Thymalin High Purity Pharmaceutical Grade Peptide Raw Material Powder CAS 63958-90-7 For Research Use Only

Thymulin More Info

Thymulin, also known as serum thymic factor (STF) or Nonathymulin, is a naturally occurring nonapeptide hormone produced exclusively by the epithelial cells of the thymus gland. Chemically designated with the molecular formula C₃₃H₅₄N₁₂O₁₅ and a molecular weight of approximately 858.9 g/mol, this peptide is composed of nine amino acids arranged in the sequence pyroGlu-Ala-Lys-Ser-Gln-Gly-Gly-Ser-Asn. It is also referred to by the synonym "facteur thymique sérique" (FTS), reflecting its initial isolation from porcine serum and subsequent identification in calf thymus extracts.

A unique and defining characteristic of thymulin is that its biological activity is entirely dependent on the presence of zinc. The peptide binds zinc in an equimolar ratio, and this metallation induces a specific three-dimensional conformation that is essential for receptor recognition and subsequent signaling. The active zinc-thymulin complex is likely secreted directly by thymic epithelial cells, which contain both the peptide and the metal necessary for its function. Consequently, zinc deficiency leads to a marked decrease in serum thymulin activity, a phenomenon that can be reversed by in vivo or in vitro zinc supplementation, positioning thymulin activity as a sensitive indicator of zinc status.

The primary biological role of thymulin is as a master regulator of the immune system, specifically governing T-cell differentiation and function. As a key thymic hormone, it induces the differentiation of immature T-cell precursors within the thymus and enhances the functions of mature T cells and natural killer (NK) cells in the periphery. Thymulin achieves this by binding to specific receptors expressed on the surface of these immune cells, triggering intracellular pathways that modulate cytokine production, promote the expression of critical surface markers like CD3 and CD8, and enhance lymphokine production. Notably, thymulin production appears to be truly thymus-restricted, as its circulating levels drop significantly following thymectomy, a feature that distinguishes it from other thymic factors.

Research has revealed that thymulin's influence extends beyond the immune system, exhibiting notable neuroendocrine and cytoprotective effects. It has been shown to possess anti-diabetic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory properties, while also being implicated in the induction of hyperalgesia under certain conditions. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that thymulin can provide protective effects against drug-induced nephrotoxicity by inhibiting ERK activation. Furthermore, its immunomodulatory capabilities have led to investigations into its therapeutic potential for various conditions, including primary and secondary immunodeficiencies, as an adjunct in cancer therapy, and in the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.

In a laboratory setting, thymulin is typically supplied as a lyophilized (freeze-dried) white powder, often in the form of a trifluoroacetate salt. For research applications, it is crucial to store the compound at a temperature of -20°C to maintain its stability and biological activity. The lyophilized powder is soluble in deionized water, and its purity is generally high, with assays reporting levels between 97-100% as determined by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). While some safety data sheets classify thymulin as a non-hazardous substance, others advise that it is a pharmaceutically active ingredient that can be a moderate to severe irritant to the skin and eyes, requiring standard laboratory safety precautions. It is universally intended for research purposes only and is strictly not for human or veterinary therapeutic use.

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