Aluminum chloride

133.34100

131.88800

231-208-1

143016|143015

1726|2581

DTXSID6029674

White when pure; ordinarily gray or yellow to greenish|White, hexagonal crystals or powder|White or colorless hexagonal deliquescent or moisture sensitive plates

D - Dermatologicals

2827320000

0 Ų

2.06850

Yellow to gray powder

2.48 g/cm³

192.6 °C

182.7 °C @ Press: 752 Torr

88 °C

H2O: soluble

2-8°C

1 mm Hg ( 100 °C)

LD50 oral (rat) 3730 mg/kg LD50 skin (rabbit) >2 g/kg TLV-TWA (ACGIH) 2 mg(Al)/m3

STRONG ODOR OF HYDROGEN CHLORIDE

VAP: 1 Pa at 58.4 °C; 10 Pa at 76.5 °C; 100 Pa at 97.1 °C; 1 kPa at 120.7 °C; 10 kPa at 148.2 °C; 100 kPa at 180.5 °C (solid at each temp)|Fumes in air, strong odor of HCl; when heated in small quantities volatilizes without melting. Combines with water with explosive violence and liberation of much heat.|Hygroscopic|Enthalpy of fusion: 35.4 kJ/mol at MP|For more Other Experimental Properties (Complete) data for ALUMINUM CHLORIDE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Fumes in moist air (forms a large amount of hydrogen chloride gas). Reacts with active metals in the presence of moisture to produce hydrogen and HCl gases. Based on a scenario where the chemical is spilled into an excess of water (at least 5 fold excess of water), half of the maximum theoretical yield of Hydrogen Chloride gas will be created in 0.02 minutes. Experimental details are in the following: "Development of the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Distances for the 2008 Emergency Response Guidebook", ANL/DIS-09-2, D.F. Brown, H.M. Hartmann, W.A. Freeman, and W.D. Haney, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, June 2009.|Fumes in air.

Acids, Strong Non-oxidizing

Known Catalytic Activity

ALUMINUM CHLORIDE behaves as an acidic salt. Self-reactive. After long storage in closed containers, explosions often occur upon opening [Chem. Abst. 41:6723d 1947]. Can cause ethylene(also other alkenes) to polymerize violently [J. Inst. Pet. 33:254 1947]. Causes ethylene oxide to rearrange and polymerize, liberating heat [J. Soc. Chem. Ind. 68:179 1949]. Can catalyze violent polymerization of allyl chloride [Ventrone 1971]. Addition to nitrobenzene containing about 5% phenol caused a violent explosion [Chem. Eng. News 31:4915 1953]. Mixtures with nitromethane may explode when organic matter is present [Chem. Eng. News 26:2257 1948].|ALUMINUM CHLORIDE, SOLUTION is an aqueous solution of an acidic salt. Reacts exothermically with bases. May cause ethylene (also other alkenes) to polymerize violently [J. Inst. Pet. 33:254 1947].

Not flammable (USCG, 1999)

Critical temperature: 620 K; critical pressure: 2.63 MPa

II

8

UN 3264 8/PG 3

1

36/38-34-62-51/53-48/23/24-40-23/24/25-14-48/25-48/20-52-36/37/38-52/53-48/23/24/25-60

26-45-28-7/8-36/37/39-61-23-28A-53

BD0525000

C,Xi,T

Stable, but reacts violently with water. Prolonged storage may lead to pressure build-up - vent container periodically. Incompatible with alcohols and a variety of other materials (see complete MSDS sheet for full list).

P280-P305 + P351 + P338-P310

H314-H372-H373

Aluminum compounds are treated under anhydrous conditions to prevent violent reactions, recover solvent, and form Al compounds suitable for landfill by reaction with anhydrous hydrolysis agent, eg calcium hydroxide. /Aluminum compounds/|SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.|Cover any spills with sufficient amounts of sodium bicarbonate. Remove the mixture into a container such as a fiber drum, plastic bag or carton box for easy disposal in an incinerator, and dispose by burning in a furnace.

