Triethyl citrate

276.28

276.28

1801199

201-070-7

8Z96QXD6UM

1350

8907

DTXSID0040701

Oily liquid|Colorless, mobile liquid

2918150000

99.1

0.1

Clear Liquid

1.1369 g/cm³ @ Temp: 20 °C

-55 °C

294 °C

>230 °F

1.462

H2O: 5.7 g/100 mL (25 ºC)

-20°C

1 mm Hg ( 107 °C)

9.7 (vs air)

LD50 orally in Rabbit: > 3200 mg/kg LD50 dermal Rabbit > 5000 mg/kg

Fruity odor

Bitter taste

Henry's Law constant = 3.8X10-9 atm-cu m/mole at 25 °C (est)

Pour point about 10 °C|Pour point -46 °C|Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 7.3X10-12 cu cm/mole-sec at 25 °C (est)

NONH for all modes of transport

1

20

24/25-45

GE8050000

Xn

Well closed.

Stable under recommended storage conditions.

P201, P202, P210, P261, P271, P281, P304+P312, P304+P340, P308+P313, P312, P377, P381, P403, P405, P501

H220

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.|Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Incompatible materials: Strong oxidizing agents

An ingredient whose use in food or food packaging is subject to a prior sanction or approval within the meaning of section 201(s)(4) of the Act is exempt from classification as a food additive. ... Substances classified as plasticizers, when migrating from food-packaging material shall include ... triethyl citrate.|Substance added directly to human food affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS).

Combustible.

Not Classified| |Warning|H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]|P261, P271, P304+P312, P304+P340, and P312

Eye/face protection: Face shield and safety glasses. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).|Skin protection: Handle with gloves.|Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.|Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face respirator with multipurpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

Combustible liquid when exposed to heat or flame.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.|Advice for firefighters: Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.|Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide.

Accidental release measures: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation.; Environmental precautions: Do not let product enter drains.; Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist. Normal measures for preventive fire protection.|Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.|Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Wash away remainder with plenty of water.

Well closed.

A harmful contamination of the air will not or will only very slowly be reached on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

The substance is irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract.

NO open flames.

Use ventilation, local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety spectacles or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

Triethyl citrate was identified in the column inflow at the beginning of an experiment on May 29, 2001 below the reporting limit of 0.500 ug/L but reported as 0.200 ug/L and at the end of the experiment Jun 20, 2001 concentrations were reported as below the reporting limit of 0.500 ug/L. The concentration in the column drainage at the end of the experiment Jun 20, 2001 was also below the reporting limit of 0.500 ug/L(1). Treated effluent was applied to the top of a 2.4 meter soil column over 23 days. The soil was packed with a Mohall-Laveen sandy loam from an area northwest of Phoenix, AZ with no known history of cultivation or irrigation. Secondarily treated effluent from a 17.5 million gallon/day municipal waste water treatment plant serving 120,000-150,000 residents near Phoenix, AZ was employed(1). Triethyl citrate was identified in effluent samples that receive domestic waste waters of 50,000 inhabitants of Southern Finland(2). Triethyl citrate was detected (reporting limit 0.5 ug/L) at a median concentration of 0.270 ug/L and a maximum of 0.52 ug/L with a detection frequence of 100% in water samples from 10 waste water treatment plants located around the country (Arizona, Colorado, Georgia, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, South Dakota)(3). Triethyl citrate was detected (reporting limit 0.5 ug/L) at a median concentration of 0.105 ug/L and a maximum of 0.400 ug/L with a detection frequence of 100% in water samples downstream (96 to 14,484 meters)and at a median concentration of 0.082 ug/L and a maximum of 0.26 ug/L with a detection frequency of 70% in water samples downstream (805 to 96,561 meters) from 10 waste water treatment plants located around the country (Arizona, Colorado, Georgia, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, South Dakota)(3).

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Triethyl citrate is a colorless, oily liquid with bitter taste. It is used as solvent and plasticizer for nitrocellulose and natural resins, softener, paint removers, agglutinant, perfume base, food additive (not over 0.25%) as an emulsifier and as a flavor-preserving agent. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Triethyl citrate 20% in petrolatum was not a primary irritant or sensitizer in human studies. ANIMAL STUDIES: Triethyl citrate, applied undiluted during epidermal induction, was a strong sensitizer in a guinea pig maximization test. Triethyl citrate 33.3% produced irritation in rabbit eyes. Intravenous administration of a 100 mg/kg bw dose of triethyl citrate to rabbits produced a marked increase in motor activity and respiration. A group of 20 mice given intraperitoneal doses of 350 mg/kg bw of triethyl citrate daily for 14 days had a slightly lower mean growth rate than control animals. No differences were seen in the two groups in erythrocyte and leucocyte blood cell count, clotting time and hemoglobin levels. Examination of the liver, lung and kidney tissues of two animals at necropsy revealed no pathological cellular changes. At doses ranging from 0.5 to 10 mg/kg b.w. triethyl citrate was nonteratogenic in the chicken embryo. Ames test using triethyl citrate (0.4%-1.6%) on Salmonella typhimurium TA1535, TA1537, TA1538 was negative with and without metabolic activation.

