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, and other conditions.|For more Therapeutic Uses (Complete) data for SODIUM CHLORIDE (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Bacteriostatic sodium chloride injection containing benzyl alcohol as a preservative (antimicrobial agent) should not be used for diluting or reconstituting drugs for administration in neonates nor should it be used to flush intravascular catheters in neonates. Several deaths have been reported in neonates weighing less than 2.5 kg in whom bacteriostatic sodium chloride for injection containing 0.9% benzyl alcohol was used for flushing IV catheters; some of these neonates received additional benzyl alcohol when bacteriostatic sodium chloride injection was used to dilute or reconstitute drugs. The deaths were usually preceded by a syndrome that included metabolic acidosis, CNS depression, respiratory distress progressing to gasping respiration, hypotension, renal failure, and, occasionally, seizures and intracranial hemorrhage. High concentrations of benzyl alcohol, benzoic acid, and hippuric acid (a metabolite) were present in blood and urine in these neonates. Benzyl alcohol toxicity apparently was caused by administration of relatively large daily doses (99-404 mg/kg daily) of the preservative in proportion to the neonate's weight. Although these neonates had biochemical evidence of benzyl alcohol toxicity, they also had serious underlying conditions.|Sodium chloride is contraindicated in patients with conditions in which administration of sodium and chloride is detrimental. Sodium chloride 3 and 5% injections are also contraindicated in the presence of increased, normal, or only slightly decreased serum electrolyte concentrations.|Sodium chloride should be used with extreme caution, if at all, in patients with congestive heart failure or other edematous or sodium-retaining conditions, in patients with severe renal insufficiency, in patients with liver cirrhosis, and in patients receiving corticosteroids or corticotropin; particular caution is necessary in geriatric or postoperative patients. IV administration of sodium chloride may cause fluid and/or solute overload resulting in dilution of serum electrolytes, overhydration, congestive conditions, or pulmonary edema. The risk of dilutional conditions is inversely proportional to the electrolyte concentration administered, and the risk of solute overload and resultant congestive conditions with peripheral and/or pulmonary edema is directly proportional to the electrolyte concentration administered. The manufacturers warn that excessive IV administration of sodium chloride may result in hypokalemia.|Changes in fluid balance, electrolyte concentrations, and acid-base balance should be evaluated clinically and via periodic laboratory determinations during prolonged therapy with sodium chloride and in patients whose condition warrants such evaluation. Substantial changes may require additional electrolyte supplements or other appropriate therapy. Additional electrolyte supplementation may also be required in patients with substantial electrolyte losses resulting from conditions such as protracted nasogastric suctioning, vomiting, diarrhea, or GI fistula drainage.|For more Drug Warnings (Complete) data for SODIUM CHLORIDE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The estimated fatal dose of sodium chloride is approximately 0.75 to 3.00 g/kg.|An estimated dose of more than 400 mEq/kg resulted in brain injury and death in a 2 year old child given a salt water solution to induce emesis.

Sodium, the major cation of the extracellular fluid, functions primarily in the control of water distribution, fluid balance, and osmotic pressure of body fluids. Sodium is also associated with chloride and bicarbonate in the regulation of the acid-base equilibrium of body fluid. Chloride, the major extracellular anion, closely follows the metabolism of sodium, and changes in the acid-base balance of the body are reflected by changes in the chloride concentration.

