Cadmium

112.41

113.903

231-152-8

00BH33GNGH

0020

2570

DTXSID1023940

C44348

Silvery-white metal|Soft, bluish-white metal|Silver-white, blue-tinged, lustrous metal; distorted hexagonal close-packed structure; easily cut with a knife; available in the form of bars, sheets or wire or a gray, granular powder|Hexagonal, ductile crystals or soft, silver-white, lustrous metal

D - Dermatologicals

81072000

0

-0.00250

Silvery white wire

8.65 g/cm³ @ Temp: 25 °C

321 °C

765 °C

Index of Refraction: 1.8 at 578 nm and 20 °C/D

insoluble H2O; reacts with dilute HNO3, slowly with hot HCl [MER06]

>15°C -

1.3 hPa (394 °C)

Oral-rat LD50: 225 mg/kg; Oral-Mouse LD50: 890 mg/kg

High temperature discharge of toxic cadmium-containing vapor

The dust ignites spontaneously in air and is flammable and explosive when exposed to heat ... .

Odorless

Malleable|Specific heat at constant pressure (25 °C): 6.22 cal/mole-deg at 25 °C|Mohs hardness 2.0 ... Tarnishes in moist air. Cadmium becomes brittle at 80 °C. High neutron absorber.|The electrical conductivity of cadmium is less than that of silver or copper, but greater than that of iron.|For more Other Experimental Properties (Complete) data for CADMIUM, ELEMENTAL (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The finely divided metal is pyrophoric. Slowly oxidized by moist air to form cadmium oxide. Insoluble in water.

Metals, Elemental and Powder, Active

Pyrophoric

A violent explosion occurred 30 minutes after placement of a CADMIUM rod into hydrazoic acid [Mellor 8 Supp. 2:50 1967]. Fused ammonium nitrate with powdered metal often produces a violent explosive reaction. Reactivity similar to zinc. May be incompatible with oxidants.

250 °C, (482 F) layer /Cadmium metal dust/|250 °C (cadmium metal dust)

Metal: Noncombustible Solid in bulk form, but will burn in powder form.

Dust explosion possible if in powder or granular form, mixed with air.

Corrosion resistance poor in industrial atmosphere

99.87 kJ/mole at 767 °C (boiling point)

III

8

UN 3082 9/PG 3

3

45-50/53-68-63-62-48/23/25-26-17-36/38-20/21/22

53-45-61-60-43-7/8-26

EU9800000

T,N,T+,F,Xi

Treasury is ventilated, low temperature and dry; stored and stored separately from food materials

Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, nitrates, nitric acid, selenium, zinc. Flammable. Powdered metal may be pyrophoric.

P201, P202, P210, P222, P260, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P281, P284, P302+P334, P304+P340, P308+P313, P310, P314, P320, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P405, P422, P501

H250

Recycling: Sort, classify and put in a box properly labeled. Salvage profitably for reuse by local shop or sell as a scrap metal. Recommendable method: /SRP: Hazardous Waste/ Landfill. Not recommendable method: Thermal destruction.|Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D006, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste. /Cadmium/|SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.|PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/|For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for CADMIUM, ELEMENTAL (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The dust ignites spontaneously in air and is flammable and explosive when exposed to heat, flame, or by chemical reaction with oxidizing agents, metals, ammonia, zinc, selenium, and tellurium.|A violent explosion followed immersion of a cadmium rod in hydrazoic acid after about 30 mins.

WHO/IARC; IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Vol. 58. Beryllium, Cadmium, Mercury, and Exposures in the Glass Manufacturing Industry (1997). IARC Monographs provide critical reviews of data on carcinogenicity for agents to which humans are known to be exposed and on specific exposure situations.[Available from, as of August 3, 2011: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol58/index.php]|National Toxicology Program. Eleventh Report on Carcinogens (2005). The Report on Carcinogens is an informational scientific and public health document that identifies and discusses substances (including agents, mixtures, or exposure circumstances) that may pose a carcinogenic hazard to human health. Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds are listed as known to be human carcinogens. /Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds/[Available from, as of July 31, 2009: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s028cadm.pdf]

