Triphenyltin chloride

385.47

385.47

524762

211-358-4

I1L80IDY27

43675|1214

3146|2786

DTXSID2040733

White, crystalline solid

29310095

0

4.19

white Powder

1.4 g/cm³

103.5 °C

240 °C @ Press: 13.5 Torr

70°C

H2O: insoluble

APPROX 4°C

<0.02 hPa (20 °C)

LD50 orally in Rabbit: 135 mg/kg

Unlike the halocarbons, organotin halides are reactive compounds and, because of their ionic character, readily enter into metathetical substitution reactions resembling the inorganic metal halides. /Organotin halides/|Hydrolyzes to hydroxide in water.

Hydrolyzes to hydroxide in water.

Salts, Acidic

TRIPHENYLTIN CHLORIDE is in the family of tin compounds widely used as stabilizers for plastics, additives to paint(as antifouling agents). Some have catalytic properties. Examples include butyl tin, dibutyl tin oxide. Their main hazard is associated with their high toxicity, in skin adsorption or inhalation.

III

6.1

UN 3146 6.1/PG 3

3

23/24/25-50/53-34

26-27-28-45-60-61-28A-36/37/39

WH6860000

T,N,C

Stable when stored in dark with directed air. Hydrolyses to hydroxide in water.

P261-P280-P301 + P310 + P330-P305 + P351 + P338 + P310-P403 + P233

H301 + H311 + H331-H315-H318-H410

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

... Death from exploded charges in the preparation of organotin salts from triphenyl tin chloride /was reported/.

USEPA; Health Effects Assessment for Tin and Compounds p.4 (1987) EPA/600/8-88/055|Nat'l Research Council Canada; Data Sheets on Selected Toxic Elements p.47 (1982) NRCC No. 19252|WHO; Environ Health Criteria: Tin and Organotin Cmpd p.1-109 (1980)|DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Tin TP-91/27 (1992)

When heated to decomposition, it emits toxic fumes of chlorides. Hydrolyzes to hydroxide in water. Stable when stored in dark with dry air. (EPA, 1998)

|Danger|H301+H311+H331 (22.67%): Toxic if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, dermal; acute toxicity, inhalation]|P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P310, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P311, P312, P321, P322, P330, P332+P313, P361, P362, P363, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 172 companies from 6 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]|P201, P202, P260, P264, P270, P280, P281, P301+P310, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P308+P313, P314, P321, P330, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P405, and P501

(Non-Specific -- Pesticide, Solid, n.o.s.) Keep unnecessary people away; isolate hazard area and deny entry. Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering them. Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing at the site. (Non-Specific -- Pesticide, Solid, n.o.s.) Extinguish fires with dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, fog, or foam. Move container from fire area if you can do so without risk. Fight fire from maximum distance. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. (EPA, 1998)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. SPILL: Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown above. FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

(Non-Specific -- Pesticide, Solid, n.o.s.) Keep unnecessary people away; isolate hazard area and deny entry. Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering them. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing at the site. Do not touch spilled material; stop leak if you can do so without risk. Use water spray to reduce vapors. Small spills: absorb with sand or other noncombustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal. Small dry spills: with clean shovel place material into clean, dry container and cover; move containers from spill area. Large spills: dike far ahead of spill for later disposal. (EPA, 1998)

For emergency situations, wear a positive pressure, pressure-demand, full facepiece self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or pressure- demand supplied air respirator with escape SCBA and a fully-encapsulating, chemical resistant suit. (EPA, 1998)|Employees should be provided with & required to use impervious clothing, gloves, face shields (8 inch minimum), & other appropriate protective clothing necessary to prevent repeated or prolonged skin contact with triphenyltin chloride or liquids containing triphenyltin chloride. ... Employees should be provided with & required to use dust- & splash-proof safety goggles where there is any possibility of triphenyltin chloride contacting the eyes.|When handling this material, wear goggles, a respirator, gloves, & protective clothing.

