Vanadium

50.94

50.943962

231-171-1

00J9J9XKDE

3285

DTXSID2040282

Light gray or white lustrous powder, fused hard lumps or body-centered cubic crystals|Pure vanadium is a bright white metal; soft and ductile|Gray-white metal; cubic|Steel gray with a bluish tinge

81129291

0

0.00000

Silver-gray turnings

6.11 g/cm³ @ Temp: 18.7 °C

1917 °C

3407 °C

Index of refraction = 3.03

H2O: soluble

Storage temperature: no restrictions.

8 mm Hg ( 20 °C)

LD50 orally in Rabbit: > 2000 mg/kg

Odorless

Two naturally occurring isotopes: (51)V (99.75%): (50)V (0.25%); the latter is radioactive: Half-life 6X10+15 years|Vanadium metal oxidizes readily above 660 °C|Vanadium is resistant to attack by hydrochloric or dilute sulfuric acid and to alkali solutions. It is also quite resistant to corrosion by seawater but is reactive toward nitric, hydrofluoric, or concentrated sulfuric acids. Galvanic corrosion tests run in simulated seawater indicate that vanadium is anodic with respect to stainless steel and copper but cathodic to aluminum and magnesium. Vanadium exhibits corrosion resistance to liquid metals, (e.g., bismuth and low oxygen sodium).|Vanadium has oxidation states of +2, +3, +4, +5; when heated in air at different temperatures, it oxidizes to a brownish black trioxide, a blue black tetraoxide, or a reddish orange pentoxide. It reacts with chlorine at fairly low temperatures (180 °C) forming vanadium tetrachloride and with carbon and nitrogen at high temperatures forming VC and VN, respectively. The pure metal in massive form is relatively inert toward oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen at room temperature.|For more Other Experimental Properties (Complete) data for VANADIUM, ELEMENTAL (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Not oxidized by air and not appreciably affected by moisture at ordinary temperatures. Some hydrogen gas may be created however this would proceed slowly under ambient conditions. Insoluble in water.

Metals, Elemental and Powder, Active

Strong Reducing Agent

VANADIUM (FUME OR DUST) is a reducing agent. Finely divided form favors rapid or explosive reactions with oxidizing agents such as air or oxygen. Reacts exothermically with compounds having active hydrogen atoms (such as acids and water) to form flammable hydrogen gas and caustic products. The reactions are much less vigorous than the similar reactions of alkali metals. Can catalyze polymerization reactions in several classes of organic compounds; these polymerizations sometimes proceed rapidly or even explosively. Vanadium is used as a catalyst in the production of synthetic rubber and sulfuric acid.

458.6 kJ/mol

II

4.1

UN 3289 6.1/PG 2

3

36/38-36/37/38-34-26-22-50-20

26-36-45-7-36/37/39-28-61

YW1355000

Xi,T+,N,Xn

Stable. Incompatible with strong acids, strong oxidizing agents.

P210, P240, P241, P261, P264, P271, P273, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P312, P321, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P370+P378, P403+P233, P405, P501

H228

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.|Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.|Waste material contaminated with vanadium shall be disposed of in a manner not hazardous to employees. The disposal method must conform with applicable local, state, and federal regulations and must not constitute a hazard to the surrounding population or environment.|The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for vanadium: Concentration process: chemical precipitation.

Incompatible materials: Strong acids, strong oxidizing agents|Powdered vanadium ... reacts with bromine trifluoride, producing incandescence.|Violent reaction with bromine trifluoride, chlorine, lithium, nitryl fluoride, /or/ oxidants.|Powdered vanadium explodes with chlorine, even at 0 °C.|For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for VANADIUM, ELEMENTAL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-combustible)]: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. (ERG, 2016)

