Propane

44.1

44.10

200-827-9

T75W9911L6

0319

1978|1075

DTXSID5026386|DTXSID5028538

Colorless gas [Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas].

2901100000

0

2.36

Propane appears as a colorless gas with a faint petroleum-like odor. It is shipped as a liquefied gas under its vapor pressure. For transportation it may be stenched. Contact with the unconfined liquid can cause frostbite by evaporative cooling. Easily ignited. The vapors are heavier than air and a flame can flash back to the source of leak very easily. The leak may be either a liquid or vapor leak. The vapors can asphyxiate by the displacement of air. Under prolonged exposure to fire or heat the containers may rupture violently and rocket.

0.5853 g/cm³ @ Temp: -45 °C

-189.7 °C

-42.1 °C @ Press: 800 Torr

-104 °C

Index of refraction: 1.2898 @ 20 °C

(vol %):Alcohol (790 at 16.6°C and 754mmHg),benzene(1,452 at 21.5°C and 757 mmHg),chloroform(1,299 at 21.6°C and 757mmHg),ether(926 at 16.6°C and 757mmHg),and turpentine (1,587 at 17.7°C and 757mmHg)(Windholz et al., 1983).

-20°C

190 psi ( 37.7 °C)

1.5 (vs air)

Reference value Inhalation-Rat LC50: 658000 mg/m3/ 4 hours

Open flame, flammable when heated; burning produces irritating smoke

9.5%

Odorless [Note: A foul smelling odorant is often added when used for fuel purposes].

1.15e-12 cm3/molecule*sec

Henry's Law constant = 7.07X10-1 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C (est)

Burns with a luminous, smoky flame; heavier than air; 1 liter weighs 2.0200 g at 0 °C, 760 mm Hg /and/ 1.8324 g at 25 °C, 760 mm Hg; liquefies at -42 °C; solid at -187.7 °C|Liquid water interfacial tension (est): 50 dynes/cm = 0.05 N/m at -50 °C; ratio of specific heats of vapor (gas): 1.130|1 mg/cu m = 0.55 ppm; 1 ppm = 1.83 mg/cu m|Heating value for ideal gas at 60 °F and 14.7 psi, dry basis: 2517 BTU/cu ft; specific volume of real gas at 60 °F and 14.7 psi: 8.4515 cu ft/lb /Research grade/|For more Other Experimental Properties (Complete) data for PROPANE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Highly flammable.

Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic Saturated

Highly Flammable

PROPANE is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.

842 °F (USCG, 1999)|842 °F (450 °C)|450 °C

(constant vol) 528.4 cal; (constant pressure) 553.5 cal

11.07 eV

Lower flammable limit: 2.1% by volume; Upper flammable limit: 9.5% by volume|Flammable Gas

The gas is heavier than air and may travel along the ground; distant ignition possible. The gas is heavier than air and may accumulate in lowered spaces causing a deficiency of oxygen. As a result of flow, agitation, etc., electrostatic charges can be generated.

Non-corrosive

14.79 kJ/mol at 25 °C

Critical temperature: 96.81 °C; critical pressure: 42.01 atm

2.1

UN 1978 2.1

12

9-16

TX2275000

F+

The warehouse is ventilated, low temperature and dry; lightly loaded and unloaded; stored separately from oxygen, air and other fuel gas cylinders

Open flame mixed with air, can be explosive when heated

Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. Highly flammable. May form explosive mixtures with air.

P210-P377-P403-P410

H220-H280

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.|Propane may be disposed of by burning at a safe location or in a suitable combustion chamber.

... Can react vigorously with oxidizing materials. Explosive reaction with chlorine dioxide.|Heating barium peroxide under gaseous propane at ambient pressure caused a violent exothermic reaction which deformed the glass container.|The relationship between critical pressure and composition for self-ignition of chlorine-propane mixtures at 300 °C was studied, and the tendency is minimal for 60:40 mixtures. Combustion is explosive under some conditions.|Strong oxidizers.

Substance added directly to human food affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS).|Propane used as a general purpose food additive in animal drugs, feeds, and related products is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing or feeding practice.

