Pentachloroethane

202.29

202.29

1736845

200-925-1

QOJ9TH7LDL

1394

1669

DTXSID7021104

COLORLESS LIQUID

0

3.67

Colorless Liquid

1.6796 g/cm³ @ Temp: 20 °C

-29 °C

159.8 °C

162°C

n20/D 1.502(lit.)

Insoluble in water.

2-8°C

Vapour pressure, kPa at 25°C: 0.453

7.2

Oral-rat LD50: 920 mg/kg; inhalation-mouse LCL0: 35000 mg/m3/2 hours

High heat and open flame are combustible; high heat decomposes toxic chloride fumes

Vapors in confined areas may explode when exposed to fire.

Chloroform-like

Henry's Law constant = 1.9X10-3 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C (est)

Percent in saturated air = 0.45 at 25 °C|Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 2.33X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C

Insoluble in water.

Halogenated Organic Compounds

A mixture of PENTACHLOROETHANE with potassium may explode after a short delay. Reaction with alkalis or metals will produce a violent reaction. This compound also reacts violently with NaK alloy + bromoform. It is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. (NTP, 1992)

May self-ignite.

11.28 eV

Not flammable by standard tests in air.|Combustible Liquid

The vapour is heavier than air.

Dry pentachloroethane does not corrode iron; if it is stored over longer periods of time, however, the addition of amine stabilizers is recommended.

36.9 kJ/mol at 159.8 °C

II

6.1

UN 1669 6.1/PG 2

2

40-48/23-51/53-48/20-39/23/24/25-36/38-23/24/25-11

23-36/37-45-61-26

KI6300000

T,N

Treasury is ventilated, low temperature and dry; stored separately from food additives

Stable. Non-flammable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. May react violently with alkalies or metals.

P273-P301 + P312 + P330-P314-P391-P501

H302-H351-H372-H411

[40 CFR 240-280, 300-306, 702-799 (7/1/2006)] Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U184, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.|A potential candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.|Incineration after mixing with another combustible fuel. Care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced. Recommendable method: Incineration.

Mixtures of sodium-potassium alloy & ... pentachloroethane can explode on standing at room temperature. They are especially sensitive to impact.|Violent reaction with (sodium-potassium alloy + bromoform), potassium.|... Dehalogenation by reaction with alkali, metals ... Will produce spontaneous explosive chloroacetylenes.|Mixtures /of potassium or its alloys/ with tetrachloroethane & pentachloroethanewill often explode after a short delay.|For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for PENTACHLOROETHANE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Chlorinated Ethanes (1980) EPA 440/5-80-0269|DHHS/NTP; Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies of Pentachloroethane in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Gavage Study) Technical Report Series No. 232 (1983) NIH Publication No. 83-1788

Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Contain irritating and toxic chloride vapors. Behavior in Fire: Decomposes and produces toxic gases. (USCG, 1999)|Not combustible. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire.

|Danger|H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]|P201, P202, P260, P264, P270, P273, P281, P308+P313, P314, P391, P405, and P501|H302 (55.88%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|P201, P202, P260, P264, P270, P273, P281, P301+P312, P308+P313, P314, P330, P391, P405, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 68 companies from 3 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|P201, P202, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P281, P301+P312, P304+P340, P308+P313, P312, P314, P330, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501|Warning|H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]|P261, P271, P304+P340, P312, P403+P233, P405, and P501

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-combustible)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. SPILL: Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown above. FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-combustible)]: Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2016)

Skin: Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact. Eyes: Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact. Wash skin: The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated. Remove: Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced. Change: No recommendation is made specifying the need for the worker to change clothing after the work shift. Provide: Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possibility that workers could be exposed to the substance; this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection. Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure. [Note: It is intended that these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the substance from any body areas likely to be exposed. The actual determination of what constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific circumstances. In certain instances, a deluge shower should be readily available, whereas in others, the availability of water from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.] (NIOSH, 2016)|Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.|Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.|Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possibility that workers could be exposed to the substance; this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection.|Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure. [Note: It is intended that these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the substance from any body areas likely to be exposed. The actual determination of what constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific circumstances. In certain instances, a deluge shower should be readily available, whereas in others, the availability of water from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.]|Personnel protection: ... Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus. ... Wear appropriate chemical protective clothing.|(See protection codes)

MODERATE, WHEN EXPOSED TO HEAT OR FLAME.