Not Classified

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-combustible)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. SPILL: Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown above. FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-combustible)]: Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-combustible)]: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. (ERG, 2016)|Eye/face protection: Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).|Skin protection: Handle with gloves.|Body Protection: Choose body protection in relation to its type, to the concentration and amount of dangerous substances, and to the specific work-place. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.|Respiratory protection: Respiratory protection is not required. Where protection from nuisance levels of dusts are desired, use type N95 (US) or type P1 (EN 143) dust masks. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).|For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for VANADIUM, ELEMENTAL (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Flammable in dust form from heat, flame, or sparks.|Large pieces of vanadium are not combustible. The fine powder can burn.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide.|Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.|Use dry chemicals appropriate for extinguishing metal fires. Do not use water. ... If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position.|The only respirators recommended for firefighting are self-contained breathing apparatuses that have full face-pieces and are operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.|Evacuate persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. Ventilate area after cleanup is complete. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of the chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas.|Precautions for safe handling: Further processing of solid materials may result in the formation of combustible dusts. The potential for combustible dust formation should be taken into consideration before additional processing occurs. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.|Appropriate engineering controls: General industrial hygiene practice.|Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.|For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for VANADIUM, ELEMENTAL (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

After treatment with the test item vanadium (metal) the relative absorbance values slightly decreased to 90.8%. This value is well above the threshold for irritancy of =50%. Therefore, the test item is not considered to possess an irritant potential /for skin/.|Vanadium compounds act chiefly as an irritant to the conjunctiva and respiratory tract. /Vanadium compounds/|... Extensive evidence exists that vanadium dust (usually the pentoxide) is severely irritating to the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, throat, and respiratory tract. /Vanadium dust/|Vanadium is a primary irritant to the ... skin. /Vanadium/|Potential symptoms of overexposure to dust or fumes are irritation of eyes, skin, throat ... . /Vanadium dust and fumes/

Vanadium is a compound that occurs in nature as a white-to-gray metal, and is often found as crystals. Pure vanadium has no smell. It usually combines with other elements such as oxygen, sodium, sulfur, or chloride. Vanadium and vanadium compounds can be found in the earth's crust and in rocks, some iron ores, and crude petroleum deposits.Vanadium is mostly combined with other metals to make special metal mixtures called alloys. Vanadium in the form of vanadium oxide is a component in special kinds of steel that is used for automobile parts, springs, and ball bearings. Most of the vanadium used in the United States is used to make steel. Vanadium oxide is a yellow-orange powder, dark-gray flakes, or yellow crystals. Vanadium is also mixed with iron to make important parts for aircraft engines.Small amounts of vanadium are used in making rubber, plastics, ceramics, and other chemicals.

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Pure vanadium is a bright white metal. Vanadium is used in producing rust-resistant, spring, and high-speed tool steels. It is an important carbide stabilizer in making steels. Vanadium-containing catalysts are used in several oxidation reactions such as the manufacture of phthalic anhydride and sulfuric acid as well as in the production of pesticides and black dyes, inks, and pigments, which are used by the textile, printing, and ceramic industries. An important use of vanadium is as an oxidation catalyst in automobile catalytic converters. Other minor functions of vanadium compounds include their use as color modifiers in mercury-vapor lamps, driers in paints and varnishes, corrosion inhibitors in flue-gas scrubbers, and as components in photographic developers. Future application of vanadium compounds may include an increased number of uses as a catalyst, a potential role in superconductors, thermal or light-activated resistor-conductors, vanadate glasses, elecrooptical switches, and the induction of high magnetic fields. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Acute Overdosage: Headache, CNS depression, dry mouth, metallic taste, green tongue, abdominal pain, diarrhea, black stools, ocular irritation, occupational asthma, pulmonary edema, tracheitis, rhinitis, epistaxis, peripheral vasoconstriction of lungs, spleen, kidney, intestine, and dermatitis. Cross-sectional study recruited 533 vanadium exposed workers and 241 non-exposed workers to provide human evidence on serum lipid, lipoprotein profiles and atherogenic indexes changes in relation to vanadium exposure. Among male workers, a significantly negative association existed between low HDL-C level, abnormal atherogenic index and occupational vanadium exposure. This suggests vanadium has beneficial effects on blood levels of HDL-C and apoA-I. However, the other study found evidence of altered neurobehavioral outcomes by occupational exposure to vanadium. ANIMAL STUDIES: Some experimental animal studies reported that vanadium had beneficial effects on blood total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG). ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Adult porpoises displayed significant higher concentrations of vanadium in livers compared to juveniles. Trace concentrations of vanadium have several benefits for plant growth, but high concentrations are toxic.

