(-)-Cycloheximide

281.34742

281.35

200-636-0

98600C0908

0244

758187|185

2588

DTXSID6024882

Plates from amyl acetate, water or 30% methanol|Crystals

29419000

83.5

0.55

White Glassy Irregular Shaped Granules

1.1±0.1 g/cm3

119.5-121 °C

492℃

87°0°(230°F)

1.499

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 2°C: 2.1

2-8°C

Oral-rat LD50: 2 mg/kg; Oral-Mouse LD50: 133 mg/kg

Thermal decomposition of toxic nitrogen oxide gas

-28.5 º (c=1, CHCl3)

Elemental composition: C: 64.04%; H: 8.24%; N: 4.98%; O: 22.75%|/Cycloheximide/ activity is destroyed by boiling in aqueous soln at pH 7 for 1 hr, but shows no loss of activity after 15 min boiling. At pH 2 /cycloheximide/ activity is not degraded by boiling for 1 hr.|IT HAS INTERESTING PROPERTY OF FORMING STABLE DERIV SUCH AS THE ACETATE, OXIME, & SEMICARBAZONE THAT ARE ACTIVE AS FUNGICIDES.

Water soluble.

Amides and Imides

CYCLOHEXIMIDE is an imide. This chemical is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, acid chlorides and acid anhydrides. It decomposes rapidly in alkali at room temperature. (NTP, 1992)

NONCORROSIVE

II

6.1(a)

UN 2811 6.1/PG 1

3

22-68-61-51/53-28-38-52/53

53-45-61-36/37-28

MA4375000

Xn,T,N,T+

The warehouse is ventilated, low temperature and dry; stored and transported separately from food materials

Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, acid chlorides, acid anhydrides, alkali.

Missing Phrase - N15.00950417-P201-P280-P308 + P313

H300-H341-H360D-H411

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

When exposed to heat, it emits toxic fumes, including nitrogen oxides. (EPA, 1998)|Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire.

|Danger|H300: Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]|P201, P202, P264, P270, P273, P281, P301+P310, P308+P313, P321, P330, P391, P405, and P501|H300 (100%): Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]|P201, P202, P264, P270, P273, P280, P281, P301+P310, P302+P352, P308+P313, P321, P330, P332+P313, P362, P391, P405, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 225 companies from 11 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|P201, P202, P264, P270, P280, P281, P301+P310, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P308+P313, P321, P330, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P405, and P501

(Non-Specific -- Fungicides, Poison B Solid) Avoid breathing dusts and fumes from burning material. Keep upwind. Wear self-contained breathing apparatus. Avoid bodily contact with the material. Wear full protective clothing. (Non-Specific -- Fungicides, Poison B Solid) Use agent suitable for surrounding fire. Use alcohol foam, carbon dioxide, or dry chemical. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. (EPA, 1998)|In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-combustible)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. SPILL: Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown above. FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

(Non-Specific -- Fungicides, Poison B Solid) Avoid breathing dusts. Keep upwind. Avoid bodily contact with the material. Material is rapidly inactivated at room temperature by dilute alkali. (EPA, 1998)

For emergency situations, wear a positive pressure, pressure-demand, full facepiece self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or pressure- demand supplied air respirator with escape SCBA and a fully-encapsulating, chemical resistant suit. (EPA, 1998)

In situ amelioration: Seek professional environmental engineering assistance through EPA's Environmental Response Team (ERT), Edison, NJ, 24-hour phone number (201) 321-6660. Contain and isolate spill to limit spread. Construct clay/bentonite swale to divert uncontaminated portion of the watershed around contaminated portion. Isolation procedures include construction of bentonite, polyethylene-lined dams, interceptor trenches, or impoundments. ... Conduct bench-scale and pilot-scale tests prior to decontamination program implementation. Solids must be removed in settling basins. Treatment alternatives for diluted contaminated waters include powdered activated carbon sorption, granular activated carbon filtration, and impoundment in a lined pit with leachate collection system and domed cover.|Treatment alternatives for contaminated soils include well point collection and treatment of leachates as for contaminated waters; bentonite/cement ground injection to immobilize spill, physical removal of immobilized residues, and placement in alined pit with leachate collection system and domed cover.