European Chemicals Bureau; IUCLID Dataset, Propane (74-98-6) (2000 CD-ROM edition). Information on usage patterns, toxicology, and environmental effects submitted by industry to the European Union. Available from the database query page: http://ecb.jrc.it/esis/esis.php as of October 13, 2006.

Behavior in Fire: Containers may explode. Vapor is heavier than air and may travel a long distance to a source of ignition and flash back. (USCG, 1999)|Extremely flammable. Gas/air mixtures are explosive.|Flammable - 4th degree

|Danger|H220: Extremely flammable gas [Danger Flammable gases]|P210, P377, P381, and P403|H220 (100%): Extremely flammable gas [Danger Flammable gases]|P201, P202, P210, P260, P261, P271, P281, P304+P312, P304+P340, P308+P313, P312, P314, P377, P381, P403, P405, P410+P403, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 130 companies from 26 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|H225 (100%): Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]|P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P271, P273, P280, P301+P310, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P312, P321, P331, P332+P313, P362, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 56 companies from 2 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|H220 (99.92%): Extremely flammable gas [Danger Flammable gases]|P210, P377, P381, P403, and P410+P403|Aggregated GHS information provided by 2362 companies from 27 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|P201, P202, P210, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P281, P284, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P313, P310, P312, P314, P320, P321, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P377, P381, P403, P403+P233, P405, and P501|P210, P261, P271, P304+P340, P312, P377, P381, P403, P403+P233, P405, P410+P403, and P501

Excerpt from ERG Guide 115 [Gases - Flammable (Including Refrigerated Liquids)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions. LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 800 meters (1/2 mile). FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions. In fires involving Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG) (UN1075); Butane, (UN1011); Butylene, (UN1012); Isobutylene, (UN1055); Propylene, (UN1077); Isobutane, (UN1969); and Propane, (UN1978), also refer to BLEVE - SAFETY PRECAUTIONS (ERG page 368). (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 115 [Gases - Flammable (Including Refrigerated Liquids)]: ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. Do not direct water at spill or source of leak. Prevent spreading of vapors through sewers, ventilation systems and confined areas. Isolate area until gas has dispersed. CAUTION: When in contact with refrigerated/cryogenic liquids, many materials become brittle and are likely to break without warning. (ERG, 2016)

Skin: Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin from becoming frozen from contact with the liquid or from contact with vessels containing the liquid. Eyes: Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact with the liquid that could result in burns or tissue damage from frostbite. Wash skin: No recommendation is made specifying the need for washing the substance from the skin (either immediately or at the end of the work shift). Remove: Work clothing that becomes wet should be immediately removed due to its flammability hazard(i.e. for liquids with flash point Change: No recommendation is made specifying the need for the worker to change clothing after the work shift. Provide: Quick drench facilities and/or eyewash fountains should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is any possibility of exposure to liquids that are extremely cold or rapidly evaporating. (NIOSH, 2016)|Personnel protection: ... Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves and goggles.|Wear appropriate clothing to prevent skin freezing.|... face shield ... .|Compressed gases may create low temperatures when they expand rapidly. Leaks and uses that allow rapid expansion may cause a frostbite hazard. Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent the skin from becoming frozen.|For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for PROPANE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.|(See protection codes)

Highly dangerous when exposed to heat, flame ... .

If gas were leaking into a house trailer & a source of ignition were present, an explosion would result when the concn reached 2.2%. ... propane cylinders for homes & trailers are equipped with fusible plugs. If fire is present, the plug melts at a designated temp, releasing a small vol of gas which burns slowly, thus preventing an explosion.|LOWER: 2.37, UPPER 9.5% BY VOLUME IN AIR.|Explosive limits , vol% in air: 2.1-9.5

Stop flow of gas. For small fires use dry chemicals. Cool adjacent areas with water spray.|If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible.|Evacuation: If fire becomes uncontrollable or container is exposed to direct flame consider evacuation of one half mile radius.|Shut off supply; if not possible and no risk to surroundings, let the fire burn itself out; in other cases extinguish with powder, carbon dioxide ...