LD50 Guinea pig dermal >10 mL/kg|LD50 Mouse ip 1750 mg/kg|LD50 Rabbit dermal >5 g/kg|LD50 Rat inhalation 3500 pppm|For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for TRIETHYL CITRATE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Triethyl citrate's production and use in cosmetics and personal care products(1,4), as a specialty solvent, plasticizer(2) and food additive(2,3) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 20(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that triethyl citrate is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of triethyl citrate from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.8X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure, 6.87X10-4 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 6.5X10+4 mg/L(5). Triethyl citrate is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(4). Biodegradation data in soil were not available(SRC, 2015). Based on data for acetyl tributyl citrate, a structural analog, triethyl citrate may be expected to biodegrade rapidly(SRC). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test acetyl tributyl citrate, present at 100 mg/L, reached 82% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L(5) suggesting that biodegradation of triethyl citrate may be an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 20(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that triethyl citrate is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.8X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 6.87X10-4 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 6.5X10+4 mg/L(5). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 0.33(2) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Biodegradation data in water were not available(SRC, 2015). Based on data for acetyl tributyl citrate, a structural analog, triethyl citrate may be expected to biodegrade rapidly(SRC). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test acetyl tributyl citrate, present at 100 mg/L, reached 82% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L(7) suggesting that biodegradation of triethyl citrate may be an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), triethyl citrate, which has a vapor pressure of 6.87X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase triethyl citrate is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 4 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 7.3X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Triethyl citrate does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of triethyl citrate with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 7.3X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 4 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). A base-catalyzed second-order hydrolysis rate constant of 1.3X10-2 L/mole-sec(SRC) was estimated using a structure estimation method(2); this corresponds to half-lives of 16 and 2 years at pH values of 7 and 8, respectively(2). Triethyl citrate does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated in fish for triethyl citrate(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 0.33(1) and a regression-derived equation(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low.

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of triethyl citrate can be estimated to be 20(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that triethyl citrate is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for triethyl citrate is estimated as 3.8X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 6.87X10-4 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 6.5X10+4 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that triethyl citrate is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(3). Triethyl citrate's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to occur(SRC). Triethyl citrate is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).

DRINKING WATER: Triethyl citrate was detected in 12 stream and raw water samples taken at various locations in a drinking water treatment facility during November and December 2001. A detection frequency of 50% and a maximum concentration in finished water of 0.062 ug/L was reported (method reporting level = 0.5 ug/L). The facility is located in a heavily populated, highly urbanized drainage basin(1).|SURFACE WATER: Triethyl citrate was detected in water samples collected from Assunpink Creek in Trenton, NJ, 100 yards downstream from where a major WWTP discharges tertiary treated effluent and 2 miles further down at concentrations ranging from 78 to <500 ng/L and 66 to <500 ng/L, respectively(1). Assunpink creek is a tributary to the Delware River which is used for a source of drinking water serving the city of Philadelphia and surrounding metropolitan areas(1). Triethyl citrate was detected at a median concentration of <0.5 ug/L and a maximum of 0.074 ug/L with a detection frequency of 11% in surface water samples from upstream of 10 waste water treatment plants located around the country (Arizona, Colorado, Georgia, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, South Dakota)(2). Triethyl citrate was detected in water samples collected from streams in north central and north western Arkansas in March, April and August 2004. Reported concentrations were below the reporting limit of 0.5 ug/L and estimated between 0.009 and 0.063 ug/L with a median value of 0.018 ug/L and a detection frequency of 43%(3). Triethyl citrate was detected in samples from 30 rivers taken in low flow conditions in Iowa in 2001 at maximum concentration of 0.17 ug/L with a detection frequency of 16.7%; it was not detected in medium and high flow condition samples(4).

According to the 2012 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, 9 reporting facilities estimate the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed during the manufacturing, processing, or use of triethyl citrate in the United States may be as low as <10 workers and as high as 99 workers per plant; the data may be greatly underestimated due to confidential business information (CBI) or unknown values(1).|NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 11,496 workers (3,993 of these are female) were potentially exposed to triethyl citrate in the US(1). Occupational exposure to triethyl citrate may occur through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where triethyl citrate is produced or used. Use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to triethyl citrate via ingestion of food and dermal contact with consumer products containing triethyl citrate(SRC).