Flammable in powder form. Combustible. (NTP, 1992)|May ignite spontaneously on contact with air. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire. Finely dispersed particles form explosive mixtures in air.|Carcinogens, Teratogens, Flammable - 3rd degree

|Danger|H250: Catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air [Danger Pyrophoric liquids; Pyrophoric solids]|P201, P202, P210, P222, P260, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P281, P284, P302+P334, P304+P340, P308+P313, P310, P314, P320, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P405, P422, and P501|H250 (23.99%): Catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air [Danger Pyrophoric liquids; Pyrophoric solids]|P201, P202, P210, P222, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P281, P284, P302+P334, P304+P340, P308+P313, P310, P312, P314, P320, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P405, P422, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 746 companies from 33 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]|P201, P202, P260, P264, P270, P271, P273, P281, P284, P304+P340, P308+P313, P310, P314, P320, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501|H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|P201, P202, P260, P264, P270, P271, P281, P284, P301+P312, P304+P340, P307+P311, P308+P313, P310, P314, P320, P321, P330, P403+P233, P405, and P501|Warning|H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]|P273, P391, and P501

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. SPILL: Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown above. FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, you should dampen the solid spill material with water, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with water to pick up any remaining material. Seal your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash all contaminated surfaces with a strong soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned. STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should keep this material in a tightly-closed container under an inert atmosphere, and store it in a freezer. (NTP, 1992)

Skin: No recommendation is made specifying the need for personal protective equipment for the body. Eyes: No recommendation is made specifying the need for eye protection. Wash skin: The worker should wash daily at the end of each work shift. Remove: No recommendation is made specifying the need for removing clothing that becomes wet or contaminated. Change: Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premise. (NIOSH, 2016)|PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... dispensers of liq detergent /should be available./ ... Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. ... In animal laboratory, personnel should ... wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. ... Gowns ... /should be/ of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they are not to be worn outside the laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/|Contaminated exhaust air should be filtered, and persons in charge of dust collectors and filters should wear respirators while working on the equipment. /Cadmium/|In areas with hazards of flying particles, chemical splashes, radiant heat and so on (e.g., near electroplating tanks and furnaces), workers should wear appropriate safety equipment, such as eye, face, hand and arm protection and impermeable clothing. /Cadmium/|Work processes and operations which may release cadmium fumes or dust into the atmosphere should be designed to keep concentration levels to a minimum and, if practicable, be enclosed and fitted with exhaust ventilation. When adequate ventilation is impossible to maintain (e.g., during welding and cutting), respirators should be carried and air should be sampled to determine the cadmium concentration. /Cadmium fumes or dust/|For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for CADMIUM, ELEMENTAL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.|(See protection codes)

Powdered cadmium is flammable.|The dust ignites spontaneously in air and is flammable and explosive when exposed to heat, flame, or by chemical reaction with oxidizing agents, metals, ammonia, zinc, selenium, and tellurium.

The dust ignites spontaneously in air and is flammable and explosive when exposed to heat ... .

Fire fighting: /Wear/ self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure-demand, or other positive mode. /Cadmium dust (as cadmium)/

Reacts readily with dilute nitric acid; reacts slowly with hot hydrochloric acid; does not react with alkalies|When nitryl fluoride is passed ... over ... cadmium ... /with mild warming/, glowing white incandescence occurs.

1) REMOVE ALL IGNITION SOURCES. 2) VENTILATE AREA OF RELEASE. 3) COLLECT RELEASED MATERIAL IN THE MOST CONVENIENT AND SAFE MANNER FOR RECLAMATION OR FOR DISPOSAL. ... /CADMIUM DUST/