Behavior in fire: Containers may explode; vapor is heavier than air & may travel a long distance to a source of ignition & flash back.|The gas is heavier than air and may travel along the ground; distant ignition possible, and may accumulate in low ceiling spaces causing deficiency of oxygen. As a result of flow, agitation, etc, electrostatic charges can be generated ... On loss of containment this liquid evaporates very quickly displacing the air and causing a serious risk of suffocation when in confined areas.

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Remove all ignition sources. Ventilation. NEVER direct water jet on liquid. (Extra personal protection: self-contained breathing apparatus.) ... Check oxygen content before entering area. Turn leaking cylinder with the leak up to prevent escape of gas in liquid state.|1) Remove all ignition sources. 2) Ventilate area of leak. 3) Stop flow of gas. If source of leak is a cylinder & the leak cannot be stopped in place, remove the leaking cylinder to a safe place in the open air, & repair the leak or allow the cylinder to empty.

When a filling, storage & dispatch depot is being selected, consideration must be given to the safety of both the site & the environment. Pump rooms, filling machinery ... must be located in fire resistant buildings with roofs of light construction. Doors & other closures should open outwards from the building. The premises should be adequately ventilated & a system of lighting with flameproof electrical switches should be installed. /gases & air, compressed/|If material is not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to knock down vapors.|Work clothing that becomes wet should be immediately removed due to its flammability hazard (ie, for liquids with a flash point <100 °F).|Evacuation: If material leaking (not on fire) consider evacuation from downwind area based on amt of material spilled, location and weather conditions.|For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for PROPANE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 115 GASES - FLAMMABLE (Including Refrigerated Liquids)/ Fire or Explosion: EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE. Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Will form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground. CAUTION: Hydrogen (UN1049), Deuterium (UN1957), Hydrogen, refrigerated liquid (UN1966) and Methane (UN1971) are lighter than air and will rise. Hydrogen and Deuterium fires are difficult to detect since they burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.) Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release flammable gas through pressure relief devices. Containers may explode when heated. Ruptured cylinders may rocket.|/GUIDE 115 GASES - FLAMMABLE (Including Refrigerated Liquids)/ Health: Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning. Some may be irritating if inhaled at high concentrations. Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite. Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases.|/GUIDE 115 GASES - FLAMMABLE (Including Refrigerated Liquids)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Keep out of low areas.|/GUIDE 115 GASES - FLAMMABLE (Including Refrigerated Liquids)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. Always wear thermal protective clothing when handling refrigerated/cryogenic liquids.|For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for PROPANE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./|The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Propane and petroleum gases, liquified are included on the dangerous goods list.|The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Propane and petroleum gases, liquified are included on the dangerous goods list.

At concn up to 10% (100,000 ppm) ... propane caused no noticeable irritation to the eyes, nose, or resp tract.

Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 1000 ppm (1800 mg/cu m).

Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 Hr Time-Weighted Avg: 1000 ppm (1800 mg/cu m).

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: self-contained breathing apparatus. Remove all ignition sources. Ventilation. NEVER direct water jet on liquid.

Fireproof. Cool.

On loss of containment this substance can cause suffocation by lowering the oxygen content of the air in confined areas.

Rapid evaporation of the liquid may cause frostbite. The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system.

NO open flames, NO sparks and NO smoking. Closed system, ventilation, explosion-proof electrical equipment and lighting. Prevent build-up of electrostatic charges (e.g., by grounding) if in liquid state. Use non-sparking handtools.

Use closed system or ventilation.

Cold-insulating gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear face shield.

| 2 - Materials that, under emergency conditions, can cause temporary incapacitation or residual injury.| 4 - Materials that rapidly or completely vaporize at atmospheric pressure and normal ambient temperature or that are readily dispersed in air and burn readily.| 0 - Materials that in themselves are normally stable, even under fire conditions.