Vanadium toxicity is a challenging problem to human and animal health with no entire understanding of cytotoxic mechanisms. Previous studies in vanadium toxicity showed involvement of oxidative stress in isolated liver hepatocytes and mitochondria via increasing of ROS formation, release of cytochrome c, and ATP depletion after incubation with different concentrations (25-200 uM). Therefore, we aimed to investigate the protective effects of Sesamum indicum seed extract (100-300 ug/mL) against oxidative stress induced by vanadium on isolated rat hepatocytes. Our results showed that quite similar to Alpha-tocopherol (100 uM), different concentrations of extract (100-300 ug/mL) protected the isolated hepatocyte against all oxidative stress/cytotoxicity markers induced by vanadium in including cell lysis, ROS generation, mitochondrial membrane potential decrease and lysosomal membrane damage. Besides, vanadium induced mitochondrial/lysosomal toxic interaction and vanadium reductive activation mediated by glutathione in vanadium toxicity was significantly (p<0.05) ameliorated by Sesamum indicum extracts. These findings suggested a hepato-protective role for extracts against liver injury resulted from vanadium toxicity.

LD50 Rat (female) oral >2000 mg/kg b.w.|LD50 Rabbit sc 59 mg/kg

Vanadium is present in the earth's crust at an average concentration of 100 mg/kg(1,2). Elemental vanadium does not occur in nature, but vanadium compounds exist in over 65 different mineral ores and in association with fossil fuels(1).

Vanadium metal exhibits good corrosion resistance towards tap water and moderate to good corrosion resistance towards seawater It has good corrosion resistance at low temperature(1).

According to the 2012 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, 16 reporting facilities estimate the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed during the manufacturing, processing, or use of vanadium in the United States may be as low as 25 workers and as high as 9999 workers per plant; the data may be greatly underestimated due to confidential business information (CBI) or unknown values(1).|NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 54,159 workers (2,658 of these are female) were potentially exposed to vanadium in the US(1).

A group of chemical elements that are needed in minute quantities for the proper growth, development, and physiology of an organism. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed) (See all compounds classified as Trace Elements.)

Absorption of vanadium from the gastrointestinal tract is poor, not exceeding 2% in humans. ... Absorbed vanadium is widely distributed in the body. In animals, the highest values are found in the bone, kidney, liver, and spleen. Bone maintains essentially unchanged levels for several weeks. Low concentrations have been detected in the brain, and in animal placenta and testes.|Urine is the predominant route of excretion of absorbed vanadium. Animal and human data indicate that excretion occurs in at least two phases.|Absorption: Primarily though inhalation; oral and dermal absorption is poor. Distribution: Although vanadium is found throughout tissues, the majority is found in fat. Elimination: Excreted through both urine and feces. /SRP:Disolution from prostheses is a route of exposure./|The bioaccessibility of vanadium metal has been investigated experimentally in vitro by simulating dissolution under physiological conditions considered to mimic the most relevant exposure routes (oral, dermal, and inhalation). Dissolved V concentrations were below 2% at the loading of 0.1 g/L vanadium, corresponding to a solubility of less than 2%. ...|For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for VANADIUM, ELEMENTAL (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

A three-compartment model for elimination is described in humans, with half-times after intravenous injection of 1.2 hr, 26 hr, and 10-12 days.|Vanadium is excreted in urine with a biological half-life of about 20 to 40 hours ... .