The compounds should not be allowed to enter drains or watercourses. /Triphenyltin compounds/

If employees' clothing has had any possibility of being contaminated with solid triphenyltin chloride ... employees should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises. ... Clothing contaminated with ... triphenyltin chloride ... should be placed in closed containers for storage until it can be discarded or until provision is made for the removal of contaminant from the clothing. If the clothing is to be laundered or otherwise cleaned to remove the contaminant, the person performing the operation should be informed of contaminant's hazard properties. ... Non-impervious clothing which becomes contaminated with triphenyltin chloride ... should be removed promptly & not reworn until the contaminant is removed ... .|Where there is any possibility of exposure of an employee's body to triphenyltin chloride or liquids containing triphenyltin chloride, facilities for quick drenching of the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use. ... Where there is any possibility that employees' eyes may be exposed to triphenyltin chloride or liquids containing triphenyltin chloride, an eye-wash fountain should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use. Skin that becomes contaminated with ... triphenyltin chloride ... should be immediately flushed with large amounts of water to remove any contaminant. Workers subject to skin contact with solid ... triphenyltin chloride ... should wash with soap or mild detergent & water any areas of the body that may have contacted any contaminant at the end of each work day. ... Employees who handle ... triphenyltin chloride ... should wash their hands thoroughly with soap or mild detergent & water before eating, smoking, or using toilet facilities.|... Avoid contact with mouth, skin, eyes. Keep out of reach of children.|Experiments ... showed that triphenyltin chloride cannot be removed by simple washing with water, organic solvents such as isopropyl alcohol or heptane enhance skin penetration ... at room & elevated temperatures, & the best way to remove TPTC is by immediate & thorough scrubbing with a strong detergent soap & water.|SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Triphenyltin chloride is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 500 or 10,000 lbs. Extremely hazardous substances that are solids are subject to either of two threshold planning quantities ... The lower quantity applies only if the solid exists in powdered for and has a particle size less than 100 microns; or is handled in solution or in molten form; or meets the criteria for a National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) rating of 2, 3 or 4 for reactivity. If the solid does not meet any of these criteria, it is subject to the upper ... threshold planning quantity ... .

SEDIMENT: The concns of triphenyltin in harbor sediment in Lake Lucerne, Switzerland was high, up to 380 ug/g(1). High concns were restricted to the upper 4 cm and decreased significantly below. The dating of cores suggest that triphenyltin may persist for more than a decade in sediment. Small amounts of the mono- and di-phenyltin were also found in the upper layers of sediment.

IDENTIFICATION: Triphenyltin compounds are triphenyl derivatives of tetravalent tin. They are colorless solids with low vapor pressures. They are lipophilic and have low solubility in water. Triphenyl tin compounds have been used extensively as algicides and molluscicides in antifouling products since the 1960's. Use of organotins in antifouling paints have been restricted in many countries because of their catastrophic effects on the oyster industry and more general effects on the aquatic ecosystem. HUMAN EXPOSURE: There are no data concerning occupational exposure to triphenyltin compounds. A few poisoning case reports describe neurotoxic effects, which appeared to persist. Exposure of the general public to triphenyltin compounds occurs mostly from ingestion of contaminated seafood, which in some cases had high triphenyltin compound concentrations. ANIMAL STUDIES: Triphenyltin compounds given orally to rats are not readily absorbed and are excreted primarily by the feces and partily in the urine. They are metabolized to diphenyltin, monomethyltin and non-extractable bound residues. Absorbed triphenyltin compounds accumulate in kidney and liver to the greatest extent, with smaller amounts in other organs. Triphenyltins applied dermally can penetrate through the skin in a time and dose dependent manner. Triphenyltin compounds exert a variety of health effects in various animal species, including the effects on the immune system, reproductive/developmental effects at levels near maternally toxic (most lowest observed adverse effect levels are in several mg/kg range or lower), hyperplasia/adenomas in endocrine organs, apoptosis in thymus cells, calcium release in sarcoplasmic reticulum cells and eye irritation. Triphenyltin compounds are moderately acutely toxic to rats. They are not carcinogenic, but some data show that they are clastogenic. Triphenyltin compounds exert deleterious effects on aquatic organisms at very low concentrations. Triphenyltin is considered to be an endocrine disrupter, because of imposex, a phenomenon in which female gastropods develop male sex organs, is probably caused by hormonal disturbances. /Triphenyltin compounds/|IDENTIFICATION: Triphenyltin compounds are triphenyl derivatives of tetravalent tin. They are colorless solids with low vapor pressures. They are lipophilic and have low solubility in water. Triphenyltin compounds have been used extensively as algicides and molluscicides in antifouling paints since the 1960s. Use of triorganotins in antifouling paints has been restricted in many countries because of their catastrophic effecys on the oyster industry and more general effects on the aquatic ecosystem. HUMAN EXPOSURE: There are no data concerning the occupational exposure to triphenyltin compounds. A few poisoning case reports does describe neurotoxic effecys, which appeared to persist. Exposure of the general public to triphenyltin compounds occurs mostly from ingestion of contaminated seafood. Triphenyltin compounds given orally to rats are not readily absorbed and are excreted primarily in the feces and partly in the urine. They are metabolized to diphenyltin, and monophenyltin, and non-extractable bound residues. Absorbed triphenyltin compounds accumulate in the kidney and liver to the greatest extent, with smaller amounts in other organs. Triphenyltin compounds, applied dermally can penetrate through the skin in a time and dose dependent manner. Triphenyltin exerts a variety of health effects in various animal species, including effects on the immune system, reproductive/developmental effects at levels near those that are maternially toxic, ... hyperplasia/adenomas in endocrine organs, apoptosis in thymus cells, calcium release in sarcoplasmic reticulum cells, and eye irritation. Triphenyltin compounds are moderately acutely toxic to rats. They are not carcinogenic, but some data show that they are co-clastogenic. Triphenyltin compounds affect the immune system. A decrease in immunoglobulin (Ig) concentrations ... thymus atrophy (at 1.5 mg triphenyltin chloride/kg body weight per day in a 2 wk feeding study with weanling rats) Triphenyltin compounds exert deleterous effects on aquatic organisms at low concentrations. Triphenyltin is considered an endocrine disruptor, because of imposex, a phenomenon in which female gastropods develop male sex organs. /Triphenyltin cmpd & triphenyltin chloride/