In gasoline: 0.07-0.08 vol %; in flue gas of municipal incinerator: < 0.4-0.5 ppm|Flue gases from a waste incinerator at Babylon, Long Island, NY was found to emit propane at concn generally less than 0.5 ppm(1). Propane is a product of gasoline(2-5), natural gas(5) and polyethylene(6) combustion. The average exhaust from 67 gasoline fueled vehicles was found to contain propane at a concn 0.1% by weight(3). The average concn of propane for the exhaust of 46 automobiles was 2.6, 1.6 and 2.2 weight % of total hydrocarbon according to the federal test procedure, hot soak test and the New York City cycle, respectively(4). Propane from car exhaust ranged in concn from 0.02 to 0.05 ppmV with an average for 8 samples of 0.03 ppmV(5). A Texaco refinery located in Tulsa, OK was attributed with emissions to the surrounding atmosphere where the propane concn was measured to be 95.5 and 189.8 ppbC for two min before and after 1:33 PM(6). The propane content of the air downwind of a Mobil natural gas facility in Rio Blanco, CO was 465.3 ppbC(7). Underwater hydrocarbon vent discharges from offshore oil production platforms contained propane at a concentration in the vapor phase at 2,000 umol/L of gas(8).|Gas-phase propane was detected in a Los Angeles tunnel at a concentration of 47 mg/L(1). Propane was detected in a tunnel at a concentration of 26 ug/cu m(2) which was about 4 times greater than the background propane levels of 5.8 ug/cu m(2). Propane was found in the Cassiar tunnel in Vancouver, BC, Canada in 1993 and 1995 at mass fractions of 0.81 and 0.047, respectively, as well as Tuscorora, Caldecott and Fort McHenry tunnels at mass fractions of 0.08, 0.07 and 0.03, respectively(3). Propane accounted for 0.88, 0.95 and 1.17% of the emissions on a Raleigh, NC highway, Dyanomenter, and an Atlanta, GA roadway, respectively(4). Gasoline containing propane (100 ug/g) emitted propane from the tail pipes of catalytic and non catalytic engines at rates of 650 and 9,300 ug/km(5). Propane emissions from cars driving in urban, suburban, rural and motorways were observed as 7.8, 3.69, 2.13 and 1.35 mg/km(6). Propane concentration in exhaust had mean concentration of 0.21 ppm(7). Propane was detected with annual means of 1 ug/cu m in London, England background and curbside and annual mean ranging from 4-21 ug/cu m in European cities(7). Propane was detected in gasoline vapors at concentrations ranging from 0.02-2.8 mg/ cu m(8).

SEDIMENT: Propane was detected in 10 of 10 sediment samples from Walvis Bay of the Namibian shelf of SW Africa at concn of 15.0, 8.8, 8.5, 9.9, 12.3, 16.5, 6.4, 7.8, 7.3, and 4.0 ng/g(1). Sediments from the Bering Sea contained propane gas at concn ranging from 4 to 150 nL/L(2).

... Measurements in a medium size USA city in 1972 have shown community air concn of approx 50 ppb.|Expected ground level concn in USA urban air: 0.05-0.40 ppm|URBAN: The average propane concn for 2 samples per 4 sites in Tulsa, OK was 43.3 ppbC with a range of 4.6 to 189.8 ppbC(1). The propane concn for 6 sites in Rio Blanco, CO averaged 81.6 ppbC with a range from 3.2 to 465.3(2). Propane was detected in 21 of 21 air samples from Houston, TX ranging in concn from 13.0 to 592.4 ppm with an average of 108.1 ppm(2). The arithmetic and geometric means were 12.2 and 10.1 ppbC, respectively, for the atmospheric propane content at urban locations in New England(3).|URBAN: The ground level atmospheric concentration of propane at was 23 ppb 13:25 hours and 166 ppb at 08:00 hours for Huntington Park, CA(1). At 1500 feet the propane concn was 13 ppb at 07:43 hours and at 08:07 hours at a height of 2,200 ft the propane concn was 9 ppb(1). The propane concn ranged from 11 to 99 ppbV at a downtown Los Angeles location during the fall, 1981(2). The propane concn at 1100 ft just east of Antioch, CA was 7.0 ug/cu m, at 1000 ft near Pittsburg, CA was 7.5 ug/cu m, at 1100 ft over Carquinez Strait, CA was 5.0 ug/cu m and at 1000 ft over San Pablo Bay, CA was 1.5 ug/cu m(3). According to the National Ambient Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Database, the median urban atmospheric concn of propane is 5.733 ppbV for 541 samples(4).|For more Atmospheric Concentrations (Complete) data for PROPANE (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

practically nontoxic

Propane, when used as an aerosol propellant with isobutane in deodorant and antiperspirant products (65 to 70% by wt), has not been shown to cause skin irritation in 125 human volunteers who applied the aerosol products twice daily for 12 wk.|When dogs were exposed to 15-90% propane concn for 10 min, the heart was more sensitive to ventricular fibrillations induced by epinephrine than without propane treament.

