Isoflurane

Induction and recovery with isoflurane are very rapid. Although the mild irritation of isoflurane may affect the induction speed, it does not stimulate the secretion of saliva and tracheobronchial tubes. After inhalation of isoflurane, the pharyngeal and laryngeal reflexes weaken rapidly. The depth of isoflurane anesthesia changes rapidly, and the heart rhythm remains stable during the process. As the anesthesia deepens, spontaneous breathing will be suppressed and should be closely monitored. Blood pressure may drop during isoflurane induction and return to normal with the start of surgical stimulation. During the maintenance of anesthesia, blood pressure tends to decrease with the depth of anesthesia, which is due to the expansion of peripheral blood vessels, and the heart rhythm remains stable at this time. Under mechanical ventilation and maintaining normal carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaCO2), cardiac output can be maintained even if the depth of anesthesia is increased, generally by compensating for it by increasing the heart rate. In the case of spontaneous breathing, the heart rate increases with the increase in carbon dioxide concentration, and the cardiac output can also increase to above the level of the awake state. Cerebral blood flow remains unchanged under mild isoflurane anesthesia, but increases with the deepening of anesthesia. Excessive cerebrospinal fluid pressure can be prevented or corrected by hyperventilating the patient before or during anesthesia. Isoflurane can cause myocardial sensitivity to epinephrine to increase, but the degree is weaker than that of enflurane. Data show that subcutaneous injection of 50ml of 1:200,000 epinephrine solution did not cause arrhythmias in patients under isoflurane anesthesia. Clinical toxicology studies: Reproductive studies were conducted on animals that repeatedly used anesthetic concentrations of isoflurane. Studies on rats have shown that isoflurane has no effect on their reproduction, pregnancy, delivery, and the survival rate of offspring. No teratogenic effects of isoflurane were found. Controlled studies on rabbits obtained similar negative results. The relevance of these animal experiments to humans is unknown.

Isoflurane.

This product is a colorless, clear liquid, volatile and has a slight odor.

It can be used for anesthesia and inhalation anesthesia in various surgeries.

A special evaporator with a scale for isoflurane should be used to accurately adjust the concentration of the anesthetic. The MAC value of isoflurane changes with age. The average MAC values of different age groups are shown in the following table: Age Average MAC value in pure oxygen 0-1 month 1.6% 1-6 months 1.87% 6-12 months 1.8% 1-5 years old 1.6% Around 25 years old 1.28% Around 45 years old 1.15% Around 65 years old 1.05% Preoperative medication: Preoperative medication should be selected according to the specific situation of the patient. The respiratory depressant effect of isoflurane should be taken into account. Anticholinergic drugs can be used. Anticholinergic drugs should be used especially for pediatric patients who use isoflurane for inhalation induction. Induction: Inhalation of isoflurane gas mixture after intravenous administration of short-acting barbiturates or other intravenous induction drugs. Isoflurane and pure oxygen mixture, or isoflurane and oxygen/laughing gas (nitrous oxide) mixture can be inhaled. It is recommended to start with a concentration of 0.5% when inducing with isoflurane. The concentration is gradually increased to 1.5-3.0% within 7-10 minutes to achieve the depth of anesthesia required for surgical operations. Maintenance: Use 1.0-2.5% isoflurane and oxygen/laughing gas (nitrous oxide), and increase the concentration of isoflurane by 0.5-1.0%. Cesarean section is suitable for maintaining anesthesia using a mixture of 0.5-0.75% isoflurane and oxygen/laughing gas (nitrous oxide). If there are no other influencing factors, the arterial pressure during maintenance is inversely proportional to the isoflurane concentration in the alveoli. The reason for an excessive drop in blood pressure may be too deep anesthesia. The inhaled isoflurane concentration should be reduced to improve blood pressure, or follow the doctor's advice.

1. Occasionally, there have been reports of irregular heartbeats. 2. Increased white blood cell counts have been found without surgery. 3. Due to the biodegradation of isoflurane, a slight increase in serum inorganic fluoride concentration occurs during and after the use of isoflurane. This slight increase in inorganic fluoride concentration (an average of 4.4 μmol/L according to a study) is unlikely to cause renal toxicity. This is because the concentration is far below the threshold for causing renal toxicity. 4. Mild discomfort reactions during the anesthesia recovery period (such as chills, nausea, and vomiting) are similar to those of other anesthetics. 5. Malignant hyperthermia has been reported. 6. It is very rare for isoflurane to cause EEG changes and associated convulsions. 7. Clinical studies have shown that isoflurane rarely causes liver damage.

1. Patients known to be allergic to isoflurane or other halogenated anesthetics; 2. Patients known or suspected to have a hereditary susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia.

Precautions for children: Not yet clear. Precautions for pregnancy and lactation: Contraindicated for pregnant women (except for caesarean section), and the use of the drug for lactating women is not yet clear. Precautions for the elderly: When elderly patients use this product, the maintenance concentration should be reduced and other drugs should be added.

Normal isoflurane anesthesia concentration can meet the degree of muscle relaxation required for abdominal surgery, but if a higher degree of muscle relaxation is required, a small dose of muscle relaxant can be added intravenously. Isoflurane can significantly enhance the muscle relaxant effect of all commonly used muscle relaxants, and this effect is particularly significant for non-depolarizing muscle relaxants. Neostigmine can antagonize the muscle relaxant effect of non-depolarizing muscle relaxants, but cannot correct the muscle relaxant effect of isoflurane itself. All commonly used muscle relaxants can be used in combination with isoflurane. It has been reported that isoflurane can produce carbon monoxide after reacting with dry carbon dioxide absorbents. In order to reduce the production of carbon monoxide in the rebreathing circuit and reduce carbon monoxide and hemoglobin in the blood, the use of too dry carbon dioxide absorbents should be avoided.

Sealed and heat-proof. Valid for 5 years.

(1) 100ml (2) 250ml

36 months

Shandong Keyuan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.

• Founded in:

  2004-12-27

• Address:

  Keyuan Street, Shandong Shanghe Economic Development Zone, Jinan City, Shandong

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  91370126771003840T

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  108.29 million yuan

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