Direct Black 38

781.73

781.111389

217-710-3

C7SV16SLWM

DTXSID7020184

C45531

Grey-black powder

29299090

303.61000

11.91860

Black Crystalline Powder

1.61g/cm3

109-110°C

Decomposes (NTP, 1992)

1.768

Azo dyes can be explosive when suspended in air at specific concentrations. Slightly soluble in water.

Keep container closed when not in use. Store in a tightly closed container. Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from incompatible substances.

Oral-rat LD50: 7600 mg/kg; inhalation-rat LCL0: 180000 mg/m3/1 hour

Flammable; burning produces toxic nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides and sodium oxide fumes

Azo dyes can be explosive when suspended in air at specific concentrations. Slightly soluble in water.

Azo, Diazo, Azido, Hydrazine, and Azide Compounds

Explosive

C.I. DIRECT BLACK 38 is an azo compound. Azo, diazo, azido compounds can detonate. This applies in particular to organic azides that have been sensitized by the addition of metal salts or strong acids. Toxic gases may form with acids, aldehydes, amides, carbamates, cyanides, inorganic fluorides, halogenated organics, isocyanates, ketones, metals, nitrides, peroxides, phenols, epoxides, acyl halides, and strong oxidizing or reducing agents. Flammable gases form with alkali metals. Explosive combination can occur with strong oxidizing agents, metal salts, peroxides, and sulfides. Incompatible with strong acids [NTP, 1992)].

NONH for all modes of transport

3

45-63-36

53-45-36/37-26

QJ6160000

T

Warehouse ventilated, low temperature and dry

Stable under normal temperatures and pressures.

P201-P280-P305 + P351 + P338-P308 + P313

H319-H350-H361d

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.|PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/|PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Incineration may be only feasible method for disposal of contaminated laboratory waste from biological expt. However, not all incinerators are suitable for this purpose. The most efficient type ... is probably the gas-fired type, in which a first-stage combustion with a less than stoichiometric air:fuel ratio is followed by a second stage with excess air. Some ... are designed to accept ... aqueous & organic-solvent solutions, otherwise it is necessary ... to absorb soln onto suitable combustible material, such as sawdust. Alternatively, chem destruction may be used, esp when small quantities ... are to be destroyed in laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/|PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": HEPA (high-efficiency particulate arrestor) filters ... can be disposed of by incineration. For spent charcoal filters, the adsorbed material can be stripped off at high temp & carcinogenic wastes generated by this treatment conducted to & burned in an incinerator. ... LIQUID WASTE: ... Disposal should be carried out by incineration at temp that ... ensure complete combustion. SOLID WASTE: Carcasses of lab animals, cage litter & misc solid wastes ... should be disposed of by incineration at temp high enough to ensure destruction of chem carcinogens or their metabolites. /Chemical Carcinogens/|For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for C.I. DIRECT BLACK 38 (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Red fuming nitric acid. /Benzidine based dyes/

NTP; Division of Toxicology Research and Testing; Management Status Report; 07/22/92; p.21. NTP TR No 108; Route: oral in feed; Species: rats and mice. NTIS No PB280204/AS.|King's College London, Monitoring and Assessment Research Center; The Health Effects of Aromatic Amines A Review 1986.|Uziel M et al; DNA Adduct Formation by 12 Chemicals with Populations Potentially Suitable for Molecular Epidmiological Studies; Mutat Res 277 (1): 35-90 (1992).|National Toxicology Program. Eleventh Report on Carcinogens (2005). The Report on Carcinogens is an informational scientific and public health document that identifies and discusses substances (including agents, mixtures, or exposure circumstances) that may pose a carcinogenic hazard to human health. Dyes Metabolized to Benzidine are listed as known to be human carcinogens. /Dyes Metabolized to Benzidine (Benzidine Dye Class)/[Available from, as of July 31, 2009: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s020benz.pdf]

Flash point data for this chemical are not available; however, it is probably combustible. (NTP, 1992)

|Danger|H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]|P201, P202, P281, P308+P313, P405, and P501|H350 (100%): May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]|Aggregated GHS information provided by 49 companies from 4 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|Warning|H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]|P201, P202, P260, P264, P280, P281, P305+P351+P338, P308+P313, P314, P337+P313, P405, and P501

Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, you should dampen the solid spill material with water, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with water to pick up any remaining material. Seal your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash all contaminated surfaces with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned. STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this chemical under ambient temperatures, and keep it away from oxidizing materials. (NTP, 1992)

MINIMUM PROTECTIVE CLOTHING: If Tyvek-type disposable protective clothing is not worn during handling of this chemical, wear disposable Tyvek-type sleeves taped to your gloves. RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with a combination filter cartridge, i.e. organic vapor/acid gas/HEPA (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas, SO2 and a high efficiency particulate filter). (NTP, 1992)|PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Dispensers of liq detergent /should be available./ ... Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. ... In animal laboratory, personnel should ... wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. ... Gowns ... /should be/ of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they are not to be worn outside the laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/|Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact. /Benzidine based dyes/|Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact. /Benzidine based dyes/|Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possibility that workers could be exposed to the substance; this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection. /Benzidine based dyes/|For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for C.I. DIRECT BLACK 38 (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/

The most effective control of Direct Black 38, Direct Brown 95, and Direct Blue 6, where feasible, is at the source of contamination by enclosure of the operation and/or local exhaust ventilation. If feasible, the process or operation should be enclosed with a slight vacuum so that any leakage will result in the flow of air into the enclosure. The next most effective means of control would be a well-designed local exhaust ventilation system that physically encloses the process as much as possible, with sufficient capture velocity to keep the contaminant from entering the work atmosphere. To ensure that ventilation equipment is working properly, effectiveness (eg, air velocity static pressure, or air volume) should be checked at least every three months. System effectiveness should be checked soon after any change in production, process, or control that might result in significant increases in airborne exposures to Direct black 38, Direct Brown 95, and Direct Blue 6. ... Exposure to Direct Black 38, Direct Brown 95, and Direct Blue 6 should not be controlled with the use of respirators except during the time period necessary to install or implement engineering or work practice controls, or in work situation in which engineering and work practice controls are technically not feasible, or for maintenance, or for operations that require entry into tanks or closed vessels or in emergencies.|PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Smoking, drinking, eating, storage of food or of food & beverage containers or utensils, & the application of cosmetics should be prohibited in any laboratory. All personnel should remove gloves, if worn, after completion of procedures in which carcinogens have been used. They should ... wash ... hands, preferably using dispensers of liq detergent, & rinse ... thoroughly. Consideration should be given to appropriate methods for cleaning the skin, depending on nature of the contaminant. No standard procedure can be recommended, but the use of organic solvents should be avoided. Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. /Chemical Carcinogens/|PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": In animal laboratory, personnel should remove their outdoor clothes & wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... Clothing should be changed daily but ... discarded immediately if obvious contamination occurs ... /also,/ workers should shower immediately. In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. If gowns are of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they should not be worn outside of lab. /Chemical Carcinogens/|PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Operations connected with synth & purification ... should be carried out under well-ventilated hood. Analytical procedures ... should be carried out with care & vapors evolved during ... procedures should be removed. ... Expert advice should be obtained before existing fume cupboards are used ... & when new fume cupboards are installed. It is desirable that there be means for decreasing the rate of air extraction, so that carcinogenic powders can be handled without ... powder being blown around the hood. Glove boxes should be kept under negative air pressure. Air changes should be adequate, so that concn of vapors of volatile carcinogens will not occur. /Chemical Carcinogens/|For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for C.I. DIRECT BLACK 38 (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Procurement ... of unduly large amt ... should be avoided. To avoid spilling, carcinogens should be transported in securely sealed glass bottles or ampoules, which should themselves be placed inside strong screw-cap or snap-top container that will not open when dropped & will resist attack from the carcinogen. Both bottle & the outside container should be appropriately labelled. ... National post offices, railway companies, road haulage companies & airlines have regulations governing transport of hazardous materials. These authorities should be consulted before ... material is shipped. /Chemical Carcinogens/|PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When no regulations exist, the following procedure must be adopted. The carcinogen should be enclosed in a securely sealed, watertight container (primary container), which should be enclosed in a second, unbreakable, leakproof container that will withstand chem attack from the carcinogen (secondary container). The space between primary & secondary container should be filled with absorbent material, which would withstand chem attack from the carcinogen & is sufficient to absorb the entire contents of the primary container in the event of breakage or leakage. Each secondary container should then be enclosed in a strong outer box. The space between the secondary container & the outer box should be filled with an appropriate quantity of shock-absorbent material. Sender should use fastest & most secure form of transport & notify recipient of its departure. If parcel is not received when expected, carrier should be informed so that immediate effort can be made to find it. Traffic schedules should be consulted to avoid ... arrival on weekend or holiday ... /Chemical Carcinogens/