EC50 Rat inhalation 280,000 (95% confidence limit: 220,000 to 350,000) ppm, 504,996 (95% confidence limit: 396,783 to 631,245) mg/cu m)/10 min; Effects: CNS depression|LC50 Rat inhalation >800,000 ppm (1,442,847 mg/cu m)/15 min|LC50 Rat inhalation >1,464 mg/L/15 min

Propane is a constituent in the paraffin fraction of crude oil and natural gas.

The principal volatile decomposition products /of phenolic resins/ are methane, acetone, carbon monoxide, propanol, & propane.|In gasoline: 0.07-0.08 vol %; in flue gas of municipal incinerator: < 0.4-0.5 ppm|Propane's production and use in the petroleum industry may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(1-6). Combustion of polyethylene(7) and gasoline(3-6), waste incinerators(8) as well as disposal of products associated with the petroleum and natural gas industries(1,2) may also contribute to its release into the environment.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 460(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 2.36(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that propane is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of propane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 7.07X10-1 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 7150 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 62.4 mg/L(5). Propane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(4). Using cell suspensions of microogranisms isolated from soil and water, propane was oxidized to acetone within 24 hours(6,7), suggesting that biodegradation may be an important fate process in soil and sediment.|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 460(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 2.36(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that propane is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 7.07X10-1 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 7150 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 62.4 mg/L(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 41 minutes and 2.6 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 13.1(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). After 192 hr, the trace concn of propane contained in gasoline remained unchanged for both a sterile control and a mixed culture sample collected from ground water contaminated with gasoline(8). This indicates that biodegradation may not be an important fate process in water.|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), propane, which has a vapor pressure of 7150 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a gas in the ambient atmosphere. Gas-phase propane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 14 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.15X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Propane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(4).

Estimated lifetime under photochemical smog conditions in SE England: 31 hr|The rate constants for the vapor phase reaction of propane with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals was measured to be 1.15X10-12(1), 2.0X10-12(2), 1.49X10-12(3), 1.22X10-12(4) and 1.20X10-12(5) cu cm/molecule-sec at 27(2,3), 25(1,4) and 22(5) °C, respectively, which correspond to atmospheric half-lives of about 14(1) 8.0(2), 10.8(3), 13.2(4) and 13.4(5) days respectively at an atmospheric concn of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm. Alkanes are generally resistant to hydrolysis(7). Propane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(7). An air sample containing propane at a concentration of 140 ppbC was not reduced within 6 hrs of irradiation by natural sunlight in downtown Los Angeles, CA(6).|The photo oxidation of propane by ozone in air is not expected to be environmentally important(1). Experimental data showed that 7.7% of the propane fraction in a dark chamber reacted with nitrogen oxides to form the corresponding alkyl nitrate(2,3), suggesting nighttime reactions with radical species and nitrogen oxides may contribute to the atmospheric transformation of propane.

An estimated BCF of 13 was calculated in fish for propane(SRC), using a log Kow of 2.36(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC).

The Koc of propane is estimated as 460(SRC), using a log Kow of 2.36(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that propane is expected to have moderate mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for propane is estimated as 7.07X10-1 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 7150 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 62.4 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that propane is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 41 minutes(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 2.6 days(SRC). Propane's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of propane from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).

RAIN/SNOW: Propane was detected at maximum concentration of 4 ppbv in arctic snow pack(1).|SEAWATER: All 8 near surface sea water samples from the intertropical Indian Ocean contained propane at concn ranging from 2.53 to 14.66 nL of gas/L(1). Propane was detected in mid-Atlantic seawater at concentrations ranging from 51-65 pmol/L. Mid-Atlantic seawater emits propane to the air at a rate of 0.17-1.2X10+8 molec/cm sq sec(2).