Moderately explosive, by spontaneous chemical reaction.|Vapors in confined areas may explode when exposed to fire.

To fight fire use water, carbon dioxide, dry chemical.|If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.). Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources.

The vapor is heavier than air.|Vapors are heavier than air and will collect in low areas. Vapors may travel long distances to ignition sources and flashback. Storage containers and parts of containers may rocket great distances, in many directions.

Absorb the spills with paper towels or the like materials. Place in a hood to evaporate. Dispose by burning the towel.|Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./|Environmental considerations: Water spill: Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel. Remove trapped material with suction hoses.|Environmental considerations: Air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors.|Evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until clean-up is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. Ventilate area after clean-up is complete. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste.

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Do not use water.|Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. ... Avoid bodily contact with the material. ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment.|The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.|Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.|For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for PENTACHLOROETHANE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 151: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Non-combustible)/ Fire or Explosion: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways.|/GUIDE 151: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Non-combustible)/ Health: Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.|/GUIDE 151: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Non-combustible)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas.|/GUIDE 151: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Non-combustible)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.|For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for PENTACHLOROETHANE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./|The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.|The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Symptoms: Irritation of eyes and respiratory tract ... .|It is irritating to the eyes, lungs, corneas, upper respiratory tract, the skin, and mucous membranes.

Handle with care in the workplace.|NIOSH considers ethylene dichloride; hexachloroethane; 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane; and 1,1,2-trichloroethane; to be potential occupational carcinogens. Additionally, NIOSH recommends that the other five chloroethane compounds: 1,1-dichloroethane; ethyl chloride; methyl chloroform; pentachloroethane; and 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane be treated in the workplace with caution because of their structural similarity to the four chloroethanes shown to be carcinogenic in animals.

Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment.

Separated from food and feedstuffs, strong bases and powdered metals. Well closed. Keep in a well-ventilated room.

A harmful contamination of the air can be reached rather quickly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

The substance is irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract. The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system. This may result in depression.

The substance defats the skin, which may cause dryness or cracking. The substance may have effects on the nervous system. This may result in impaired functions.

PREVENT GENERATION OF MISTS! IN ALL CASES CONSULT A DOCTOR!

Use ventilation, local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves.

Wear face shield or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

U184; A toxic waste when a discarded commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 10 lb or 4.54 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

U184; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when pentachloroethane, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5).

Pentachloroethane was identified in the spent chlorination liquor from the bleaching of sulphite pulp at a concentration corresponding to 0.1 g/ton pulp process(1). During August 1972, pentachloroethane was detected in chlorinated effluent from a sewage treatment plant(2). Pentachloroethane has been detected in fly ash resulting from waste incineration (concentration unspecified)(3).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: During 1976-1977 pentachloroethane was detected in 0 out of 74 air samples collected in urban/suburban areas(1).|INDOOR: During a nationwide survey of indoor air concentrations conducted in Canada during 1991, the mean concentration of pentachloroethane detected in the air of 185 Canadian homes sampled during the winter was 0.03 ug/cu m(1). Pentachloroethane was not detected in air samples collected from homes sampled in the spring (178 homes), summer (197 homes), or fall (194 homes)(1).|RURAL/REMOTE: Monitoring data obtained from samples collected in the Atlantic Ocean between 1982 and 1985 indicate that the average baseline level of pentachloroethane in the Northern hemisphere was 0.1 part per trillion/volume. In tradewind systems and in the Southern hemisphere the baseline level was below the detection limit (0.02 to 0.04 part per trillion/volume)(1). During 1976-1977 pentachloroethane was detected in 0 out of 2 air samples collected in rural/remote areas(2). During Feb 1977 trace levels of pentachloroethane were found in the ambient air of Iberville Parish, LA(3).|SOURCE DOMINATED: During 1976-1977 pentachloroethane was detected in 2 out of 54 air samples in source dominated areas(1). During Feb 1977, a pentachloroethane concentration of 3,984 ng/cu m was detected in ambient air collected from Dow Chemical Property in Freeport, TX(2).