... Will react with water or steam to produce heat, toxic or corrosive fumes of /hydrochloric acid/.|Incompatibilities: alkali hydroxides and carbonates, borax, and lime water precipitates aluminum hydroxide from solution of aluminum chloride. It possesses incompatibilities of chlorides.|Aluminum chloride hydrolyzes in water to aluminum hydroxide & hydrochloric acid.|Incompatable with nitrobenzenes or nitrobenzene and phenol /mixtures/.|For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for ALUMINUM CHLORIDE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Drug products containing certain active ingredients offered over-the-counter (OTC) for certain uses. A number of active ingredients have been present in OTC drug products for various uses, as described below. However, based on evidence currently available, there are inadequate data to establish general recognition of the safety and effectiveness of these ingredients for the specified uses: Aluminum chloride is included in antiperspirant drug products.

Anon; Information profiles on Potential Occupaional Hazards: Aluminum & Compounds, 2nd Draft (Revised); GRA & I Issue 21 NTIS/PB89-216238 (1989)> TD3: Information profiles are working papers used by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health to assist the Institute in establishing priorities. The proile summarizes data on organic and inorganic substances containing aluminum as the only metal. Each summary presents data on known and suspected health effects, the extent of worker exposure, physical and chemical properties and the industrial importance of the following aluminum compounds: aluminum metal, aluminum ammonium sulfate, aluminum chlorhydrate, aluminum chloride anhydrous, aluminum chloride hydrous, aluminum distearate, aluminum ethoxide, aluminum fluoride, aluminum hydride, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum nitrate, aluminum oxide, aluminum ortho-phosphate, aluminum potassium sulfate, aluminum silicate, aluminum sodium sulfate, aluminum sulfate, calcium aluminum silicate, diethylaluminum chloride, sodium aluminate, tri-n-butylaluminum, triethylaluminum, tri-n-hexylaluminum, triisobutylaluminum, tri-n-octylaluminum. Detailed literature searches are conducted to identify information to be used in the profile sumaries. Sponsored by National Inst. for Occupational Safety and Health, Rockville, MD.

P201; P280; P303 + P361 + P353; P304 + P340 + P310; P305 + P351 + P338; P308 + P313

Behavior in Fire: Reacts violently with water used in extinguishing adjacent fires (USCG, 1999)|Special Hazards of Combustion Products: At elevated temperatures, the material will decompose, producing hydrogen chloride. (USCG, 1999)|Corrosives, Reactive - 2nd degree

|Danger|H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]|P260, P264, P280, P301+P330+P331, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P321, P363, P405, and P501|H290 (29.93%): May be corrosive to metals [Warning Corrosive to Metals]|P234, P260, P264, P280, P301+P330+P331, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P321, P363, P390, P404, P405, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 1477 companies from 23 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|P201, P202, P260, P264, P270, P280, P281, P301+P312, P301+P330+P331, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P313, P310, P314, P321, P330, P363, P405, and P501

Excerpt from ERG Guide 137 [Substances - Water-Reactive - Corrosive]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. SPILL: See ERG Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances on the UN/NA 1726 datasheet. FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)|Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. SPILL: Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown above. FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 137 [Substances - Water-Reactive - Corrosive]: Fully encapsulating, vapor-protective clothing should be worn for spills and leaks with no fire. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Use water spray to reduce vapors; do not put water directly on leak, spill area or inside container. Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material. SMALL SPILL: Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. (ERG, 2016)|Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]: ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2016)

All personnel in the area should wear safety clothing, including fully closed goggles, rubber or plastic-coated gloves, rubber shoes, and coveralls of acid-resistant material. An acid-vapor canister mask should be carried in case of emergency. In certain applications, it may be advisable to wear this equipment on a routine basis. (USCG, 1999)|Wear impervious protective clothing and gloves to prevent skin contact. Wear splashproof chemical safety goggles and approved respirator. (USCG, 1999)|Wear special protective clothing and positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus.|Wear goggles, self-contained breathing apparatus and rubber clothing|Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact. /Aluminum (soluble salts and alkyls, as Al/|Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact. /Aluminum (soluble salts and alkyls, as Al)/|Protective clothing and a high standard of training in the necessary precautionary measures are essential for the handling of the materials. /Aluminum alkyls/

Certain polymerization catalysts, such as aluminum alkyls, react & burn violently on contact with water. /Aluminum alkyls/|Aluminum alkyls are organic aluminum compounds that are highly reactive and dangerous because of spontaneous burning in air. /Aluminum alkyls/|Prophoric material in flammable solvent. Vapors are heavier than air & may travel to a source of ignition & flash back. /Aluminum alkyls/