NIOSH recommends that three widely used benzidine derived dyes, Direct Black 38, Direct Blue 6, and Direct Brown 95, be handled in the workplace as if they were human carcinogens.|NIOSH considers benzidine based dyes to be potential occupational carcinogens. /Benzidine based dyes/|NIOSH usually recommends that occupational exposures to carcinogens be limited to the lowest feasible concentration. /Benzidine based dyes/

practically nontoxic

Thirteen wk subchronic toxicity studies of Direct Black 38 ... was conducted by administering the test /cmpd/ in feed to Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. Groups of 10 rats and 10 mice of each sex were administered /the test cmpd/ at one of five concentrations for 13 wk and then necropsied, beginning the second day after the end of the dosing period. The concentrations used for the rats were 190, 375, 750, 1,500 and 3,000 ppm. The concentrations used for the mice were 750, 1,500, 3,000, 6,000, and 12,500 ppm. ... Matched controls consisted of groups of 10 untreated rats and 10 untreated mice of each sex. ... It is concluded that under the conditions of /this/ 13 wk subchronic toxicity study, ... Direct Black 38 /was/ carcinogenic in male and female Fischer 344 rats. /Direct Black 38/ was not carcinogenic for B6C3F1 mice in the 13 wk subchronic toxicity study.

CI Direct Black 38 has not been reported to occur naturally(1).

C.I. Direct Black 38's production and use as a dye for cellulose, wool, silk, bast, and hog's hair, used to print cellulose, wool and silk, to dye leather, plastics, vegetable-ivory buttons and wood flour used as a resin filler, to stain wool, silk, acetate, nylon, wood and biological materials, and to produce aqueous inks(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). It has also reportedly been used in hair dyes(1).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a recommended classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 300(SRC), determined from an estimated log Kow of 2.0(2,SRC) and a recommended regression-derived equation(3), indicates that C.I. Direct Black 38 will have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Due to the ionic nature of the dye(4), the retention of the dye by ion-exchange processes, particularly on clay surfaces and adsorption at mineral surfaces such as geothite(5), may slow down or prevent leaching(SRC). Volatilization of C.I. Direct Black 38 is not expected to be important from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based on its estimated vapor pressure(6,SRC). Since ionic compounds normally do not evaporate, no loss of the dye from soil is expected to occur due to evaporation(SRC). C.I. Direct Black 38 was found to biodegrade in a soil with the formation of benzidine products, although no data on the rate of biodegradation was provided(7). These results indicate that complete mineralization of the dye is a slow process, although the rate of the process leading to cleavage of the azo group producing benzidine products may be faster(7). C.I. Direct Black 38 may be readily biodegraded anaerobically as a wide variety of anaerobic bacteria have the ability to cleave the azo linkage to produce aromatic amines(8).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a recommended classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 300(SRC), determined from an estimated log Kow of 2.0(2,SRC) and a recommended regression-derived equation(1), indicates that C.I. Direct Black 38 is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in the water(SRC). C.I. Direct Black 38 was found to biodegrade in a river water with the formation of benzidine products, although no data on the rate of biodegradation was provided(3). A 5-day BOD value, 8% of the theoretical value, was determined(4). These results indicate that complete mineralization of the dye is a slow process, although the rate of the process leading to cleavage of the azo group producing benzidine products may be faster(3). C.I. Direct Black 38 may be biodegraded anaerobically; a wide variety of anaerobic bacteria have the ability to cleave the azo linkage to produce aromatic amines(5). Since the dye is an ionic compound(6), evaporation of the dye from water will not be important. An estimated BCF value of 20(1,SRC), from an estimated log Kow(2,SRC), suggests that C.I. Direct Black 38 will not bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms(SRC), according to a recommended classification scheme(7).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: The ionic state of C.I. Direct Black 38 makes this compound essentially nonvolatile(1,SRC); therefore this compound should exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase C.I. Direct Black 38 may be physically removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC).