LD50 Rat oral 190 mg/kg|LD50 Mouse oral 18 mg/kg|LD50 Mouse intravenous 18 mg/kg|LD50 Rat male oral 80 mg/kg.|For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for TRIPHENYLTIN CHLORIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Triphenyltin chloride's production and former(1) use as a biocide in marine antifouling paints(2) and fungicide(3) may have resulted in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: If triphenyltin chloride is released to soil, it either exists as, or rapidly converted to oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, or hydrated cations(1). In a laboratory soil leaching study, triphenyltins were strongly attached to soil(2). The Freundlich parameters, log k and 1/n, for triphenyltin to sediment were 1.81 and 0.793, respectively(3). Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process because the cation, oxides, hydroxides, or carbonates are not expected to volatilize(SRC). Triphenyltin chloride is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 5.5X10-6 mm Hg(4). Triphenyltin chloride may undergoes biodegradation in the environment(SRC). For example, bacteria have been reported to cleave aryl-tin bonds in triphenyltin acetate(5). Structurally similar triphenyltin acetate degrades in normal, fertile, agricultural field at 11-16 °C in <6 wks under aerobic conditions and 6-18 weeks under anaerobic conditions(6).|AQUATIC FATE: If triphenyltin chloride is released to water, it exists as, or will rapidly be converted to triphenyltin oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, or hydrated cations(1). Triphenyltin cation may react with water and behave like a simple protic acid with the formation of triphenyltin hydroxide(2). In seawater, the chloride ion may compete effectively with hydroxide ions resulting in the presence of triphenyltin chloride(2). Triphenyltin compounds may react with sulfides present in sediment, leading to the formation of bis(triphenyltin) sulfide(1). Cations, such as triphenyltin cation, generally adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process because the cation is not expected to volatilize(SRC). Triphenyltin cation may be susceptible to photolysis in water since triphenyltin hydroxide dissolved in pure water was approx 72% photodegraded by sunlight in 36 days apparently by a radical process; diphenyltin species were the only products observed(3). Structurally similar triphenyltin acetate on a watch glass is degraded to diphenyl-, monophenyl- and inorganic tin species when irradiated at wavelengths >350 nm(1). According to a classification scheme(4), a BCF of 800 for rainbow trout(5), suggests the potential for bioconcentration of triphenyltin cation in aquatic organisms is high(SRC). Triphenyltin chloride may undergo biodegradation in the environment(SRC). Bacteria have been reported to cleave aryl-tin bonds in other triphenyltin compounds, such as triphenyltin acetate(6). Triphenyltin acetate degrades in normal, fertile, agricultural field at 11-16 °C in <6 wks under aerobic conditions and 6-18 weeks under anaerobic conditions(7).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), triphenyltin chloride, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 5.8X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere(SRC). Vapor-phase triphenyltin chloride is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2.7 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 5.8X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) determined using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase triphenyltin chloride may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC).

