Esophageal cancer is a common malignant tumor in humans, accounting for 2% of all malignant tumors and more than 90% of esophageal tumors. It ranks second only to gastric cancer in the retrospective survey of all malignant tumor deaths. It is estimated that about 200,000 people die from esophageal cancer every year in the world. my country is a high-incidence area of esophageal cancer, which is one of the most common malignant tumors that poses a great threat to people's lives and health. The age of onset is mostly over 40 years old, and there are more males than females. However, in recent years, there has been an increasing trend in the number of patients under 40 years old. The occurrence of esophageal cancer is related to chronic stimulation of nitrosamines, inflammation and trauma, genetic factors, and the content of trace elements in drinking water, food and vegetables. However, the exact cause is not clear and needs to be studied.