An estimated BCF value of 20 was calculated for C.I. Direct Black 38(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 2(1,SRC) and a recommended regression-derived equation(2). According to a recommended classification scheme(3), this BCF value suggests that bioconcentration of C.I. Direct Black 38 in aquatic organisms will not be an important fate process(SRC).

The Koc of C.I. Direct Black 38 is estimated as approximately 300(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 2(1,SRC) and a regression-derived equation(2,SRC). According to a recommended classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that C.I. Direct Black 38 has moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Due to the ionic nature of the dye, the retention of C.I. Direct Black 38 by ion-exchange porcesses(4), particularly on clay surfaces and adsorption at mineral surfaces such as goethite(5), may slow down or prevent leaching(SRC).

As C.I. Direct Black 38 is an ionic compound(1), volatilization from water and soil surfaces will not be important(SRC).

Two probable routes of exposure to C.I. Direct Black 38 for workers are inhalation exposure of the powder during manufacture, packing and shipping, and dermal exposure of the solution and powder during manufacture and use(SRC). Since the dye is used for painting kimonos in Japan, occupational oral exposure to this dye has resulted from the painters' practice of moistening their brushes with their tongues(1). C.I. Direct Black 38 has been measured at airborne particulate levels of 1.6-5.1 mg/cu m in the workplace of a paper-dyeing facility in the United States. It was also detected at unspecified levels in the workplace air of a textile-dyeing facility in the US(1).|NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 10,542 workers (5,820 are female) are potentially exposed to C.I. Direct Black 38 in the USA(1).

Substances that increase the risk of NEOPLASMS in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. (See all compounds classified as Carcinogens.)|Chemicals and substances that impart color including soluble dyes and insoluble pigments. They are used in INKS; PAINTS; and as INDICATORS AND REAGENTS. (See all compounds classified as Coloring Agents.)

Urine samples of 18 workers in a small scale unit manufacturing Direct Black 38 were /determined/ by high-pressure liquid chromatography for the presence of benzidine and mono and diacetyl benzidine. Acetylated metabolites were found in all the urine samples, and benzidine was found in all except two. Two workers excreted very high levels of benzidine and its metabolites in their urine. This study highlights the potential risk of bladder cancer in such units of developing countries where manufacture of benzidine based dyes is yet to be regulated.|The time course of dermal absorption of two azo dyes was investigated in rats and rabbits. A benzidine derived dye, CI Direct Black 38 and a related dye CI Direct Black 19 which contained a p-phenylenediamine moiety instead of benzidine, were employed. Specific pathogen free male New Zealand white rabbits and male Fischer 344 rats were shaved on the left dorsum and radiolabeled dye was applied to a 2 centimeter by 2 centimeter area. ... Radioactivity from CI Direct Black 38 treated rats appeared in urine and feces in negligible quantities. Cumulative excretion of radioactivity at 144 hours was 0.05% of the total dermal dose in the urine and 0.16% in the feces. Cumulative excretion of radioactivity from CI Direct Black 38 dosed rabbits was higher at 144 hours: 3.12% of total dermal dose in urine and 5.12 in feces. At 144 hours excretion of radioactivity from CI Direct Black 38 dosed animals of both species was still increasing. ... CI Direct Black 38 is less stable on rabbit skin under experimental conditions than CI Direct Black 19, although differences in skin permeability and microflora may be partially responsible

SINGLE DOSE (100 MG/KG) OF PURIFIED DIRECT BLACK 38 ADMIN TO HAMSTERS REVEALED BY URINE ASSAY HIGH LEVELS OF BENZIDINE, MONOACETYLBENZIDINE, DIACETYLBENZIDINE, 4-AMINOBIPHENYL, & ALKALINE HYDROLYZABLE CONJUGATES OF BENZIDINE & 4-AMINOBIPHENYL DURING 1ST 8 HR OF EXCRETION|DIRECT BLACK 38 WAS SHOWN TO BE METABOLIZED IN ANIMALS TO HUMAN CARCINOGEN BENZIDINE.|Caution is also indicated by preliminary results from the NIOSH field studies showing that humans working with these same dyes /Direct Black 38, Direct Brown 95, and Direct Blue 6/ also excrete higher than expected levels of benzidine in their urine. Both laboratory and field studies indicate that these benzidine derived dyes can be metabolized to benzidine, which is present in the urine of animals and humans. Based on the data from the short-term study, National Cancer Institute scientists believe that a cancer causing potential exists on exposure to the benzidine derived dyes, most likely through the mechanism of metabolic conversion of the dyes to benzidine in the animal system.|Benzidine and monoacetylbenzidine were found in the urine of rats and mice on the course of 13-week subchronic toxicity studies with Direct Black 38. Analysis of 24-hour urine samples 4 and 12 weeks (rats) and 3 and 11 weeks (mice) later showed a clear-cut relationship between the concentration of dyestuff in the food consumed and the amount of benzidine excreted. Mice biotransformed considerably more dye to benzidine than did rats.|For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for C.I. DIRECT BLACK 38 (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The benzidine content of six US-produced samples of Direct Black 38 ranged from 2-20 mg/kg...In another study, the benzidine content of a Direct Black 38 sample was found to be <0.1 mg/kg, but 150 mg/kg 4-aminobiphenyl and 9200 mg/kg 2,4-diaminoazobenzene (the hydrochloride of which is chrysoidine, were present.

