Monochloramine

51.4758

51.48

234-217-9

KW8K411A1P

3093

DTXSID8023842

YELLOW LIQUID|Colorless liquid

26

0.79920

1.180±0.06 g/cm3(Predicted)

-66 °C

1.394

SOL IN COLD WATER, ETHER; VERY SLIGHTLY SOL IN CARBON TETRACHLORIDE, BENZENE

Thermal decomposition emits toxic nitrogen oxides, ammonia and chloride fumes

It may decompose violently above /-66 deg C/...

Dry material decomposes violently at -50 °C; when heated to decomposition emits NOx, NH3 and Cl-.|Dilute solutions slowly decompose to N2, HCl and NH4Cl.|Monochloramine is oxidized by ozone faster than ammonia

Water soluble

Amines, Phosphines, and Pyridines

CHLORAMINE is sensitive to light, temperature and pH change. It is stable in ethereal solution. The solvent-free material decomposes violently. This compound reacts with oxidizing materials. (NTP, 1992)

II

8

3093

The warehouse is ventilated and dry at low temperature;

Dry chloramine decomposes violently when it exceeds -50℃

Unstable. Solvent-free material decomposes violently. Light, air and heat sensitive. Reacts with oxidizing agents.

P234, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P312, P314, P321, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P363, P390, P403+P233, P404, P405, P501

H290

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

WHO; Environ Health Criteria 216: Disinfectants and Disinfectant By-Products (2000). Available from: http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc216.htm as of July 6, 2005.

Flash point data for this compound are not available; however, it is probably combustible. (NTP, 1992)

|Danger|H290 (66.67%): May be corrosive to metals [Warning Corrosive to Metals]|P234, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P312, P314, P321, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P363, P390, P403+P233, P404, P405, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 5 companies from 3 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Fires involving this chemical can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 140 [Oxidizers]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet). FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you should spill this chemical, use absorbent paper to pick up all liquid spill material. Seal the absorbent paper, as well as any of your clothing which may be contaminated, in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash any surfaces you may have contaminated with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned. STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should protect this chemical from exposure to light. Keep the container tightly closed under an inert atmosphere, and store it in an freezer. STORE AWAY FROM SOURCES OF IGNITION. (NTP, 1992)

MINIMUM PROTECTIVE CLOTHING: If Tyvek-type disposable protective clothing is not worn during handling of this chemical, wear disposable Tyvek-type sleeves taped to your gloves. RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with an organic vapor/acid gas cartridge (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas and SO2) with a dust/mist filter. (NTP, 1992)

It may decompose violently above /-66 °C/...

...Exposure to ... fumes produces lacrimation, irritation of membranes of respiratory passages...

D003; A waste containing chloramine may or may not be characterized as a hazardous waste following testing by the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure as prescribed by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations

D003; A solid waste containing chloramine may become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to testing for reactivity as stipulated in 40 CFR 261.23, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste.

Trichloramine, which is formed from chloramine, has been detected in the atmosphere at indoor swimming pools(1).