moderately toxic

LC50 Rat inhalation 4238 ppm/2 hr|LD50 Rat oral 920 mg/kg

A carcinogenesis bioassay of technical grade pentachloroethane (95.5% pure, with 4.2% hexachloroethane) was conducted by administering the test chemical in corn oil by gavage to groups of 50 male and 50 female F344/N rats at doses of 75 or 150 mg/kg body weight ... . Doses were administered for 103 weeks for rats ... . Groups of 50 rats ... of each sex received corn oil by gavage on the same dosing schedule and served as vehicle controls. ... Survival of high-dose rats of each sex was significantly (p < 0.05) less than that of the controls. Mean body weights of dosed male and female rats were lower than those of the corresponding controls during the second year of the study. Final mean body weights for rats were 4%-5% lower for male rats and 8%-12% lower for female rats when compared to controls. Chronic, diffuse inflammation of the kidney, distinguishable from nephropathy seen in aging F344/N rats, was found in male rats in a significant (p < 0.001) and dose-related incidence (control, 4/50, 8%; low-dose, 14/49, 29%; high-dose, 33/50, 66%). Mineralization of the renal papilla, considered to be secondary to chronic inflammation, was also observed at increase incidences in dosed male rats. Pentachloroethane administration did not cause any increased incidences of tumors in either male or female rats. Statistically significant negative trends were detected for subcutaneous tissue fibromas amoung males and for pituitary adenomas in both sexes. ... Under the conditions of this bioassay, technical grade pentachloroethane containing 4.2% hexachloroethane was not carcinogenic in F344/N rats. ... Pentachloroethane was nephrotoxic to male rats.|A carcinogenesis bioassay of technical grade pentachloroethane (95.5% pure, with 4.2% hexachloroethane) was conducted by administering the test chemical in corn oil by gavage to groups of ... 50 male and 50 female B6C3F1 mice at doses of 250 or 500 mg/kg. Doses were administered for ... 41-103 weeks for mice. Groups of ... 50 mice of each sex received corn oil by gavage on the same dosing schedule and served as vehicle controls. ... Forty-two high-dose male mice died by week 41, and the 8 remaining animals in the group were killed at that time. Twenty-five male control mice were killed at week 44 to serve as controls for the high-dose males. Only 22/50 (44%) of the low-dose male mice survived to the end of the study. All high-dose female mice were dead by week 74, and only 9/50 (18%) low-dose females survived to the end of the study. Mean body weights of mice were lower than those of controls. The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma was significantly elevated in all groups of dosed mice (male: 4/48, 8%; 26/44, 59%, p< 0.001; 7/45, 16%; female: 1/46, 2% 28/42, 67%, p< 0.001; 13/45, 29% p< 0.001). Early mortalities in the high-dose male mice precluded an evaluation of their lifetime incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma. There was a significant increase in incidence over that observed among 25 controls killed at week 44 (0/25 versus 7/45, p< 0.05). There was also a significant (p< 0.001) dose-related increase in hepatocellular adenoma in female mice (2/46, 4%; 8/42, 19%; 19/45, 42%). ... Technical grade pentachloroethane was carcinogenic for B6C3F1 mice, causing hepatocellular carcinomas in males and females, and adenomas in females.

/SRP: Individuals with a compromised liver would be at risk from exposure to pentachloroethane./