Combines with water with explosive violence and liberation of much heat.|Not combustible, but heating may produce irritants & toxic gases. Reacts violently with water producing hydrochloric acid & heat.|Old containers can explode on opening|...Violently explosive when they come into contact with water. /Aluminum alkyls/

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources.|DO NOT use water. Violent reaction may result. Extinguish fire using agent suitable, for surrounding fire. Extinguish adjacent fires with dry chemical carbon dioxide, or foam. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool.|Stop flow of liquid before extinguishing fire. Use dry chemical or carbon dioxide. DO NOT use water as straight stream directly on spilled material. Water fog can be used to control fire. DO NOT use halogenated extinguishing agents on spilled material. Violent reaction may result. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Fight fire from protected location or maximum possible distance. /Aluminum Alkyls/

Environmental considerations: Land spill: Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water. Neutralize with agricultural lime (CaO), crushed limestone (CaCO3) or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3).|Environmental considerations: Water spill: Remove trapped material with suction hoses.

Remove contaminated clothing and shoes. Flush affected areas with plenty of water.|If material not of fire and not involved in fire: Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard.|Personnel protection: Keep upwind. Avoid breathing vapors. ... Avoid bodily contact with the material.|SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.|For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for ALUMINUM CHLORIDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

If ... THERE IS NO FIRE, go directly to the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances /(see table below)/ ... to obtain initial isolation and protective action distances. IF THERE IS A FIRE, or IF A FIRE IS INVOLVED, go directly to the appropriate guide /(see guide(s) below)/ and use the evacuation information shown under PUBLIC SAFETY. /Aluminum chloride, anhydrous/|Table of Water-Reactive Materials Which Produce Toxic Gases /Aluminum chloride, anhydrous/|/GUIDE 137: SUBSTANCES - WATER-REACTIVE - CORROSIVE/ Health: CORROSIVE and/or TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns, or death. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Reaction with water may generate much heat which will increase the concentration of fumes in the air. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Aluminum chloride, anhydrous/|/GUIDE 137: SUBSTANCES - WATER-REACTIVE - CORROSIVE/ Fire or Explosion: ... Some of these materials may burn, but none ignite readily. May ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Substance will react with water (some violently), releasing corrosive and/or toxic gases. Flammable/toxic gases may accumulate in confined areas (basement, tanks, hopper/tank cars etc.). Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated or if contaminated with water. Substance may be transported in a molten form. /Aluminum chloride, anhydrous/|For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for ALUMINUM CHLORIDE (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.|The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.|No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

Irritating to eyes, nose and throat. Will burn skin and eyes.|May cause minor irritation to lungs & eyes. /Aluminum (dust or powder)/|Irritation of the eyes has been noted in patients who have been exposed /to aluminum alkyls/. /Aluminum alkyls/|May cause minor irritation to lungs or eyes. /Aluminum (dust or powder)/

Recommended Exposure Limit: 10-Hr Time-Weighted Avg: 10 mg/cu m (total). /Aluminum/|Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 Hr Time-Weighted Avg: 5 mg/cu m (resp). /Aluminum/|Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 Hr Time-Weighted Avg: 2 mg/cu m. /Aluminum (soluble salts and alkyls, as Al)/|Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 Hr Time-Weighted Avg: 5 mg/cu m. /Aluminum (pyro powders and welding fumes, as Al)/

D003; A waste containing Aluminum chloride may (or may not) be characterized a hazardous waste following testing for the reactivity characteristics as prescribed by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations.

D003; A solid waste containing Aluminum chloride may become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to testing for reactivity as stipulated in 40 CFR 261.23, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste.

Oral LD50 is 3470 mg/kg in rat and dermal LD50 is > 2 g/kg in rabbit [MSDS]. As aluminum accumulates in the brain, ataxia and seizures may be observed following ingestion of higher doses. Mental status changes, including obtundation, lethargy and confusion may be seen. Liver damage has been reported in acute and chronic toxicity of aluminum.