/EXPL THER/ The objective of this study was/ to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of a novel lotion containing triethyl citrate and ethyl linoleate in the treatment of mild to moderate acne vulgaris. This was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study comparing the active lotion containing triethyl citrate and ethyl linoleate with its vehicle as a placebo control. Patients were assessed by the modified Leeds acne grading system as well as by counting inflammatory and noninflammatory lesions on the face at weeks 0, 4, 8 and 12. Sebum production was assessed by the Sebutape method at weeks 0 and 12. All adverse events were recorded. Forty patients were recruited into the study, of whom 33 completed the study. Active treatment was statistically superior to placebo in reduction of Leeds grading and total, inflammatory and noninflammatory lesion counts. The active lotion showed a rapid response with obvious reduction in lesion counts and acne grading by 4 weeks. Sebum production was significantly reduced in the actively treated group, with a mean reduction of 53% in sebum production compared with baseline. One patient developed irritation to the active lotion and withdrew from the study. The new lotion containing triethyl citrate and ethyl linoleate has been shown to be an effective treatment for mild to moderate acne, with an effect on both inflammatory and noninflammatory acne lesions. The new lotion worked quickly and was generally well tolerated. A surprising finding was the significant impact the new lotion has on sebum production, suggesting a role in patients with seborrhea.|MEDICATION (VET): ... Orally, in treating bloat in ruminants.

In order to assess the toxicological behavior of triethyl citrate, the available experimental and predicted physico-chemical data have been evaluated. The substance is expected to be absorbed very well. The absorption of any metabolite of the substances of interest is fast and complete. Concerning the absorption after exposure via inhalation, as the chemical has a low vapor pressure, it is clear, that the substance is poorly available after inhalation. Given its lipophilicity (LogPow 1.17) - if absorbed - it is expected to be absorbed directly across the respiratory tract epithelium. The substance is expected to be also poorly absorbed following dermal exposure into the stratum corneum and to a certain extent into the epidermis, due to its molecular weight and its LogPow. In addition, the systemic toxicity via the skin is assumed to be low and this has been proven with the results of the acute dermal study with triethyl citrate, in which a LD50 of 5000 mg/kg bw has been obtained. Concerning the distribution in the body, triethyl citrate is expected to be mainly available in the circulatory system (due to its water solubility). The experimentally determined LogPow value, the water solubility and predicted behavior concerning absorption of the substance triethyl citrate do not indicate a potential for accumulation.

Triethyl citrate is hydrolyzed in vivo to citric acid and ethanol. Triethyl citrate appeared to be hydrolyzed at a slower rate with human serum compared to rat serum.|Samples of freshly collected rat or human serum were spiked with triethyl citrate and the disappearance of the triethyl citrate measured over a 4 hr period. Triethyl citrate was rapidly hydrolysed by rat serum (15 min), but hydrolysisoccurred at a much slower rate in human serum and was not complete at the end of the 4 hr test period.|Rat-, mouse- and human-liver homogenates as well as serum enzymes hydrolyse triethyl citrate to 1 mol citric acid and 3 mol ethanol/mol ester.|/Triethyl citrate/ is expected to be extensively metabolized by esterases and cytochrome P450 enzymes and break-down in the beta-oxidation or citric acid cycle or in cases subsequent glucuronidation. The substance is assumed to be excreted (if not metabolized completely in beta-oxidation and citric cycle) as metabolites (i.e. conjugates with glucuronic acid) via urine and to a lower extent via bile.

There was some evidence that type of effects produced may have resulted from binding of calcium by release of citrate ion with resultant hypocalcemia.

Fresh air, rest.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Esters and related compounds/|Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Esters and related compounds/|Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W TKO /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Esters and related compounds/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Triethyl citrate 20% in pet (petrolatum) was not a primary irritant or sensitizer in human studies.|/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ Due to its sensitizing potential ... triethyl citrate /is not considered/ to be a suitable substitute for phthalates as plasticizers in children's toys.

ethyl citrate

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.

Cough.

Redness.

Grades: Technical; refinded; Food Chemical Codex

All other chemical product and preparation manufacturing|1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-, 1,2,3-triethyl ester: ACTIVE

Method: USGS-NWQL O-1433-01; Procedure: gas chromatography/mass spectrometry; Analyte: triethyl citrate; Matrix: filtered wastewater and natural-water samples; Detection Limit: 0.09 ug/L.|Method: USGS-NWQL O-4433-06; Procedure: continuous liquid-liquid extractor with gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection; Analyte: triethyl citrate; Matrix: whole wastewater and environmental water samples; Detection Limit: 0.07 ug/L.

EPA Safer Chemical Functional Use Classes -> Fragrances;Solvents|Safer Chemical Classes -> Yellow triangle - The chemical has met Safer Choice Criteria for its functional ingredient-class, but has some hazard profile issues|Food additives|Food additives -> Flavoring Agents|Flavouring Agent -> FLAVOURING_AGENT; -> JECFA Functional ClassesFood Additives -> CARRIER_SOLVENT; -> JECFA Functional ClassesFood Additives -> SEQUESTRANT; -> JECFA Functional Classes|Flavoring Agents -> JECFA Flavorings Index|Cosmetics -> Antioxidant; Deodorant; Plasticiser; Solvent

Flavoring Agents|Flavouring Agent -> FLAVOURING_AGENT; Food Additives -> CARRIER_SOLVENT; Food Additives -> SEQUESTRANT;