Monochloramine inhibited purified rat liver enzymes, N10-formyl tetrahyrdofolate dehydrogenase (0.56-3.35 uM) and formaldehyde dehydrogenase (2.7-101 uM), in vitro.|Chlorination of water containing HCH, heptachlor, metaphos, or chlorophos with chloramine increased /the/ toxicity of pesticides to mice and rats by conversion of pesticides to more toxic products. Organophoshorus pesticides were enhanced more than organochlorine pesticides. Toxic effects given.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ A study of plasma cholesterol and thyroid hormone levels was conducted in white Carneau pigeons treated with various disinfectants. Increases in plasma levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were observed with 2 and 15 ppm hypochlorite and 15 ppm chloramine and chlorine dioxide when administered with a high cholesterol diet. These changes appear to be correlated with an increase in the size of atherosclerotic plaques and a very large decrease in T4 and T3 concentrations in serum. It must be noted that these results are substantially different from those observed in primates, in an independent study of pigeons, in rats, and in humans receiving comparable treatments with a variety of disinfectants, including chloramine.|/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Exposure of goldfish to 0.1 to more than 0.5 mg/L for 96 hr resulted in no mortalities. Several fish exhibited stress, excessive mucus production, and rapid operculation at approximately 1.0 mg/L. In 5 trials of 26 fish only 2 died. Toxicity increased with increasing temperature.|/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Medium tolerance limit/96 hr for Coho salmon varied according to life stage. Toxicity increased at pH 8.1. Continuous exposure to concentration up to 47 ug/L did not affect survival, development or hatching of eggs. Alevins showed lethargic behavior after hatching (concentration 23-47 ug/L).|/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The differential effects of free Cl and chloramine on stage I larvae of H. americanus were investigated in continuous flow bioassay units. Applied chloramine was more toxic than corresponding concentrations of applied free Cl to lobster larvae... . The synergistic effect of temperature on the toxicity of both free Cl and chloramine was also demonstrated. ...The action of each toxicant appeared to be an alteration of standard metabolic activity as revealed by changes in respiration rates during and after exposure to applied free Cl and chloramine. Initial respiratory stress was detected during exposure to 0.05 mg/L applied chloramine... . Reductions in respiration rates 48 hr after exposure were observed with exposure to all concentrations tested... .|For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for CHLORAMINE (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Water containing 50, 100, or 200 ppm chloramine was provided to groups of 70 F344/N rats or B6C3F1 mice of each sex for up to 2 years. The same control groups were used for the chlorinated water and chloraminated water studies. Groups of 9 or 10 rats or mice of each sex were evaluated at 14 or 15 weeks and 66 weeks. Survival at 2 years of rats and mice receiving chloraminated water was similar to that of the controls. Mean body weights of high-dose rats and dosed mice were lower than those of their respective control groups. There was a dose-related decrease in water consumption by rats and mice. Water consumption during the second year of the studies by high-dose rats was 34% lower than controls for males and 31% lower than controls for females; water consumption by high-dose mice was 42% lower than controls for males and 40% lower than controls for females. Mononuclear cell leukemia occurred with a marginally increased incidence in the mid- and high-dose female rats receiving chloraminated water (control, 8/50; low dose, 11/50; mid dose, 15/50; and high dose, 16/50). As in female rats receiving chlorinated water, the proportion of female rats that died of leukemia before the end of the study and the mean time for observation of animals dying with leukemia were similar among all dose groups and controls. The marginal increase in leukemia incidence in females receiving chloraminated water was considered equivocal evidence of carcinogenic activity for the same reasons given for female rats receiving chlorinated water. There were no neoplasms or nonneoplastic lesions in male rats or in male or female mice that were clearly associated with the consumption of chloraminated water. ...Under the conditions of these 2-year drinking water studies, there was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of chloraminated water in male F344/N rats receiving 50, 100, or 200 ppm. There was equivocal evidence of carcinogenic activity of chloraminated water in female F344/N rats based on an increase in the incidence of mononuclear cell leukemia. There was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of chloraminated water in male or female B6C3F1 mice receiving 50, 100, or 200 ppm.|The National Toxicology Program (NTP) requested that a dose range-finding study be performed in order to establish the potential effects of chloramine (CHL) on the immune system and to determine doses that could be used in a full immunotoxicology study. These studies were conducted in female B6C3F1 mice. The animals were exposed to CHL based on the concentration of the test article in the drinking water. Five CHL concentrations of 2, 10, 20, 100, and 200 ppm for 28 days were utilized. CHL solutions were prepared fresh weekly and stored at ambient conditions. The in-life phase of these studies was carried out between 28 February and 15 June 2000. ...There was no statistically significant difference in drinking water consumption between animals exposed to CHL and the deionized tap water controls. Exposure to CHL did not produce any signs of overt toxicity. There was no significant difference in body weight and body weight change between the exposed and control animals during the experimental period. No gross pathological lesions were observed in CHL-exposed animals; furthermore, there were no differences observed in the weights of thymus, liver, spleen, kidneys or lungs when the data were expressed as either an absolute or a percent value. The erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCV, MCH, MCHC, platelet count, the percentage of reticulocytes, total leukocyte count, and counts of leukocyte differentials were unaffected by CHL. ...As in the toxicological parameters, exposure to CHL produced no biologically significant effects in various immunological parameters. There were no changes in the percentage and number of total B cells, T cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, natural killer cells and macrophages. Exposure to CHL did not produce a significant effect on the IgM antibody-forming cell responses to sheep red blood cells or serum IgM antibody titer. The effect of CHL on the activity of spleen T cells and natural killers (NK) cells was evaluated using the one-way mixed leukocyte response (MLR) and cytotoxic assay of YAC-1 cells, respectively. There was no biologically meaningful alteration in MLR and NK activity after exposure to CHL. When the activity of peritoneal macrophages was evaluated using the cytotoxic/cytostatic assay of B16F10 tumor cells, minimal effects were observed. In conclusion, CHL, when administered for 28 days in the drinking water at doses form 2 to 200 ppm, produced minimal toxicology and immunotoxic effects in female B6C3F1 mice. However, .../it was/ reported that the glutathione content in rat blood was decreased significantly after 4 months of monochloramine treatment (0-100 mg/L). After 3 months, red blood cell counts and hematocrit were significantly decreased. Hemoglobin concentration and MCHC were also decreased at 10 months of treatment. Thus, exposure of mice to CHL for a longer period may be necessary to insure that CHL does not adversely affect the immune system.