The effect of di- and trivalent iron on the intestinal absorption of aluminum was studied in an in situ perfusion system of rat small intestine in combination with systemic and portal blood sampling. The small intestine of female Wistar rats (6 animals/group) was perfused with media containing 10.0, 15.0, 20.0, and 25.0 mmol/l aluminum as aluminum chloride hexahydrate, with or without 5 mmol/l ferrous chloride tetrahydrate (FeCl2.4H2O) or ferric chloride hexahydrate for 60 min. The disappearance of aluminum or iron from the perfusion medium, which is a measure for uptake from the intestinal lumen, was calculated. After perfusion, samples of small intestine were collected. Control tissue samples were taken from a rat perfused with saline for 60 min and from a nonperfused rat. In the rats perfused with aluminum and/or iron there was no morphological damage to the intestinal wall compared with the saline and nonperfused controls. It was shown that iron(II) enhanced the uptake of aluminum from about 30 min of perfusion onward, with all concentrations of aluminum perfusion media tested. Significant increases were reached after 60 min of perfusion with 10, 15, and 25 mmol aluminum/l, except for the 20 mmol Aluminum/l. Iron(III) did not affect aluminum disappearance at any point during perfusion. Aluminum appeared after the 60 min perfusion period in both systemic and portal blood. Both iron(II) and iron(III) were absorbed after 60 min perfusion, with the divalent iron being more extensively absorbed. The rise of the aluminum level in portal blood was slightly higher than that in systemic blood suggesting a possible liver trapping of aluminum before entering the peripheral circulation. Iron(II) reduced the appearance of Aluminum in both systemic and portal blood after 60 min perfusion, at all aluminum perfusion concentrations used. Iron(III) did not affect aluminum absorption during 60 min perfusion for all concentrations of aluminum perfusion media. /Aluminum chloride hexahydrate/|Four factorially arranged expt of 7 wk duration were performed with weanling Sprague-Dawley male rats. The variables in each expt were, in ug/g fresh diet, boron supplements of 0 and 3 ug/g; aluminum (as aluminum chloride) supplements of 0 and 1000 ug/g, and magnesium supplements of 100 and 400 ug/g (expt 1 and 4), or 100, 200, and 400 ug/g (expt 2 and 3). All supplements were added as dry mixes to the diet. In expt 1 and 2, 20 ug manganese/g was supplemented; in expt 3 and 4 the supplement was 50 ug/g. High dietary aluminum seemed most toxic when dietary magnesium was low enough to cause a marked growth depression 100 ug/g. High dietary aluminum elevated the spleen wt/body wt and liver wt/body wt ratios in magnesium deficient, but not in magnesium adequate rats. High dietary aluminum depressed the concn of magnesium in bone more markedly in magnesium deficient than adequate rats. On the other hand, aluminum seemed most toxic when dietary boron was not low. Aluminum more markedly depressed growth in boron supplemented than boron deprived rats. In the boron deprived rats fed 400 ug magnesium/g of diet, high dietary aluminum (1000 ug/g) apparently was beneficial; in expt 2 and 3, hematocrit, and hemoglobin were actually normalized by high dietary aluminum. Plasma magnesium was significantly depressed by high dietary aluminum when the magnesium supplement was 50 ug/g diet but not when it was 20 ug/g diet. However, growth was more markedly depressed by high dietary aluminum in boron supplemented rats when the magnesium supplement was 20 rather than 50 ug/g diet.|Male Sprague Dawley rat cerebral cortical slices were exposed to 0 (control), 10, 20, 50, 100 or 250 uM aluminum trichloride (aluminum chloride before addition of 20 ul 2-chloroadenosine (0-200 uM), isoproterenol (0 to 10 uM), or forskolin (0 to 10 uM). Aluminum chloride had no effect on the cyclic adenosine monophosphate concn in the absence of drugs that stimulate the synthesis of cyclic adenosin monophosphate. 2-Chloroadenosine (25 to 200 uM) significantly stimulated the synthesis of cyclic adenosine monophosphate in a concn dependent manner, and Aluminum chloride significantly potentiated this response at 50 and 100 uM 2-chloroadenosine. This effect of aluminum chloride was dependent on preexposure (for 30 min) of the slices to aluminum chloride before addition of the agonist. The potentiation by aluminum chloride of the 2-chloroadenosine induced incr in cyclic adenosine monophosphate level was concn dependent, with significant enhancement by 100 uM (142% of control) and 250 uM (150% of control) aluminum chloride. Lower concn of aluminum chloride had no significant effect on the production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate stimulated by 2-chloroadenosine. Aluminum chloride also potentiated the isoproterenol induced incr in cyclic adenosine monophosphate production. Forskolin induced production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate was unaltered by the presence of aluminum chloride.