Propane was detected in emissions during hamburger meat charbroiling at a concentration of 190,000 ug/kg(1).

ENVIRONMENTAL: Propane was detected in 1 of 12 samples of mothers breast milk from the cities of Bayonne NJ, Jersey City NJ, Bridgeville, PA and Baton Rouge, LA(1).

Inhalation, skin and eye contact by liquid.|NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 2,071,479 workers (528,348 of these are female) are potentially exposed to propane in the US(1). Occupational exposure to propane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where propane is produced or used. Propane is widely detected in air(SRC). The most likely pathway by which the general public is exposed to propane is by inhalation due to the release of this substance from natural gas, natural gas food grills, and crude oil emissions. Monitoring data also indicate that the general population may be exposed to propane via ingestion of food and drinking water, although these pathways are considered minor when compared to inhalation(SRC).|The most probable route of human exposure to propane is by inhalation(SRC). Atmospheric workplace exposures have been documented(1-3). Propane is a highly volatile compound and monitoring data indicates that it is a widely occurring atmospheric pollutant(SRC).

Propane was detected in 1 of 12 samples of mothers breast milk from the cities of Bayonne NJ, Jersey City NJ, Bridgeville PA and Baton Rouge LA(1).

A death involving asphyxiation by propane inhalation is reported. The presence of propane was determined in blood, brain, kidney, liver, and lung by gas chromatography. The brain showed the highest level of propane, whereas the kidney exhibited the lowest level.|In mice exposed to a liquid gas mixture containing propane, butane, & isobutane, (at 17, 31, & 52%, respectively), death occurred within 15 seconds of exposure. Concn of the cmpd in lung tissue were max within 1 hr of death & decreased thereafter depending on the degree of putrefaction. No residues or only traces were detected by the 15th day postmortem. Max concn were observed in the adipose tissue 4 days after death & the cmpd were still detectable by the 15th day. /Propane, butane & isobutane mixture/|Inhalation represents the major route by which propane is absorbed systemically. Studies ... in human volunteers showed that blood levels of propane could be detected after exposure to 250-1,000 ppm. ... Compared to respiratory absorption, dermal penetration of propane can be considered to be very low. ... the distribution /in tissues/ can be expected to follow the same pattern observed for butane.

/Propane/ is metabolized by microorganism via the malonyl succinate pathway.|In mice ... /propane/ was converted to isopropanol and acetone following inhalation. In the presence of microsomes prepared from liver homogenate of mice, the test substance was converted in vitro to isopropanol, too. The oxidation of isopropanol to acetone occurred in the presence of alcohol dehydrogenase. The metabolites were detected in blood, liver, kidney and brain of the exposed mice.

Vaporizing liquid may cause frostbite. Concentrations in air greater than 10% cause dizziness in a few minutes. 1% concentrations give the same effect in 10 min. High concentrations cause asphyxiation. (USCG, 1999)

Eye: If eye tissue is frozen, seek medical attention immediately; if tissue is not frozen, immediately and thoroughly flush the eyes with large amounts of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting the lower and upper eyelids. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist, get medical attention as soon as possible. Skin: If frostbite has occurred, seek medical attention immediately; do NOT rub the affected areas or flush them with water. In order to prevent further tissue damage, do NOT attempt to remove frozen clothing from frostbitten areas. If frostbite has NOT occurred, immediately and thoroughly wash contaminated skin with soap and water. Breathing: If a person breathes large amounts of this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible. (NIOSH, 2016)|(See procedures)

Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

ON FROSTBITE: rinse with plenty of water, do NOT remove clothes. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Treat frostbite with rapid rewarming techniques ... ./Aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/|Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously.Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/|ON FROSTBITE: rinse with plenty of water, do NOT remove clothes. Refer for medical attention ... /For eyes:/ First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then take to a doctor.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Eight adult volunteers of both sexes were exposed to isobutane, propane, or mixtures of the two gases (250 to 1,000 ppm for 1, 5, and 10 min and 1, 2, and 8 hr/day for 1 day or 2 wk) in a controlled environmental chamber for the purpose of monitoring their physiological responses. No untoward subjective responses were reported during or following these exposures. No abnormal physiological responses were observed in any volunteer. No cardiac abnormalities related to exposure were recorded. Serial computerized spirometric measurements revealed no pulmonary function abnormalities.|/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Acute exposures to propane 250, 500, or 1,000 ppm for periods of 1 min to 8 hr did not produce any untoward physiological effects as determined by serial EKGs and continuous monitoring of modified V5 by telemetry during exposure.|/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Human exposures to propane were consistent with the model predictions for /central nervous system depression/ onset and speed of action. Humans exposed at 1,000 ppm (0.1%) propane for 10 minutes did not experience any CNS symptoms, while those exposed at 100,000 ppm (10%) experienced distinct vertigo in 2 minutes. These data indicated that the onset of /CNS depression/ for propane exposures occurred at a concentration between 1,000 and 100,000 ppm (eg, possibly at 47,000 ppm as predicted by the model) and occurs quickly (under 15 minutes).|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Propane is an anesthetic and is nonirritating to the eyes, nose, or throat. Direct skin or mucous membrane contact with liquefied propane causes burns and frostbite.|For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for PROPANE (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Propane

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation.|inhalation, skin and/or eye contact (liquid)

dizziness, confusion, excitation, asphyxia; liquid: frostbite

Drowsiness. Unconsciousness.

ON CONTACT WITH LIQUID: FROSTBITE.

ON CONTACT WITH LIQUID: FROSTBITE.

central nervous system

Excluding propane gas grills, residential and commercial use accounts for 43% of all propane used in the U.S. Of the 107 million households in the U.S., 9.4 million depend on propane for one use or another... 53% of these households rely on propane for their primary heating fuel...|About 44 percent of the propane consumed in the U. S. is used in the petrochemical industry.|... Farm or agricultural uses of propane include crop drying, weed control, and fuel for farm equipment and irrigation pumps.

A pressurized single phase disinfectant spray composition consists of 10-45 wt % water, 53-88% ethanol with balance being propane.|Grades: Research, instrument, pure: 99.35+% wt; technical: 97.50% wt.|Liquefied petroleum gas, known as lpg, is a mixture formed mainly of butane (about 62%) & propane (about 36%) ...|According to the Gas Processors Association HD5 specification for LPG as a transportation fuel, LPG must consist of 90% propane, no more than 5% propylene, and 5% other which is primarily butane and butylene. It is produced as a by-product of natural gas processing and petroleum refining. The components of LPG are gases at normal temperatures and pressures.

Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting|Propane: ACTIVE|Hydrocarbons, C2-4, C3-rich: ACTIVE|Hydrocarbons, C<10-linear: ACTIVE|Propane naturally occurs as a gas at atmospheric pressure but can be liquefied if subjected to moderately increased pressure. It is stored and transported in its compressed liquid form, but by opening a valve to release propane from a pressurized storage container, it is vaporized into a gas for use.|Propane was prepared by the gas permeation membrane method for the calibration of air pollutant monitoring instruments.|Propane ... is a constituent in the paraffin fraction of crude oil and natural gas ... Propane is odorless when pure; a foul smelling odorant is often added when propane is used for fuel purposes.|Natural gas fraction ... propane (0.1 to 3%). /From table/|Ethyl mercaptan is used ... as an odorant for natural gas and propane. It can be detected in human blood after propane exposure.

... A hydrocarbon fast-response gas sensor has been developed to measure propane in liquefied natural gas spills.|NIOSH S87: Propane vapor present in atmosphere is measured directly by drawing air sample into combustible gas meter /MSA model 40/ properly calibrated ... meter reading is recorded & equivalent concn in ppm is read off the calibration curve. Method ... validated over range of 481-2,016 ppm at 20.5 °C & 760 mm Hg ...

Food additives|Food Additives -> EXTRACTION_SOLVENT; PROPELLANT; -> JECFA Functional Classes|Fire Hazards -> Flammable - 4th degree|Cosmetics -> Propellant

Food Additives -> EXTRACTION_SOLVENT; PROPELLANT;