The decomposition of triphenyltin chloride on sugar beet leaves gave the expected series of degradation products, the final degradation product being tin oxide. After 42 days, about 19% of triphenyltin chloride had undergone degradation.|The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of triphenyltin chloride with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 5.9X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 2.7 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Triphenyltin compounds in water is expected to either exist as, or rapidly be converted to triphenyltin oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, or hydrated cations(2). Triphenyltin cation may react with water and behave like a simple protic acid with the formation of triphenyltin hydroxide(3). In seawater, the chloride ion may compete effectively with hydroxide ions resulting in the presence of triphenyltin chloride in the mixture of triphenyltin species(3). Triphenyltin compounds may react with sulfides present in sediment, leading to the formation of bis(triphenyltin) sulfide(2). Triphenyltins undergo rapid stepwise photochemical dephenylation in UV light(2,4). In the dark, they undergo similar stepwise degradation in aqueous solution, but at a lower rate. The final decomposition product is inorganic tin. Triphenyltin hydroxide dissolved in pure water was approx 72% photodegraded by sunlight in 36 days apparently by a radical process and diphenyltin species were the only products observed(5).

A BCF of 800 for rainbow trout was observed after a 4-day exposure(1). The uptake and elimination rates of radiolabeled triphenyltin hydroxide in guppies were 41 l/kg-day and 0.014/day, giving a BCF (uptake: elimination ratio) of 2900 l/kg (wet weight) during 30 days of exposure(1). For rainbow trout larvae the uptake and elimination rates were 22 l/kg-day and 0.031/day, respectively giving a BCF of 650 ml/g after 4 days; the lower BCF in the trout than the guppies being a result of the higher elimination rate. Since equilibrium was not reached, the bioconcentration factor was underestimated(1). The log BCFs of triphenyltin in crucian carp obtained in a 7-day experiment were 1.70 (muscle), 1.70 (vertebra); 2.05 (liver); and 1.49 (kidney)(2). In studies in which the bioaccumulation and elimination of triphentyltin in Red Sea bream (Pagrus major) was by direct uptake from water, from diet, and from both simultaneously, about a quarter of the bioaccumulation was due to dietary uptake(3). The bioaccumulation factor was 0.257. The elimination rate was 0.020/day and was independent of the source of uptake, water or diet(3). Bioaccumulation was also independent of the form of triphenyltin in the diet(3). Minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus) embryos/larvae and freshly hatched larvae were exposed to triphenyltin chloride in Lake Lucerne, Switzerland water at 16 °C(4). The BCF for embryo larvae was 530 at the end of a 192 hr uptake period. Newly hatched larvae had BCFs of 457 and 930 after 96 and 144 hours. At this time the BCF had not reached a plateau so the actual BCF was higher. While uptake of triphenyltin from water was rapid, elimination was absent during a 96-hr depuration period(4). The concn of the metabolites monophenyltin and diphenyltin were very low(4). According to a classification scheme(5), these BCF vales suggest that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC).

If triphenyltin chloride is released to soil, it either exists as, or is rapidly converted to oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, or hydrated cations(1). Oxides, hydroxides, carbonates or cations are not expected to leach through soil(SRC). In a laboratory soil leaching study, triphenyltins were strongly attached to soil(2). This also suggests that triphenyltins (such as triphenyltin chloride) may be expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). The Freundlich parameters, log k and 1/n, for triphenyltin to sediment were 1.81 and 0.793, respectively(3). In a study of the adsorption behavior of triphenyltin chloride in clay sediments, the ratio of the compound in sediment to that in water was approx 20:1(1).

In water, triphenyltin compounds are expected to exist as oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, or hydrated cations(1). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process because the cation, oxides, hydroxides, or carbonates are not expected to volatilize(SRC). For example, no volatilization loss of triphenyltin was observed over a period of 6 days from a one ppm distilled water solution of structurally related triphenyltin hydroxide at pH 8.2 (unbuffered) and 32 °C with a solution surface area of 54 sq cm(2). Triphenyltin chloride is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 5.5X10-6 mm Hg(3).

Occupational exposure to triphenyltin chloride may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where triphenyltin chloride is produced or used. (SRC)

Triphenyltin chloride when dosed to rats was excreted mainly in the feces (88%) as a mixture of the mono-, di- and triphenyltin salts, and some free stannic (Sn(4+)) salts.|... Triphenyltin chloride ... /readily penetrates/ through the skin, as evidenced by total tin content of 3-9 times that of controls in the fascia, kidneys, liver, & heart of animals with intact skin, & from 4.6 to 10 times that of controls in these tissues of animals with abraded skin ... .