95% vanadium contains the following impurities: aluminum, 2%; iron, 0.35%; silicon, 0.27%; and carbon, 0.4%.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-combustible)]: Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-combustible)]: Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves. Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin. Keep victim calm and warm. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. (ERG, 2016)

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/|Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/|Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W TKO /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/|If this chemical gets into the eyes, remove any contact lenses at once and irrigate immediately for at least 15 min, occasionally lifting upper and lower lids. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical contacts the skin, remove contaminated clothing and wash immediately with soap and water. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical has been inhaled, remove from exposure, begin rescue breathing (using universal precautions, including resuscitation mask) if breathing has stopped and CPR if heart action has stopped. Transfer promptly to a medical facility. When this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention. ...

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Signs & Symptoms of Acute Overdosage: Headache, CNS depression, dry mouth, metallic taste, green tongue, abdominal pain, diarrhea, black stools, ocular irritation, occupational asthma, pulmonary edema, tracheitis, rhinitis, epistaxis, peripheral vasoconstriction of lungs, spleen, kidney, intestine, /and/ dermatitis.|/EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES/ Vanadium-containing products are manufactured and widely used in the modern industry. Yet the neurobehavioral toxicity due to occupational exposure to vanadium remained elusive. This cross-sectional study was designed to examine the neurotoxic effects of occupational vanadium exposure. A total of 463 vanadium-exposed workers (exposed group) and 251 non-exposed workers (control group) were recruited from a Steel and Iron Group in Sichuan, China. A WHO-recommended neurobehavioral core test battery (NCTB) and event-related auditory evoked potentials test (P300) were used to assess the neurobehavioral functions of all study subjects. A general linear model was used to compare outcome scores between the two groups while controlling for possible confounders. The exposed group showed a statistically significant neurobehavioral alteration more than the control group in the NCTB tests. The exposed workers also exhibited an increased anger-hostility, depression-dejection and fatigue-inertia on the profile of mood states (p<0.05). Performances in the simple reaction time, digit span, benton visual retention, and pursuit aiming were also poorer among exposed workers as compared to unexposed control workers (p<0.05). Some of these poor performances in tests were also significantly related to workers' exposure duration. P300 latencies were longer in the exposed group than in the control (p<0.05). Longer mean reaction times and more counting errors were also found in the exposed workers (p<0.05). Given the findings of our study and the limitations of neurobehavioral workplace testing, we found evidence of altered neurobehavioral outcomes by occupational exposure to vanadium.|/EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES/ Some experimental animal studies reported that vanadium had beneficial effects on blood total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG). However, the relationship between vanadium exposure and lipid, lipoprotein profiles in human subjects remains uncertain. This study aimed to compare the serum lipid and lipoprotein profiles of occupational vanadium exposed and non-exposed workers, and to provide human evidence on serum lipid, lipoprotein profiles, and atherogenic indexes changes in relation to vanadium exposure. This cross-sectional study recruited 533 vanadium exposed workers and 241 non-exposed workers from a Steel and Iron Group in Sichuan, China. Demographic characteristics and occupational information were collected through questionnaires. Serum lipid and lipoprotein levels were measured for all participants. The ratios of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) to HDL-C and apoB to apoA-I were used as atherogenic indexes. A general linear model was applied to compare outcomes of the two groups while controlling possible confounders and multivariate logistic regression was performed to evaluate the relationship between low HDL-C level, abnormal atherogenic index, and vanadium exposure. Higher levels of HDL-C and apoA-I could be observed in the vanadium exposed group compared with the control group (P<0.05). Furthermore, atherogenic indexes (TC/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, and apoB/apoA-I ratios) were found statistically lower in the vanadium exposed workers (P<0.05). Changes in HDL-C, TC/HDL-C, and LDL-C/HDL-C were more pronounced in male workers than that in female workers. In male workers, after adjusting for potential confounding variables as age, habits of smoking and drinking, occupational vanadium exposure was still associated with lower HDL-C (OR 0.41; 95% CI, 0.27-0.62) and abnormal atherogenic index [odds ratio (OR) 0.38; 95% CI, 0.20-0.70]. Occupational vanadium exposure appears to be associated with increased HDL-C and apoA-I levels and decreased atherogenic indexes. Among male workers, a significantly negative association existed between low HDL-C level, abnormal atherogenic index and occupational vanadium exposure. This suggests vanadium has beneficial effects on blood levels of HDL-C and apoA-I.|/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ Vanadium (V) is a minor constituent of the Titanium-Aluminum-Vanadium (TiAlV) alloy currently used in cementless hip prostheses. /The/ present study /was/ aimed at verifying the correlation of vanadium levels among different matrices and assessing reference levels of the ion in a population of patients wearing a well-functioning hip prosthesis. Vanadium was measured using Inductive Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) in whole blood, serum, and urine of 129 patients implanted with a TiAlV-alloy hip prosthesis. The values in the serum were above the upper limit of the reference values in 42% of patients (29% in urine and 13% in whole blood). A good correlation among matrices was observed (p<0.001). The cohort of patients (n=32) complaining of pain or in which a loosening or damage to the prosthesis was assessed showed a significantly higher excretion of vanadium in urine as compared with the remaining asymptomatic patients (p=0.001). The 95th percentile distribution of vanadium in the cohort of patients with a well-functioning prosthesis was 0.3 ug/L in whole blood, 0.5 ug/L in serum and 2.8 ug/L in urine, higher than in the unexposed population, especially for urine. The presence of a prosthesis, even though well-functioning, may cause a possible release of vanadium into the blood and a significant urinary excretion. The reference values of vanadium of the asymptomatic patients with titanium alloy hip prostheses supplied information regarding the background exposure level of the ions and their lower and upper limits.|For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for VANADIUM, ELEMENTAL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Vanadium