Pentachloroethane's formation as a by-product during the manufacture of chlorinated hydrocarbons and the conversion of this by-product into tetrachloroethylene(1) may result the release of pentachloroethane to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Formation during combustion or incineration of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) waste products is a potential source of pentachloroethane release to the environment(2).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1340(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 3.22(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that pentachloroethane is expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of pentachloroethane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.9X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure of 3.50 mm Hg(4) and water solubility of 4.90X10+2 mg/L(5). Pentachloroethane may volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(4). Similar degradation rates (90-100% loss in 30 days) were obtained during sterile and non-sterile anoxic biodegradation tests; therefore, the degradation of pentachloroethane in soil is expected to be dominated by abiotic processes(6,7).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1340(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 3.22(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that pentachloroethane is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.9X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 3.50 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 4.90 mg/L(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 5 hours and 6 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), a measured BCF of 67(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC). Similar results were observed in sterile and non-sterile degradation tests; therefore, the degradation of pentachloroethane in water is expected to be dominated by abiotic processes(8,9). The hydroloysis half-life of pentachloroethane was calculated to be 3.7 days at 25 °C and pH 7(10).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), pentachloroethane, which has a vapor pressure of 3.50 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase pentachloroethane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 69 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.33X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Pentachloroethane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of pentachloroethane with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is 2.33X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 69 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). The hydrolysis half-life of pentachloroethane was calculated to be 3.7 days at 25 °C and pH 7(2). Pentachloroethane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).|The hydrolysis rate constant of pentachloroethane was measured in dilute aqueous solutions within the temperature ranges of 85 to 190 °C (neutral range) and 0 to 80 °C (basic range), and at pH values of 2 to 10(1). The hydrolysis rate constant (neutral, 25 °C) was determined to be 4.93X10-8/min, while the basic rate constant was 1.31X10-4/min(1). Based on these data, the hydrolysis half life of pentachloroethane at 25 °C, pH 7 was calculated to be 3.7 days(1). The abiotic degradation mechanism of pentachloroethane in aqueous systems proceeds through dehydrohalogenation to form tetrachloroethylene(2,3,4,5). Pentachloroethane at a concentration of approximately 0.9 umol/L in groundwater samples (pH 6.6-6.7, 25 °C) was degraded by greater than 90% and approximately 100% after 30 days in an unpoisoned and poisoned sample, respectively(3). Pentachloroethane at a concentration of 5 umol/L in anoxic lake water containing high concentrations of the reductants hydrogen sulfide and polysulfide was degraded by 91 and 86% after 10 days in unaltered and filter sterilized systems, respectively (pH 6.8, 25 °C)(5). The presence of trichloroethylene as an additional product was attributed to reductive elimination of pentachloroethane(5).

A bioconcentration factor of 67 was measured for pentachloroethane in bluegill sunfish(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC).

The Koc of pentachloroethane is estimated as 1340(SRC), using a log Kow of 3.22(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that pentachloroethane is expected to have low mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for pentachloroethane is estimated as 1.9X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 3.50 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 4.90X10+2 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that pentachloroethane is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 5 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 6 days(SRC). Pentachloroethane's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of pentachloroethane from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon the vapor pressure(1). The volatilization half-life of a dilute solution of pentachloroethane in a beaker 6.5 cm deep, stirred 200 rpm in still air has been experimentally determined to be 46.5 minutes(4).

DRINKING WATER: Pentachloroethane was detected in finished drinking water collected in the New Orleans/Baton Rouge area with a mean concn of <0.03 ug/L(1). Pentachloroethane was not detected (detection limit 0.1 ug/L) in 42 raw water samples collected in 1982 and 1983 at 11 potable water treatment plants located along the Canadian Great Lakes system(2). It was detected in only 1 out of 42 treated water samples at trace concentrations(2).|SURFACE WATER: Pentachloroethane was detected in water taken from Fields Brook in Ashtabula, OH during 1976 at a concentration of 2 ug/L(1). Pentachloroethane was identified in 2 out of 204 water samples collected from 14 heavily industrialized river basins located throughout the U.S., detection limit 1 ug/L(2). Pentachloroethane was detected in 7 out of 12 water samples collected from the River Elbe at a location upstream of Hamburg, Germany and in 6 out of 12 samples collected at a location downstream of this city(3). Reported minimum and maximum concentrations were 5 and 25 ng/L, respectively, in the upstream samples and 5.3 and 19 ng/L, respectively, in the downstream samples(3).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 232 workers (3 of these were female) were potentially exposed to pentachloroethane in the US(1). Occupational exposure to pentachloroethane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where pentachloroethane is formed as a byproduct. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to pentachloroethane via inhalation of ambient air(SRC).

Mice were injected with (14)C-pentachloroethane subcutaneously at doses of 1.1-1.8 g/kg and the excretion over a 3 d period was determined. About 1/3 of the dose (12-51%) was expired unchanged; 16-32% was excreted as 2,2,2-trichloroethanol, and 9-18% as trichloroacetic acid in the urine. The expired air also contained trichloroethylene (3-9% of the dose), indicating both dechlorination and dehydrochlorination.