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers.|An eye wash fountain should be provided within the immediate work area where cadmium chloride is being used. /Cadmium metal dust/|The worker should wash daily at the end of each work shift, and prior to eating, drinking, smoking, etc. /Cadmium dust (as Cd)/|Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises. /Cadmium dust (as Cd)/|For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for CADMIUM, ELEMENTAL (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./|The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. /Cadmium compounds/|The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. /Cadmium compounds/|PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Procurement ... of unduly large amt ... should be avoided. To avoid spilling, carcinogens should be transported in securely sealed glass bottles or ampoules, which should themselves be placed inside strong screw-cap or snap-top container that will not open when dropped & will resist attack from the carcinogen. Both bottle & the outside container should be appropriately labelled. ... National post offices, railway companies, road haulage companies & airlines have regulations governing transport of hazardous materials. These authorities should be consulted before ... material is shipped. /Chemical Carcinogens/|PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When no regulations exist, the following procedure must be adopted. The carcinogen should be enclosed in a securely sealed, watertight container (primary container), which should be enclosed in a second, unbreakable, leakproof container that will withstand chem attack from the carcinogen (secondary container). The space between primary & secondary container should be filled with absorbent material, which would withstand chem attack from the carcinogen & is sufficient to absorb the entire contents of the primary container in the event of breakage or leakage. Each secondary container should then be enclosed in a strong outer box. The space between the secondary container & the outer box should be filled with an appropriate quantity of shock-absorbent material. Sender should use fastest & most secure form of transport & notify recipient of its departure. If parcel is not received when expected, carrier should be informed so that immediate effort can be made to find it. Traffic schedules should be consulted to avoid ... arrival on weekend or holiday ... /Chemical Carcinogens/

It is irritating to the nose and throat ... /From table/

Evacuate danger area! Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Remove all ignition sources. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Fireproof. Dry. Keep under inert gas. Separated from ignition sources, oxidants, acids and food and feedstuffs.

A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed, especially if powdered.

The fume is irritating to the respiratory tract. Inhalation of fumes may cause lung oedema. Inhalation of fumes may cause metal fume fever. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is indicated.

Repeated or prolonged inhalation of dust particles may cause effects on the lungs. The substance may have effects on the kidneys. This may result in kidney impairment. This substance is carcinogenic to humans.

NO open flames, NO sparks and NO smoking. NO contact with heat or acids. Closed system, dust explosion-proof electrical equipment and lighting. Prevent deposition of dust.

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST! AVOID ALL CONTACT! IN ALL CASES CONSULT A DOCTOR!

Use local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety goggles or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Cadmium is included on this list.

Cadmium is a natural element in the earth's crust. It is usually found as a mineral combined with other elements such as oxygen (cadmium oxide), chlorine (cadmium chloride), or sulfur (cadmium sulfate, cadmium sulfide). All soils and rocks, including coal and mineral fertilizers, contain some cadmium. Most cadmium used in the United States is extracted during the production of other metals like zinc, lead, and copper. Cadmium does not corrode easily and has many uses, including batteries, pigments, metal coatings, and plastics.|The main sources of cadmium in the air are the burning of fossil fuels such as coal or oil and the incineration of municipal waste. The acute (short-term) effects of cadmium in humans through inhalation exposure consist mainly of effects on the lung, such as pulmonary irritation. Chronic (long-term) inhalation or oral exposure to cadmium leads to a build-up of cadmium in the kidneys that can cause kidney disease. Cadmium has been shown to be a developmental toxicant in animals, resulting in fetal malformations and other effects, but no conclusive evidence exists in humans. An association between cadmium exposure and an increased risk of lung cancer has been reported from human studies, but these studies are inconclusive due to confounding factors. Animal studies have demonstrated an increase in lung cancer from long-term inhalation exposure to cadmium. EPA has classified cadmium as a Group B1, probable human carcinogen.|The major hazards encountered in the use and handling of cadmium stem from its toxicologic properties. Toxic primarily by inhalation and ingestion, exposure to cadmium (salts, dust, or fumes) may occur from the smelting and refining of ore, and from its use in metal plating and coating, production of batteries, synthesis and use of cadmium-containing pigments, soldering, and in plastics, ceramic glazes, alloys, and amalgams. Effects from exposure may include headache, nausea, shortness of breath, chest pain, weakness, fever, kidney damage, liver damage, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and pulmonary edema (possibly resulting in death). NIOSH has recommended that cadmium (dust and fumes) be treated as a potential human carcinogen. The OSHA PEL for cadmium fume is 0.1 mg/cu m, and for cadmium dust is 0.2 mg Cd/cu m. Neither odor, nor irritation potential serves as an adequate warning of over-exposure. Processes and operations which may release cadmium fumes or dust should be enclosed and fitted with exhaust ventilation if practicable. Workers should wear a high efficiency particulate filter respirator or self-contained breathing apparatus in activities where over-exposure is possible. Protective clothing and gloves also should be worn, and these should be removed before leaving work. If contact should occur, immediately wash contaminated skin with large amounts of water. Do not eat, smoke, or drink in work areas. Cadmium dust or powder is a moderate firehazard when exposed to heat (autoignition temperature: 250 °C) or flame, or by chemical reaction with oxidizing agents, metals, hydrogen azide, zinc, selenium, or tellurium. Wear a self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting such fires. Cadmium should be stored in closed containers, away from sources of physical damage. Consult the regulatory requirements of the U.S. Department of Transportation before shipping cadmium, and with environmental regulatory agencies before implementing land disposal of cadmium wastes.