A skin irritant.

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT wash away into sewer. Sweep spilled substance into covered sealable containers. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Separated from food and feedstuffs. Well closed. Keep in a well-ventilated room.

Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible; a harmful concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly.

The substance is irritating to the eyes and skin. Exposure could cause death.

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST! STRICT HYGIENE!

Use local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety spectacles.

Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Cycloheximide is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 100 or 10,000 lbs. Extremely hazardous substances that are solids are subject to either of two threshold planning quantities ... The lower quantity applies only if the solid exists in powdered form and has a particle size less than 100 microns; or is handled in solution or in molten form; or meets the criteria for a National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) rating of 2, 3 or 4 for reactivity. If the solid does not meet any of these criteria, it is subject to the upper ... threshold planning quantity ... .

most toxic

CHLORDANE IS REPORTED TO CAUSE RAPID LOSS OF ACTIVITY /OF CYCLOHEXIMIDE/.|Pretreatment of rats with ... spironolactone & ethylestrenol ... protected against the fungicide cycloheximide.

LD50 Rat oral 2 mg/kg|LD50 Rat ip 3700 ug/kg|LD50 Rat sc 2500 ug/kg|LD50 Rat iv 2 mg/kg|For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for CYCLOHEXIMIDE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Produced by Streptomyces griseus ...|Cycloheximide is produced in cultures of the streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus(1).

Cycloheximide's production and use as a fungicide(1) may have resulted in its direct release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Cycloheximide is produced as a byproduct during the production of streptomycen(1); therefore, waste releases from streptomycen production may release cycloheximide to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 47(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.55(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that cycloheximide is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of cycloheximide from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 7.8X10-18 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Cycloheximide is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 4.5X10-13 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(5). Cycloheximide, present at 100 mg/l, reached 1% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/l and the Japanese MITI test(6), suggesting slow biodegradation in soil(SRC). Cycloheximide is stable in neutral and acid conditions, but is rapidly decomposed by alkali at room temperature to form 2,4-dimethylcyclohexanone(7).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 47(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.55(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that cycloheximide is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.5X10-15 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). At a concentration of 50 ug/l, cycloheximide had a BCF of <0.3 while at 5 ug/l it had a BCF of <2.8 in orange-red killi fish(5). According to a classification scheme(6), these BCF values suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Cycloheximide, present at 100 mg/l, reached 1% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/l and the Japanese MITI test(5), suggesting slow biodegradation in water(SRC). Cycloheximide is stable in neutral and acid solutions, but is rapidly decomposed under alkaline conditions(7).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), cycloheximide, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 4.5X10-13 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase cycloheximide may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC).

Cycloheximide is stable in neutral and acid solutions, but is rapidly decomposed by alkali at room temperature to form 2,4-dimethylcyclohexanone(1).

2.82|At a concentration of 50 ug/l, cycloheximide had a BCF of <0.3 while at 5 ug/l it had a BCF of <2.8 in orange-red killi fish(1). According to a classification scheme(2), these BCF values suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of cycloheximide is estimated as 47(SRC), using a log Kow of 0.55(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that cycloheximide is expected to have very high mobility in soil. Cycloheximide was classified as a relatively mobile compound in soil based upon a measured Rf value of 0.89 as determined by soil thin-layer chromatography (TLC) in Hagerstown silty clay loam soil(4).

The Henry's Law constant for cycloheximide is estimated as 3.5X10-15 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that cycloheximide is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2). Cycloheximide's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces will not occur(SRC). Cycloheximide is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 4.5X10-13 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) statistically estimated that 3059 workers (2370 of these were female) were potentially exposed to cycloheximide in the US(1). The NOES Survey, however, does not include farm workers. Occupational exposure to cycloheximide may occur through dermal contact with this compound found in the waste stream at workplaces where streptomycin is produced(2).