MOST OF ITS METABOLITES ARE GENERATED BY NON-REDUCTIVE DEHALOGENATIONS ... HOWEVER THE METABOLITE TRICHLOROETHYLENE IS EXPLAINED IN TERMS OF A REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION WITHIN THE PATHWAY.|UNDER ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS, POLYHALOGENATED ALKANES STIMULATED REDUCED NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE OXIDN BY RAT LIVER MICROSOMAL FRACTIONS, & PARTICIPATION OF CYTOCHROME P450 WAS SHOWN BY INDUCERS & INHIBITORS OF MONOOXYGENASE SYSTEM. PENTACHLOROETHANE WAS METABOLIZED TO TRICHLOROETHENE & TETRACHLOROETHANE.|PENTACHLOROETHANE WAS INJECTED SC INTO MICE AND ITS EXCRETION WAS FOLLOWED FOR 3 DAYS. THE METABOLIZED PART WAS EXCRETED AS 2,2,2-TRICHLOROETHANOL AND TRICHLOROACETIC ACID IN THE URINE. THE EXPIRED AIR CONTAINED TRICHLOROETHYLENE AND TETRACHLOROETHYLENE, INDICATING BOTH DECHLORINATION AND DEHYDROCHLORINATION OF PENTACHLOROETHANE.|In the presence of oxygen, NADPH and rat liver microsomes, 1.7% dechlorination of pentachloroethane was observed. In contrast, in the absence of oxygen, pentachloroethane was metabolized by NADPH-fortified hepatic microsomal fractions to trichloroethylene (96%) and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (4%). The in-vitro reductive dechlorination of pentachloroethane was catalysed by a purified (rabbit liver) reconstituted cytochrome p450 system.|For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for PENTACHLOROETHANE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Irritation of skin, lungs, eyes, and mucous membrane; depression of central nervous system; and toxicity similar to tetrachloroethanes. (USCG, 1999)

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment. INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing. INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)|(See procedures)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/|Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Cover skin burns with sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/|Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia,administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... .Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Symptomatology: 1. Prompt nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain. ... After ingestion, hematemesis, and diarrhea. 2. Headaches, dizziness, confusion, drowsiness, & occasionally, convulsions. 3. Visual disturbances. ... 4. ... Coma and death from resp arrest or circulatory collapse. 5. Occasionally sudden death due to ventricular fibrillation. ... 8. Oliguria, albuminuria, anuria, gradual wt gain, edema. 9. Anorexia, jaundice, & rt upper quadrant pain due to an enlarged and tender liver. /Carbon tetrachloride/|/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ /Produces/ more potent central nervous effects than chloroform or even tetrachloroethane.

pentachloroethane

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and by ingestion.|inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

In Animals: irritation eyes, skin; lassitude (weakness, exhaustion), restlessness, irreg respiration, muscle incoordination; liver, kidney, lung changes

Confusion. Cough. Dizziness. Headache. Nausea. Sore throat. Vomiting.

Dry skin.

Redness. Pain.

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system, liver, kidneys

All other basic organic chemical manufacturing|Ethane, 1,1,1,2,2-pentachloro-: ACTIVE|S - indicates a substance that is identified in a final Significant New Use Rule.|Formation during combustion or incineration of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) waste products is a potential source of pentachloroethane release to the environment.

Analyte: Pentachloroethane. Matrix: air. Procedure: Adsorption on Porapak R; desorption with hexane; gas chromatography/electron capture detection; range: 14 to 5370 ug/cu m in 3 L of air; Precision: 0.075.|AREAL Method IP-1B. Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Indoor Air using Solid Absorbant Tubes. Capillary gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry (CGCMS) detection limit 1.8 ng.|OSW Method 8240A. Volatile Organics by Gas Cromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS): Packed Column Technique. GCMS detection limit 10 ug/kg.|Method: EPA-EAD 1625; Procedure: gas chromatography/mass spectrometry; Analyte: pentachloroethane; Matrix: water; Detection Limit: not provided..|For more Analytic Laboratory Methods (Complete) data for PENTACHLOROETHANE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.