ACUTE/CHRONIC HAZARDS: This compound may be absorbed through the skin. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of nitrogen oxides, disodium oxide and sulfur oxides. (NTP, 1992)|Carcinogens

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas. INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing. INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. OTHER: Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring. Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, its chemical, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure. (NTP, 1992)

A strong association relating human exposure to benzidine based dyes with the subsequent development of bladder tumors was presented after a case-control mortality study of 200 bladder cancer patients in Japan. The patients were found to have been predominantly kimono painters and dyers. The kimono painters had a habit of forming a point on their brushes by drawing the brush between their lips, which allowed for ingestion of the dyes. Several other case-control mortality studies indicate an increased risk of developing bladder cancer in the textile and leather industries, both large users of direct dyes. However, only a few references have been made concerning benzidine-derived dyestuffs. In Russia, a medical study concerning the early detection of bladder tumors among textile dyers using benzidine-derived dyes revealed an unusual incidence of bladder lesions, some of which were suggested as being of a precancerous nature. The greatest number of such lesions were found in those workers with the highest potential exposure to these dyes. /Benzidine-based dyes/

2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, 6-amino-4-hydroxy-3-((4-(phenylazo)-1-naphthalenyl)azo)-, monosodium salt

2,7-Naphthalenedisulfonic acid, 4-amino-3-[2-[4'-[2-(2,4-diaminophenyl)diazenyl][1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl]diazenyl]-5-hydroxy-6-(2-phenyldiazenyl)-, sodium salt (1:2): ACTIVE|S - indicates a substance that is identified in a final Significant New Use Rule.|"PARAMINE" /IS/ TRADEMARK /OF ARKANSAS CO, INC/ FOR CATIONIC FINISHING AGENT FOR TEXTILES ... /PARAMINE/|"PONTAMINE" /IS/ TRADEMARK /OF DU PONT DE NEMOURS, EI & CO/ FOR SERIES OF DYES & DEVELOPERS FOR TEXTILE FIBERS, PAPER & LEATHER. /PONTAMINE/|The commercial material is a reaction product and is not to be regarded as a single substance.|The manufacture and testing of Direct Black 38 do not conform to rigid chemical specifications, and its composition varies in order to meet the shade and intensity requirements of each customer.

NIOSH Method 5013. Analyte: Benzidine, o-tolidine, o-dianisidine. Matrix: Air. Procedure: High performance liquid chromatography, ultra violet detection. For benzidine, o-tolidine, o-dianisidine this method has an estimated detection limit of 3 ug benzidine/sample. The precision/RSD is 0.04 to 0.08 and the recovery is 100.3%. Applicability: The working range is ca 0.06 to 8 mg/cu m for a 250 liter air sample. Interferences: Aniline, azobenzene, p-aminophenol, p-phenylenediamine or p-nitroaniline do not interfere in the measurement when present in equimolar amounts.|Direct dyes such as Direct Black 38 are reportedly distinguished from basic and disperse dyes by their pH-dependent chromatographic behavior on cellulose acetate. Direct Black 38 in air is determined by gravimetric method. Limit of detection is not given.

METABOLITES OF AZO DYE & PIGMENT WERE DETERMINED IN HAMSTER & HUMAN URINE BY TWO CHROMATOGRAPHIC PROCEDURES.

Health Hazards -> Carcinogens