Absorption of sodium in the small intestine plays an important role in the absorption of chloride, amino acids, glucose, and water. Chloride, in the form of hydrochloric acid (HCl), is also an important component of gastric juice, which aids the digestion and absorption of many nutrients.|Substantially excreted by the kidneys. (drugs.com)|The volume of distribution is 0.64 L/kg.|The primary route of sodium excretion is the urine; additional excretion occurs in sweat and feces. The kidney filters sodium a the glomerulus, but 60% to 70% is reabsorbed in the proximal tubules along with bicarbonate and water. Another 25% to 30% is reabsorbed in the loop of Henle, along with chloride and water. In the distal tubules, aldosterone modulates the reabsorption of sodium and, indirectly, chloride. The renal threshold for sodium is 110 to 130 mEq/L. Less than 1% of the filtered sodium is excreted in the urine.|Sodium is rapidly absorbed from the GI tract; it is also absorbed from rectal enemas. Intestinal wall absorption occurs via the Na+, K+-adenosine triphosphatase system that is augmented by aldosterone and desoxycorticosterone acetate. Sodium is not bound by plasma proteins. The volume of distribution is 0.64 L/kg.|In one study using radiolabeled 20% sodium chloride injection, most of the drug concentrated in the decidua and the fetal part of the placenta following intra-amniotic injection. Following intra-amniotic administration of 20% sodium chloride injection, some of the drug diffuses into the maternal blood.|Atrichial sweat glands ... are the organs by which considerable body water and electrolytes, mainly sodium chloride, are lost.|For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for SODIUM CHLORIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The salt that is taken in to gastro intestinal tract remains for the most part unabsorbed as the liquid contents pass through the stomach and small bowel. On reaching the colon this salt, together with the water is taken in to the blood. As excesses are absorbed the kidney is constantly excreting sodium chloride, so that the chloride level in the blood and tissues remains fairly constant.Further more, if the chloride intake ceases, the kidney ceases to excrete chlorides. Body maintains an equilibrium retaining the 300gm of salt dissolved in the blood and fluid elements of the tissue dissociated into sodium ions and chloride ions.

17 minutes.

Sodium and chloride — major electrolytes of the fluid compartment outside of cells (i.e., extracellular) — work together to control extracellular volume and blood pressure. Disturbances in sodium concentrations in the extracellular fluid are associated with disorders of water balance.|Intra-amniotic instillation of 20% sodium chloride injection induces abortion and fetal death. Although the mechanism has not been conclusively determined, some studies indicate that the drug's abortifacient activity may be mediated by prostaglandins released from decidual cells damaged by hypertonic solutions of sodium chloride. Hypertonic sodium chloride-induced uterine contractions are usually sufficient to cause evacuation of both the fetus and placenta; however, abortion may be incomplete in 25-40% of patients. /20% injection/

The principal impurity in naturally occurring rock salt is calcium sulfate, generally 1-4%, with small amounts of calcium chloride and magnesium chloride.

SYMPTOMS: Ingestion of this compound may cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, muscular twitching, inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, dehydration and congestion (dehydration and congestion can occur in most internal organs, particularly the meninges and brain). Death may occur from respiratory failure secondary to an acute encephalopathy. ACUTE/CHRONIC HAZARDS: This compound may cause eye irritation. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes. (NTP, 1992)

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment. INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing. INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

/VET:/There is no specific treatment /for salt toxicity (water deprivation sodium ion toxicosis)/. Immediate removal of offending feed or water is imperative. Fresh water must be provided to all animals, initially in small amounts at frequent intervals. Ingestion of large amounts of water may exacerbate neurologic signs due to brain edema. Severely affected animals should be given water via stomach tube. The mortality rate may be >50% in affected animals regardless of treatment. In small animals, slow administration of hypertonic dextrose or isotonic saline may be useful.|In acute salt poisoning with serum sodium levels greater than 180 mEq/L, removal of excess sodium chloride by means of dialysis improves the outcome. Hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis with a 4.25% glucose solution can effectively lower sodium levels and limit the severity of symptoms.|Management should be directed at restoring normal osmolality and fluid volume. The speed of correction depends on the rate of development and the accompanying toxicity. Chronic hypernatremia requires a rate of correction of the sodium level that should not exceed 0.7 mEq/L/hour or approximately 10% of the serum sodium per day and correction of the fluid deficit over 48 to 96 hours. Rapid correction offers no advantage and may cause cerebral edema.|Treatment depends on the cause, but in most cases, the patient is hypovolemic and needs fluids. Caution: Do not reduce the serum sodium level too quickly because osmotic imbalance may cause excessive fluid shift into brain cells, resulting in cerebral edema. The correction should take place over 24-36 hours; the serum sodium should be lowered about 1 mEq/hr. /Treatment of hypernatremia/|For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for SODIUM CHLORIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ The oral ingestion of larger quantities of sodium chloride, eg 1000 g in 600 mL of water, is harmful and can induce irritation of the gastrointestinal tract, vomiting, hypernatremia, respiratory distress, convulsions, and death.|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ The GI effects of oral salt administration include swollen tongue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and thirst. Neurologic effects include thirst, irritability,weakness, headache, convulsions, and coma. Cerebral edema may occur, and muscle tremors may be noted. Cardiovascular manifestations of acute hypernatremia include both hypertension and hypotension. Tachycardia, cardiac failure, and peripheral edema may develop. Pulmonary edema and respiratory arrest may occur.|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Sodium chloride at concentrations much above that in tears causes a stinging sensation on contact with the eye. Solutions up to 10% do not alter the permeability of the corneal epithelium, but solutions more dilute than 0.9% sodium chloride cause increased permeability.|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Hypertonic salt solutions can produce ... a distinctive microscopic lesion of the kidney ... parenchymatous dehydration produces a shrinking which is most conspicuous in the convoluted tubules of the renal cortex. Some experimental evidence suggests that similar hypernatremic syndromes may be produced with normal salt diets if water intake is restricted.|For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for SODIUM CHLORIDE (19 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Sodium Chloride

