Anthraquinone cas 84-65-1 99% Purity Yellow to YellowGreen Crystalline Powder

1. Product Overview

Anthraquinone, CAS 84-65-1, also known as 9,10-anthraquinone or 9,10-anthracenedione, is a planar polycyclic quinone with molecular formula C₁₄H₈O₂ and MW 208.21 g/mol. In its pure recrystallized form it appears as nearly colorless to pale yellow needle crystals (monoclinic, from ethanol or benzene); commercial and industrial grades are yellow to yellow‑green or khaki‑tan crystalline powders. It is practically insoluble in water (<0.1 g/100 mL at 23°C), slightly soluble in cold ethanol, ether and acetone, freely soluble in hot aromatic solvents (hot benzene, toluene), and dissolves in concentrated sulfuric acid forming a red complex. Anthraquinone sublimes readily at around 285°C, mp 284–286°C, bp 377–381°C. It is a core intermediate for anthraquinone‑type dyes (vat, acid, reactive), a catalytic precursor for hydrogen peroxide production (Riedl–Pfleiderer process), and a widely used pulping additive in kraft papermaking to accelerate delignification. Reagent grades serve as plant‑extract standards (free anthraquinones) and organic synthesis scaffolds.

2. Key Features and Advantages

• Dual Industrial Utility — Central to dye manufacturing, H₂O₂ synthesis catalyst, and kraft pulping accelerator (reduces alkali consumption and cooking time).

• Stable Polycyclic Quinoid — Thermally robust (mp 286°C, sublimes without decomposition), chemically stable under neutral/acidic conditions; resists mild oxidation/reduction.

• Grade Flexibility — Available as industrial ≥99% (dye/H₂O₂/pulp), CP ≥98.5% (general lab), HPLC ≥99% standard (botanical QA), and electronic grade ≥99.95%.

• Well‑Defined Physicochemical Profile — Insoluble in water but soluble in hot aromatics; enables easy separation, sublimation purification, and phase‑specific reactions.

• Low Acute Toxicity — LD₅₀ rat oral ~5 g/kg, low mammalian toxicity; handled as irritant/sensitizer rather than acutely hazardous.

3. Main Applications

Anthraquinone covers three major industrial lanes plus research use: Dye & Pigment Industry (key intermediate for vat dyes e.g. indanthrene, alizarin derivatives; acid and reactive anthraquinone dyes for textiles); Hydrogen Peroxide Production (catalytic precursor in anthraquinone auto‑oxidation cycle: H₂ + O₂ → H₂O₂ via ethylanthraquinone/H₂ over Pd); Papermaking (kraft pulping additive/“digestion aid”: 0.05–0.1% anthraquinone boosts delignification rate ~40%, raises yield 5–8%, cuts alkali use); Pharmaceutical / Botanical Analysis (reference standard for free anthraquinones in senna, rhubarb, cascara extracts; HPLC calibration); Organic Synthesis & Materials (scaffold for functional quinones, OLED/charge‑transport materials, lithium‑ion battery anode precursors); Agrochemical R&D (anthraquinone‑based herbicides/fungicides intermediates, though minor volume).

4. Technical Specifications

5. Storage and Handling

• Storage Conditions: Store in a cool, dry, well‑ventilated area away from strong oxidizers and ignition sources. Ambient temperature is acceptable (mp 286°C); keep container tightly closed to prevent moisture uptake and dust escape. For reagent/std grades: 2–8°C desiccated, protected from light. Industrial bulk: 25 kg woven PP bags with PE liner, or 200 kg iron drums; store in warehouse <30°C, RH <60%.

• Packaging Options: Industrial: 25 kg kraft bag with PE inner / 200 kg iron drum / 500 kg jumbo bag; Reagent: 20 mg / 100 mg / 500 mg / 1 g / 100 g amber vials; Custom: 1 kg / 5 kg / 25 kg foil‑pouched.

• Shelf Life: Indefinite under dry sealed conditions (stable solid); reagent vials ≥24 months at 2–8°C.

• Handling Precautions: Use in well‑ventilated area; avoid generating dust (respiratory irritant/sensitizer). Wear N95 dust mask or PAPR, chemical goggles, nitrile gloves, lab coat. Ground equipment to prevent static (dust explosion risk). Do not breathe dust; wash hands after handling.

• Incompatible Materials: Strong oxidizing agents (e.g., peroxides, chlorates, permanganates), which can cause fire; avoid mixing with isocyanates or strong bases in processing.

6. Safety Overview

GHS pictograms: GHS07 (Exclamation mark), GHS08 (Health hazard – sensitization). Signal word: Warning. Hazard statements: H315 (causes skin irritation), H316 (causes mild skin irritation), H317 (may cause allergic skin reaction), H319 (causes eye irritation), H335 (may cause respiratory irritation), H373 (may cause damage to organs through prolonged/repeated exposure). Precautionary: P261 / P264 / P271 / P272 / P280 / P302+P352 / P305+P351+P338. Acute toxicity: oral LD₅₀ rat ~3.5–5 g/kg (low acute); dermal LD₅₀ rabbit >2 g/kg; sensitizer (can induce contact dermatitis, asthma in occupational settings). Dust explosion: LEL ~35 g/m³, Kst dust class St1. Transport: Not classified as dangerous goods in small packs; bulk may ship as UN 1325 Flammable Solid Organic n.o.s. (PG III) by some carriers. WGK Germany 2 (slightly water‑hazardous). TSCA / REACH listed. Dispose as non‑hazardous solid organic waste or incinerate per local regs. In case of dust contact: skin—brush off, wash with soap/water; eyes—rinse 15 min + medical aid; inhalation—move to fresh air.