D006; A waste containing cadmium may or may not be characterized as a hazardous waste following testing by the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure as prescribed by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations. /Cadmium/

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 10 lb or 4.54 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b). No reporting of releases of this hazardous substance is required if the diameter of the pieces of the solid metal released is larger than 100 micrometers (0.004 inches).

D006; A solid waste containing cadmium may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste. /Cadmium/

highly toxic

LD50 Rat oral 225 mg/kg|LC50 Rat inhalation 25 mg/cu m/30 minutes|LD50 Mouse oral 890 mg/kg|LD50 Mouse ip 5700 ug/kg

Cadmium is a widely but sparsely distributed element found in the earth's crust at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 ppm, primarily as sulfide minerals in association with zinc ores, zinc-bearing lead ores, and complex copper-lead-zinc ores(1,2). Greenocktite (CdS) is found associated with zinc ore, sphalerite (ZnS); zinc carbonate contains otavite (CdCO3) in small amounts. Cadmium abundance in seawater is estimated as 0.11 ug/L(2).

Liberation during smelting and refining of ores where it is a by-product of zinc, lead and copper bearing ores. Liberation during recovery of metal by processing scrap; during melting and pouring of cadmium metal; during casting of alloys for cadmium-copper, cadmium-lead, cadmium-bismuth, cadmium-silver, cadmium-nickel, cadmium-lead-silver, cadmium-lead-silver-nickel, cadmium-lead-bismuth-tin, and cadmium-gold products used for coating telephone cables, trolley wires, welding, electrodes, automatic sprinkling systems, steam boilers, fire alarms, high pressure/temperature bearings, starting switches, aircraft relays, light duty circuit breakers, low temperature solder, and jewelry. Liberation during fabrication of metal, alloys, or plated steel. Liberation during casting and use of solders; during melting of cadmium ingots for paint and pigment manufacture used for coloring of plastics and ceramic glazes, electroplating, and in chemical synthesis. Liberation during coating of metals by hot dipping or spraying. Liberation during manufacture of nickel-cadmium batteries for use in radio portable telephones, convenience appliances, and vented cells used in airplanes, helicopters, and stand-by power and lighting(1).|Of the two basic methods of zinc production, thermal smelting and electrolytic refining, only the former releases significant emissions of cadmium(1). Cadmium emissions at a lead smelter is expected to be elemental cadmium and the oxide(2).

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of cadmium is 1000 or greater; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).|NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 335 workers (22 of these were female) were potentially exposed to pure cadmium in the US(1).

Average concentrations responsible for fatal cases have been estimated at 50 mg/cu m and 40 mg/cu m, both for exposures of 1 hr; and 9 mg/cu m for 5 hr.

The relationship between tissue levels of metallothionein and metal concentrations was assessed for zinc, copper, and cadmium in ten different organs from human autopsies and rats. Human autopsy specimens were obtained from ten males between the ages of 20 and 50 years within 2 days of sudden death. Tissues assayed included pancreas, liver, kidney, brain, small intestine, stomach, muscle, heart, lung, and spleen. Human metallothionein levels were higher than rat levels for all tissues assayed except brain and small intestine. The highest metallothionein levels were found in human liver and kidney cortex and rat kidney and brain. Zinc levels were highest for human liver, kidney, and muscle; and copper levels were highest for human liver, brain, and heart and rat liver, kidney, and heart. Elevated cadmium levels were found in human liver and kidney. All cadmium levels were below detectable limits in rats. Significant correlations were established between metallothionein levels and zinc and copper in human liver and between metallothionein and cadmium in human kidney cortex.