Production of chlorine, caustic soda, and soda ash accounts for about 57% of total usage, mainly in the form of brine. Highway use of rock salt represents about 19% of total tonnage.

Impregnated material (10% sodium chloride); soluble concentrate/solid (1.5% sodium with 20.4% potassium peroxymonosulfate)|Intra-amniotic: Injection 20%|Highest purity medicinal, crystals; highest purity, dried; highest purity, fine powder; highest purity, fused; reagent; reagent, fused; sea evaporated; ground; microsized; powdered; table salt; rock salt; chemically pure; United States Pharmacopeia; "Food Chemicals Codex"; single pure crystals.|... Some rock salt deposits contain pure, crystallized salt. ... This salt is extremely clear and free from defects. It is about 99.8% pure sodium chloride.|For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for SODIUM CHLORIDE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting|Sodium chloride (NaCl): ACTIVE|The article of commerce is also known as table salt, rock salt, or sea salt. ... Blusalt, a brand of sodium chloride containing trace amounts of cobalt, iodine, iron, copper, manganese, zinc is used in farm animals|Sodium chloride can be added in controlled release by encapsulation, a process that coats salt crystals with partially hydrogenated vegetable oil. Encapsulated salt is used primarily in food processing applications.|... Migrates to food from packaging materials.

NIOSH Method: 173. Analyte: Sodium. Matrix: Air. Procedure: Atomic absorption spectrophotometry. This method has a detection limit of 0.0002 and sensitivity of 0.015 ug/mL. The working range for a precision better than 3% RSD/CV is 0.05-1.0 ug/mL. Interference: Spectral, ionization, chemical and physical interferences. /Sodium/|NIOSH Method: 7300. Analyte: Sodium. Matrix: Air. Procedure: Inductively coupled argon plasma, atomic emission spectroscopy. For sodium this method has an estimated detection limit of 10 ng/mL sample. The precision/RSD and the recovery are not determined. Applicability: The working range of this method is 0.005 to 2.0 mg/cu m for each element in a 500 liter air sample. Interferences: Spectral interferences. /Sodium/|Method 3111-Metals A. Direct Aspiration Atomic Absorption Spectrometry is used for the determination of sodium in water and wastewater. Using air/acetylene as the flame gas at a wavelength of 589.0 nm, the detection limit is 0.002 mg/L, with a sensitivity of 0.015 mg/L, at an optimum concentration range of 0.03-1 mg/l. /Sodium/|Method 3120 A. Emission Spectroscopy for the determination of sodium in water and wastewater samples using an inductively coupled plasma source. The exact choice of emission line is related to sample matrix and instrumentation. A typically used emission line for sodium in water is a wavelength of 589.0 nm, with an estimated detection limit of 30 ug/L. /Total sodium/|For more Analytic Laboratory Methods (Complete) data for SODIUM CHLORIDE (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

EPA Safer Chemical Functional Use Classes -> Processing Aids and Additives|Safer Chemical Classes -> Green circle - The chemical has been verified to be of low concern|Agrochemicals -> Herbicides|Human Drugs -> EU pediatric investigation plans|Human Drugs -> FDA Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations (Orange Book) -> Active Ingredients|Food Additives -> FOOD_ADDITIVE; -> JECFA Functional Classes|Cosmetics -> Bulking; Viscosity controlling

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