Chloramine is used as a chemical intermediate in the synthesis of various amines and hydrazine(1) and as a disinfectant in drinking water for systems in which free chlorine radicals are difficult to maintain(2). Chloramine can be formed in situ by the combination of ammonia and chlorine containing agents under basic conditions(2). Decomposition of the pure material at temperatures above -50 °C(2) indicate that this compound will not be released to the environment as a pure substance.|INORGANIC CHLORAMINES ARE FREQUENT CONSTITUENTS OF CHLORINATED WASTE & NATURAL WATERS.

AQUATIC FATE: Dilute solutions of chloramine slowly decompose to form nitrogen gas, hydrochloric acid and ammonium chloride(1,2). Biodegradation data were not available(SRC, 2005).

Chloramine half-lives ranging from 9 to 420 hours have been reported in water(1). Dilute solutions of chloramine slowly decompose to form nitrogen gas, hydrochloric acid and ammonium chloride(2).

Occupational exposure to chloramine may occur through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where chloramine is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to chloramine through the drinking water where that contains chloramine which is used as a disinfectant for water sources. The general population may also be exposed to chloramine by its formation in situ when ammonia and chloride solutions are combined. (SRC)

Male Sprague-Dawley rats (220-240 g) were given 1.1 mg per animal [36Cl]-labelled chloramine [NH2 36Cl] orally as 3 mL of solution containing 370 mg/L chloramine. The peak plasma concentration of 36Cl (10.3 ug/L) was reached 8 hr after dosing, and the absorption and elimination half-lives were 2.5 hr and 38.8 hr, respectively. The distribution of radioactivity was highest in plasma and lowest in fat. Approximately 25% and 2% of the administered dose of radiolabelled chloramine was excreted in the urine and feces, respectively, during 120 hr of treatment. Only 0.35% of the administered dose of monochloramine was present in plasma as [36Cl] chloride 120 hr after treatment. No evidence for enzymatic intervention in the metabolism of monochloramine was presented.|The effect of 15 uM monochloramine as hepatic function was investigated in isolated perfused male Sprague-Dawley rat liver. The uptake of monochloramine averaged 98%. Approximately 0.7% of the amount taken up by the liver was reduced by glutathione (GSH) and appeared in the bile in the form of GSH disulfide.

Male Sprague-Dawley rats (220-240 g) were given 1.1 mg per animal [36Cl]-labelled chloramine [NH2 36Cl] orally as 3 mL of solution containing 370 mg/L chloramine. ...The absorption and elimination half-lives were 2.5 hr and 38.8 hr, respectively.