Typical impurities (%, max.) include: Zn, 0.02-0.1; Cu, 0.0001-0.015; Pb, 0.0001-0.025; Fe, 0.0001-0.001; Bi, 0.0005; Sn, 0.01; Ag, 0.01; Sb, 0.001; and As, 0.003.|PURE FORM OF CADMIUM FOR ELECTRONIC USES CONTAINS 0.001% OR LESS OF IMPURITIES.|Cadmium Metal Spec for ASTM Spec 3440-66T with 99.90% min Cd contains the following impurities: zinc, 0.035% min; copper, 0.015% max; lead, 0.025% max; tin, 0.01% max; silver, 0.01% max; antimony, 0.001% max; arsenic, 0.003% max; tellurium, 0.003% max

Exposure Routes: inhalation, ingestion Symptoms: Pulmonary edema, dyspnea (breathing difficulty), cough, chest tightness, substernal (occurring beneath the sternum) pain; headache; chills, muscle aches; nausea, vomiting, diarrhea; anosmia (loss of the sense of smell), emphysema, proteinuria, mild anemia; [potential occupational carcinogen] Target Organs: respiratory system, kidneys, prostate, blood (NIOSH, 2016)

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment. INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing. INGESTION: Some heavy metals are VERY TOXIC POISONS, especially if their salts are very soluble in water (e.g., lead, chromium, mercury, bismuth, osmium, and arsenic). IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center and locate activated charcoal, egg whites, or milk in case the medical advisor recommends administering one of them. Also locate Ipecac syrup or a glass of salt water in case the medical advisor recommends inducing vomiting. Usually, this is NOT RECOMMENDED outside of a physician's care. If advice from a physician is not readily available and the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give the victim a glass of activated charcoal slurry in water or, if this is not available, a glass of milk, or beaten egg whites and IMMEDIATELY transport victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, assure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. OTHER: Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring. Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, its chemical, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure. (NTP, 1992)|(See procedures)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Cadmium and Related Compounds/|Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Cadmium and Related Compounds/|Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... .... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Cadmium and Related Compounds/

/EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES/ Renal tubular dysfunction was assessed in 102 individuals (36% women, 64% men) with greater than 5 years employment in cadmium battery production in an alkaline battery factory. A control group consisted of 53 individuals not involved in cadmium battery production, and another 32 individuals working in a cotton factory. Blood cadmium (Cd-B), urine cadmium (Cd-U), retinol binding protein (RBP), B2-microglobulin (B2-M), and aminoaciduria were determined before the work shift. Wilcoxin's rank sum test was used to assess differences between the control and study groups. Cd-B and Cd-U were higher for subjects working in Cd battery production (Cd-B= 7.5 to 49 ug/l; Cd-U= 5.5 to 36 ug/l) than for those employed at the cotton factory or in work not related to Cd battery production at the alkaline battery factory (Cd-B= 4.8 ug/L; Cd-U= 1.0 ug/L). Urinary excretion of B2-M and RBP was significantly elevated depending on specific work location in the factory) in 20% of workers involved with Cd battery production. A high correlation coefficient (r= 0.85) was obtained for Cd-B and Cd-U values, possibly because Cd-U becomes an indicator of current Cd exposure when Cd exposure is great. Correlation between Cd-U and excretion of B2-M and RBP (r= 0.52 and 0.55, respectively) was also greater than previous reports and possibly indicative of high Cd exposure levels.|/EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES/ In a retrospective study, 311 male workers in an alkaline battery factory were evaluated for cadmium exposure. Workers were exposed to > 50 ug/cu m for 1 - 35 years. Hypertension (defined by average blood pressure > 160/95 over a 5 year period) was noted in 23% of workers over 40. The duration of employment correlated with the degree of hypertension among age-matched groups of workers when compared to normotensives. In this study laborers were exposed to levels that exceed 50 ug cadmium/cu m, while today's workers are exposed to air levels averaging 10 ug cadmium/cu m.|/EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES/ Two hundred forty male and female workers in a battery factory along with 87 unexposed male controls were studied to determine the excretion of beta(2)-microglobulin. The exposed workers were employed in the department where materials for battery electrodes were made (material plant) or where the electrodes and batteries were assembled (assembly plant). ... Diagnosis of proteinuria was made in those whose microglobulin excretion was greater than the upper 95% confidence limit of the normal concentration in the urine; ... this was not considered necessarily to be a clinically significant proteinuria. There was an increased incidence of microglobulinuria in the exposed group. In the unexposed controls, 3.4% had microglobulinuria. In the assembly plant, women had a 2.3% incidence of this type of proteinuria and men had a 25% incidence. The men who worked in the material plant had a 52% incidence of microglobulinuria. These incidences in male workers were significantly different from control incidences at (p< 0.001); differences in incidences between female workers and controls were not significant. The 2.3% incidence among working women represents one case of microglobulinuria among 41 women. Yet 15 of the women had been exposed for more than 5 years. The lower rate of microglobulinuria among women might in part reflect a lower smoking rate; of the 13 women whose smoking habits were known, 5 were smokers. Nonsmoking cadmium exposed workers had a lower prevalence of the defined proteinuria than smoking cadmium exposed workers. Nine of the workers were separately treated in the study because they were from Yugoslavia, where tubular proteinuria is endemic (Balkan nephropathy); two of them were found to excrete increased amounts of microglobulin. In the 185 employees that worked continuously with cadmium, the prevalence of microglobulinuria increased with exposure time.|/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ Food and Environmental Agents: Effect on Breast-Feeding: Reported Sign or Symptom in Infant or Effect on Lactation: Cadmium: None Reported. /from Table 7/