Toxic and irritating to the skin. Dermal exposure may lead to severe skin burns as well as renal failure and possible death. (Non-Specific -- Tin Compounds, Organic) Target organs affected are central nervous system, eyes, liver, urinary tract, skin and the blood. (EPA, 1998)

Signs and Symptoms of Triphenyltin Chloride Exposure: Acute exposure to triphenyltin chloride may result in the following signs and symptoms: irritation of the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes, headache, blurring vision, facial flushing, excessive salivation, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, vertigo, and general malaise. Respiratory signs include coughing, shortness of breath, and a burning sensation in the chest. Bradycardia (slowed heart rate), hypotension, cardiac arrhythmias, and loss of consciousness may occur. Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to triphenyltin chloride may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination. Inhalation Exposure: 1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to triphenyltin chloride. 2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support. 3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures. 4. Transport to a health care facility. Dermal/Eye Exposure: 1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to triphenyltin chloride. 2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support. 3. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing as soon as possible. 4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes. 5. Wash exposed skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. 6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures. 7. Transport to a health care facility. Ingestion Exposure: 1. Evaluate signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support. 2. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures. 3. Vomiting may be induced with syrup of Ipecac. If elapsed time since ingestion of triphenyltin chloride is unknown or suspected to be greater than 30 minutes, do not induce vomiting and proceed to Step 4. Ipecac should not be administered to children under 6 months of age. Warning: Ingestion of triphenyltin chloride may result in sudden onset of seizures or loss of consciousness. Syrup of Ipecac should be administered only if victims are alert, have an active gag-reflex, and show no signs of impending seizure or coma. If ANY uncertainty exists, proceed to Step 4. The following dosages of Ipecac are recommended: children up to 1 year old, 10 mL (1/3 oz); children 1 to 12 years old, 15 mL (1/2 oz); adults, 30 mL (1 oz). Ambulate (walk) the victims and give large quantities of water. If vomiting has not occurred after 15 minutes, Ipecac may be readministered. Continue to ambulate and give water to the victims. If vomiting has not occurred within 15 minutes after second administration of Ipecac, administer activated charcoal. 4. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water. 5. Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims. Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) is recommended for adults. 6. Transport to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

A female worker died 12 days after being drenched with triphenyltin chloride from a 1500 gal container. After the accident she was showered, but not undressed until hospital admission, by which time she had first degree thermal and chemical burns on about 10% of her body. After 48 hr she had second and third degree burns, and 80-85% of her skin was desquamated. She had no signs of respiratory or nervous impairment and died from renal failure.

triphenyltin chloride

USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code 496500; Trade Names: Brestanol, General chemicals 8993, Hoe 2872, LS 4442, Tinmate.|Wettable powder

Stannane, chlorotriphenyl-: ACTIVE|Aquatin is a discontinued trade name.

FIVE LABORATORIES COLLABORATIVELY STUDIED 2 PROCEDURES FOR THE QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TRIPHENYLTIN COMPOUNDS IN TECHNICAL MATERIAL & IN PESTICIDE FORMULATIONS. BOTH PROCEDURES INCLUDED AN EXTRACTION STEP & A POTENTIOMETRIC TITRATION, BUT DIFFERED IN HOW THE BY PRODUCTS WERE REMOVED. THE 1ST WAS BASED ON CLEANUP WITH SODIUM TARTRATE & IN THE 2ND, ALKALINE ALUMINA WAS USED FOR PURIFICATION. THE REPRODUCIBILITY & THE REPEATABILITY WERE BETTER WITH THE ALUMINA METHOD THAN WITH THE TARTRATE METHOD. THE AVERAGE SYSTEMATIC DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE 2 METHODS WAS -2.3%. THE METHOD BASED ON ALKALINE ALUMINA CLEANUP WAS ADOPTED AS AN INTERIM CIPAC METHOD.|DETERMINATION OF TRIPHENYLTIN COMPOUNDS & TRICYCLOHEXYLTIN HYDROXIDE BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY OF THEIR DERIVATIVES. A GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD IS REPORTED FOR THE DETERMINATION OF TRIPHENYLTIN DERIVATIVES & TRICYCLOHEXYLTIN HYDROXIDE AFTER THEIR CONVERSION (BY WAY OF GRIGNARD REACTION CATALYZED BY COPPER CHLORIDE) TO TETRAPHENYLTIN & TRICYCLOHEXYLPHENYLTIN. THE RECOVERY OF TETRAPHENYLTIN & TRICYCLOHEXYLPHENYLTIN WAS SATISFACTORY IN THE RANGE OF 50 TO 3000 UG. DIFFERENT COLUMNS WERE TESTED USING FLAME-IONIZATION DETECTION. FOR BOTH DERIVATIVES, THE RESPONSE WAS LINEAR FROM 0.05 TO 3.00 UG. RESULTS OF THERMAL ANALYSIS, IR SPECTROSCOPY, & MASS SPECTROMETRY ARE REPORTED.