On dissolution of the chloramines in the epithelial lining fluid, hypochlorous acid, ammonia, and oxygen-radicals are generated, all of which act as irritants. /Chloramines/

SYMPTOMS: Symptoms of exposure to this compound include eye and respiratory tract irritation; corrosive effects to gastrointestinal tract (upon ingestion); nausea and vomiting. ACUTE/CHRONIC HAZARDS: This compound is irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract. The solvent-free material is unstable at room temperature and decomposes violently due to the reactions of the decomposition products. When heated to decomposition this compound emits very toxic fumes. (NTP, 1992)

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas. INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing. INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Volatile chemicals have a high risk of being aspirated into the victim's lungs during vomiting which increases the medical problems. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mg/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patent can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Cover skin bums with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Organic bases/Amines and related compounds/|Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or has severe pulmonary edema. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Administer 1% solution methylene blue if patient is symptomatic with severe hypoxia, cyanosis, and cardiac compromise not responding to oxygen. ... . Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. If patient is unresponsive to these measures, vasopressors may be helpful. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Organic bases/Amines and related compounds/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Forty-eight men completed an 8-wk protocol during which diet and other factors known to affect lipid metabolism were controlled. During the first 4 weeks of the protocol, all subjects consumed distilled water. During the second 4 weeks, one-third of the subjects were assigned randomly to drink 1.5 litres of water containing 0, 2 or 15 mg of monochloramine per litre each day. At 2 mg/L, no significant changes were observed in total, HDL or LDL cholesterol, triglycerides or apolipoproteins A1, A2 or B. Parameters of thyroid function were unchanged. However, an increase in the level of apolipoprotein B was observed at 15 mg/L.|/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ ... Differences between 24 responders and nine non-responders to chloramine in dialysis fluid /were studied/. The initial water analysis indicated a concentration of 0.19 mg/L chloramine in the water supply. An inverse correlation between concentrations of serum GSH and hemoglobin was observed in these patients.|/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ In a rising dose tolerance study, groups of 10 adult male volunteers drank two 500 mL portions of water containing 0.01, 1.0, 8, 18, or 24 mg/L chloramine, or hypochlorite, sodium chlorite, sodium chlorate or chlorine dioxide or served as controls. A battery of measures, including blood and urine biochemistry, blood cell counts and morphology, and physical examination were conducted following each dose. No statistically significant changes were noted in the chloramine-treated group.|/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ 10 volunteers were required to drink a 500 mL portion of water containing 5ppm [5 mg/L] chloramine daily for 12 weeks followed by an 8 week washout period. The volunteers were required to consume the entire 500 mL portion within 15 min. /A battery of measures, including blood and urine biochemistry, blood cell counts and morphology, and physical examination were conducted following each dose./ The only statistically significant change in the chloramine treated group was an increase in triiodothyronine (T3) uptake. However, this change remained within the normal range and was considered to be clinically irrelevant.|For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for CHLORAMINE (19 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

ammonia chloramine

Chloramide: ACTIVE|During chlorination of water supply for disinfection, chlorine will react with any ammonia in H2O to form inorganic chloramines. ...NH3 is sometimes...added to chlorinated public water supplies to provide a combined available chlorine residual, ie, inorganic chloramines. /Inorganic chloramines/|Chloramine is formed in situ when ammonia and chlorine agents are combined under basic solutions.|Monochloramine has much higher CT values /(the CT value is the product of the disinfectant concentration C in mg/L and the contact time T in minutes required to inactivate a specified percentage (e.g., 99%) of microorganisms)/ than free chlorine and is therefore a poor primary disinfectant. Additionally, it is a poor oxidant and is not effective for taste and odor control or for oxidation of iron and manganese. However, because of its persistence, it is an attractive secondary disinfectant for the maintenance of a stable distribution system residual. The use of disinfectants such as ozone or chlorine dioxide combined with chloramines as a secondary disinfectant appears to be attractive for minimizing disinfectant by-products formation. Monochloramine is the only useful ammonia-chloramine disinfectant.

Method: Standard Methods 4500-Cl D, Amperometric Titration Method; Analyte: chloramine; Matrix: water; Detection Limit: not provided.|Method: Standard Methods 4500-Cl G, DPD Colorimetric Method; Analyte: chloramine; Matrix: water; Detection Limit: 10 ug/L.|In dairy products, analytical chemistry. /Chloramines/