Cadmium

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.|inhalation, ingestion

pulmonary edema, dyspnea (breathing difficulty), cough, chest tightness, substernal (occurring beneath the sternum) pain; headache; chills, muscle aches; nausea, vomiting, diarrhea; anosmia (loss of the sense of smell), emphysema, proteinuria, mild anemia; [potential occupational carcinogen]

Cough. Sore throat.

Redness. Pain.

Cardiovascular (Heart and Blood Vessels), Developmental (effects during periods when organs are developing), Gastrointestinal (Digestive), Neurological (Nervous System), Renal (Urinary System or Kidneys), Reproductive (Producing Children), Respiratory (From the Nose to the Lungs)|respiratory system, kidneys, prostate, blood

PLATING & COATING, 51%; BATTERIES, 22%; CHEM INT FOR PIGMENTS, 13%; FOR STABILIZERS, 11%; OTHER USES, 3% (1979)|49% IN METAL PLATING, 18% IN PLASTICS STABILIZERS, 14% IN PIGMENTS & 19% IN MISC USES (NICKEL-CADMIUM BATTERIES, ALLOYS) (BUREAU OF NATIONAL AFFAIRS, INC, 1975)|Coating and plating, 35%; batteries, 25%; pigments, 20%; plastics and synthetic products, 15%; and alloys and other uses, 5% (1986)|Estimated for 1999: Batteries, 69%; pigments, 13%; coatings and plating, 8%; stabilizer for plastics, 7%; nonferrous alloys, 2%; and other, including electrooptics, 1%.|For more Consumption Patterns (Complete) data for CADMIUM, ELEMENTAL (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Grades: technical; powder; pure sticks; ingots; slabs; high purity crystals (10 ppm impurities).|CADMIUM SPONGE ... HAS MOISTURE CONTENT OF ABOUT 25% WHEN PACKAGED IN BAGS & 35% WHEN PACKAGED IN DRUMS ... TYPICAL CADMIUM CONTENTS ON DRY BASIS ARE 86% IN BAGS & 92% IN DRUMS.|... Produced in a wide range of forms and purities for various uses. Purities range from 99.0% (reagent grade) to 99.9999% (zone-refined), and forms include powder, foils, wires, ingots and others.

Batteries|Cadmium: ACTIVE|Almost all cadmium is obtained as a by-product in the treatement of zinc, copper, and lead ores.|...company in Tennessee recovered primary cadmium as a byproduct of zinc leaching from roasted sulfide concentrates. ... two companies in Ohio and Pennsylvania thermally recovered secondary cadmium metal from spent nickel-cadmium (NiCd) batteries and other cadmium-bearing scrap|Cadmium may be alloyed with copper, nickel, gold, silver, bismuth, and aluminum to form easily fusible compounds.|... /Obtained from/ CdS, greenockite; CdCO3, otavite.|For more General Manufacturing Information (Complete) data for CADMIUM, ELEMENTAL (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Chemical Classes -> Inorganic substances|Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs)|Fire Hazards -> Carcinogens, Teratogens, Flammable - 3rd degree

Food Contaminant -> METALS;