Antibiotics, Antifungal; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors|MEDICATION (VET): ANTIBIOTIC, ANTIFUNGAL, TRICHOMONACIDAL ... ESPECIALLY EFFECTIVE AGAINST MALIGNANT LYMPHOMAS IN DOGS.|Cycloheximide ... was used in the treatment of cryptococcal infections (Cryptococcus neoformans) before the development of amphotericin B.

Substances that destroy fungi by suppressing their ability to grow or reproduce. They differ from FUNGICIDES, INDUSTRIAL because they defend against fungi present in human or animal tissues. (See all compounds classified as Antifungal Agents.)|Compounds which inhibit the synthesis of proteins. They are usually ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS or toxins. Mechanism of the action of inhibition includes the interruption of peptide-chain elongation, the blocking the A site of ribosomes, the misreading of the genetic code or the prevention of the attachment of oligosaccharide side chains to glycoproteins. (See all compounds classified as Protein Synthesis Inhibitors.)

STIMULATED TRANSPORT OF NUCLEAR RIBONUCLEOPROTEIN COMPLEXES TO CYTOPLASM AFTER ADMIN CYCLOHEXIMIDE TO RATS WAS STUDIED. ADMIN OF 2 MG/KG CYCLOHEXIMIDE CAUSED A DECR IN CONTENT OF TOTAL LIVER NUCLEAR RIBONUCLEOPROTEIN COMPLEX WITHIN 2 HR. THE OVERALL DECR WAS DUE TO AN INCREASED TRANSPORT INTO THE CYTOPLASM, NOT DECREASED SYNTHESIS. OTHER RESULTS SUGGEST THAT DURING INHIBITORY PHASE OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, GENE TRANSCRIPTION CONTINUES & GENE PRODUCT IS TRANSPORTED TO CYTOPLASM FOR TRANSLATION.|CYCLOHEXIMIDE (2-5 MG/KG BODY WT) CAUSED COMPLETE INHIBITION OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN RAT LIVER WITHIN 30 MIN, & THE LABELING OF NUCLEAR PROTEINS WAS STRONGLY INHIBITED. UNDER THESE CONDITIONS, THE AMT OF NUCLEOLAR 45 S PRE-rRNA & ITS OROTATE-(14)C LABELING REMAINED UNAFFECTED FOR AT LEAST 4 HR, INDICATING THAT INITIALLY THE RATES OF SYNTHESIS & PROCESSING OF 45 S PRE-rRNA WERE NOT APPRECIABLY ALTERED. DRASTIC ALTERATIONS IN THE 45 S PRE-rRNA PROCESSING PATHWAYS OCCURRED AT THE EARLY STAGES OF CYCLOHEXIMIDE ACTION. THE CHANNELING OF NUCLEAR PRE-rRNA ALONG ALTERNATIVE PROCESSING PATHWAYS IS UNDER STRINGENT CONTROL BY THE CONTINUOUS SUPPLY OF CRITICAL PROTEINS.|CYCLOHEXIMIDE IS A POTENT INHIBITOR OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN FUNGI & ANIMALS. IT CAUSES AN INCREASE IN ADRENAL RNA, INCREASED PRODUCTION OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS ... & DECREASE IN PYRUVATE UTILIZATION IN ISOLATED ADIPOSE TISSUE.

This material is extremely toxic; the probable oral lethal dose in humans is 5-50 mg/kg, or 7 drops to 1 teaspoonful for a 150-lb. person. (EPA, 1998)|Teratogens