Cardiovascular (Heart and Blood Vessels), Gastrointestinal (Digestive), Renal (Urinary System or Kidneys), Reproductive (Producing Children), Respiratory (From the Nose to the Lungs)

Increased demand for vanadium products came mostly from the steel industry which had the highest 1st half shipments since 1980. Although all major steel consuming sectors increased purchases, the oil and gas industry reported the biggest change, more than 120% from the same period in 1987. The extraordinary demand for vanadium created shortages of vanadium raw materials ... (1988).|About 80% of the vanadium now produced is used as ferrovanadium or as a steel additive.|Major end-use distribution was as follows: machinery and tools, 34%; transportation, 23%; building and heavy construction, 18%; and other, 25% (1990).|Major areas of use: steel, 85%; nonferrous alloys, 9%; chemical industry, 4%; and others, 2%.|For more Consumption Patterns (Complete) data for VANADIUM, ELEMENTAL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Grade: 99.99% pure (electrolytic process), single crystals

Fabricated metal product manufacturing|Vanadium: ACTIVE|The United States dominated world vanadium production for all uses until the late 1960s when several countries, notably the former USSR, expanded production significantly. At about the same time, the United States shifted from being a net exporter to a net importer; this situation continues.|Steels containing various combinations of other alloying elements can be substituted for steels containing vanadium. Certain metals, such as manganese, molybdenum, niobium (columbium), titanium, and tungsten, are to some degree interchangeable with vanadium as alloying elements in steel. Platinum and nickel can replace vanadium compounds as catalysts in some chemical processes. Currently, no acceptable substitute for vanadium is available in aerospace titanium alloys.|Some tool steel scrap was recycled primarily for its vanadium content. Vanadium was also recycled as a minor component of scrap iron and steel alloys, which were used principally for their iron content.|The steel industry accounts for the majority of the world's consumption of vanadium as an additive to steel. It is added in the steelmaking process as a ferrovanadium alloy ...|Under environmental conditions, vanadium may exist in oxidation states +3, +4, and +5. V3+ and V4+ act as cations, but V5+, the most common form in the aquatic environment, reacts both as a cation and anionically as an analogue of phosphate. /Vanadium ions/

Chemical Classes -> Inorganic substances