Warning: Effects may be delayed for 6 to 24 hours. Caution is advised. Signs and Symptoms of Acute Cycloheximide Exposure: Signs and symptoms of acute exposure to cycloheximide may include increased salivation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and dark, bloodstained stools. Dermal effects may range from erythema (redness) to sloughing. Central nervous system excitement, including tremor, may be noted. Liver and kidney damage, coma, and cardiovascular collapse are also possible. Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to cycloheximide may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination. Inhalation Exposure: 1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to cycloheximide. 2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support. 3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures. 4. Transport to a health care facility. Dermal/Eye Exposure: 1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self- exposure to cycloheximide. 2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support. 3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible. 4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes. 5. Wash exposed skin areas THOROUGHLY with soap and water. 6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures. 7. Transport to a health care facility. Ingestion Exposure: 1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support. 2. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures. 3. Vomiting may be induced with syrup of Ipecac. If elapsed time since ingestion of cycloheximide is unknown or suspected to be greater than 30 minutes, do not induce vomiting and proceed to Step 4. Ipecac should not be administered to children under 6 months of age.Warning: Ingestion of cycloheximide may result in sudden onset of seizures or loss of consciousness. Syrup of Ipecac should be administered only if victims are alert, have an active gag-reflex, and show no signs of impending seizure or coma. If ANY uncertainty exists, proceed to Step 4.The following dosages of Ipecac are recommended: children up to 1 year old, 10 mL (1/3 oz); children 1 to 12 years old, 15 mL (1/2 oz); adults, 30 mL (1 oz). Ambulate (walk) the victims and give large quantities of water. If vomiting has not occurred after 15 minutes, Ipecac may be readministered. Continue to ambulate and give water to the victims. If vomiting has not occurred within 15 minutes after second administration of Ipecac, administer activated charcoal. 4. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water. 5. Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims. Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) is recommended for adults. 6. Transport to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

Fresh air, rest.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Hyaluronic acid synthesis was studied in cultured skin fibroblasts derived from normal subjects. ... Treatment of cells with cycloheximide under conditions in which protein synthesis is inhibited by greater than or equal to 90% had no effect on hyaluronic acid synthesis. ...|No human poisonings have been reported.|CYCLOHEXIMIDE @ 10-4 MOLAR INHIBITED LEUCINE INCORPORATION IN SLICES OF HUMAN LUNG TUMORS, REGENERATING RAT LIVER & HEPATOMAS.

Actidione

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and by ingestion.

Redness. Pain.

Redness. Pain.

USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code 043401; Trade Names: Acti-dione; Acti-aid; ENT-15541; Acti-dione BR; Acti-dione PM; Actispray; Hizarocin; Kaken; Naramycin A; NSC-185; U 4527.|Discontinued names: Acti-Aid, Acti-dione, ... Actispray, Hizarocin|7.7% WETTABLE POWDER; ACTI-DIONE FERRATED (UPJOHN) 4% WT/WT CYCLOHEXIMIDE, 96% EXSICCATED FERROUS SULFATE USED FOR TREATMENT OF TURF. ACTI-DIONE THIRAM (0.75%, 75.00% & 24.25% INERT INGREDIENTS) TURF FUNGICIDE; ACTI-DIONE PM (0.027%) POWDERY MILDEW CONTROL ON ORNAMENTALS. ACTI-AID CITRUS ABSCISSION AGENT (COMPONENT A 4.22% WT/WT WATER SOL FORMULATION AND A SEPARATE COMPONENT B- SURFACTANT).|This ... compound is ... formulated as an oily soln ... & water-sol tablets.|For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for CYCLOHEXIMIDE (21 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

... /Cycloheximide/ is recovered as a byproduct during streptomycin manufacturing through fermentation.

BIOASSAY METHOD USED BY PRESCOTT, GC ET AL, J AGRIC FOOD CHEM 4: 343, 1956. COLORIMETRIC METHOD BASED ON REACTION OF CYCLOHEXIMIDE WITH ALKALINE HYDROXYLAMINE TO PRODUCE A HYDROXAMIC ACID, THEN INVERSION TO COLORED FERRIC HYDROXAMATE. DETERMINE @ 530 NM, FORIST, AA, ANAL CHEM, 31, 1042, 1959; KILGORE, WW IN ANAL METHODS FOR PESTICIDES, PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS AND FOOD ADDITIVES, ED ZWEIG, G, ACADEMIC PRESS, NY, III, 1964.

Health Hazards -> Teratogens