|Plants of beech (Fagus sylvatica) were grown on nutrient solutions with various concn of phosphate (0, 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 mM) and aluminum (0, 0.1, and 1.0 mM) and at low pH (usually 4.2). About half of the supplied aluminum occurred as Al(+3) under these conditions. The vacuolar inorganic phosphate concn of excised fine roots were determined by (31)phosphorus NMR. In roots of plants treated with 0.1 mM aluminum trichloride, the vacuolar inorganic phosphate concn did not change over a period of 21 days. In contrast, plants treated with 1.0 mM aluminum chloride for about 1 day (18 to 29 hr) generally contained somewhat higher vacuolar inorganic phosphate concn in the roots than did control plants. Longer treatment (3 to 21 days) at the high aluminum level caused a continuously decr vacuolar inorganic phosphate concn in the root (22% of control after 21 days). In the presence of 1.0 mM aluminum chloride, plants with different phosphorus status showed about the same relative decr of vacuolar inorganic phosphate concn. After transfer of control plants to a phosphorus and aluminum free nutrient solution, vacuolar inorganic phosphate concn of roots decr in a manner similar to that for the 1.0 mM aluminum treatment.|For more Interactions (Complete) data for ALUMINUM CHLORIDE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LD50 Swiss Webster Mouse oral 222 mg Al/kg|LD50 Dobra Voda Mice oral 770 mg Al/kg|LD50 Sprague-Dawley Rat oral 370 mg Al/kg|LD50 Guinea pig oral 400 mg aluminum chloride/kg. /From table/|For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for ALUMINUM CHLORIDE (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The effects of aluminum trichloride contamination of the rearing water on catfish composition were investigated. Young catfish were exposed to the test substance at concentrations of 10, 50, and 100 ppm (10, 50, 100 mg/L, respectively) for 6 weeks. The rearing water was replaced weekly; control fish were kept in water free of supplements. Mortality and stress signs were recorded. At the end of the study, surviving fish were sacrificed, autopsied and analyzed chemically for moisture, ash content, total protein content, ether extract, and mineral content; gross energy was determined by bomb calorimetry. Contamination with aluminum trichloride caused increased mortality (the corrected mortality was 0.12, 0.33, and 0.70 in the low, mid, and high dose group, respectively). Pathology revealed hemorrhages and congestions of the gastrointestinal tract and of the kidneys. Protein content was decreased showing a trend to dose-response, however, this decrease was not statistically significant. Ether extract was increased in treated fish; according to the authors, this change was considered to be related to the pollutant level. Generally, gross energy was slightly increased in treated fish. Muscular contents of ash, calcium, magnesium, and lead were significantly increased; contents of sodium, potassium, and phosphorus was decreased.|/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) fitted with dorsal aortic cannulae were exposed in a flow-through soft water system to three acidities (pH 5.2, 4.8, or 4.4) and two concentrations of calcium (45 or 410 uequiv/L), in the presence (105 ug/L) or absence of aluminum in the form of aluminum chloride. Mortalities were recorded and blood was sampled for respiratory gases, ions, metabolites, and hematology before and at 4, 18, 28, 42, and 66 hr. Aluminum was most toxic to cannulated rainbow trout at pH 5.2 and least toxic at pH 4.4. Higher water calcium concentrations reduced mortality owing to aluminum at pH 5.2 and 4.8, but had no significant effect at pH 4.4, where mortality was 0-35% in the presence or absence of aluminum. Most fish deaths occurred between 42 and 66 hr, with the exception of the aluminum exposure at pH 5.2, low calcium treatment, where 4 of 10 fish died at about 30 hr. Two toxic mechanisms of aluminum and acidity were seen: ionoregulatory toxicity, which was caused by aluminum at pH 5.2 and 4.8 and by acidity at pH 4.4, and respiratory toxicity, which was caused solely by aluminum, and was greatest at higher pH. Ionoregulatory toxicity involved decreases in plasma sodium + and chlorine -, red cell swelling, and hemoconcentration. Respiratory toxicity involved reduced blood oxygen tension, elevated blood carbon dioxide tension, and increases in blood lactate.|/AQUATIC SPECIES/ 2, 4, and 8 ppm /aluminum chloride hexahydrate/ was lethal for 0, 20, and 20% /respectively/, of carps /(Cyprinus carpio)/ after 48 hr. After 24 hr: 4 ppm lethal for 10%; 8 ppm lethal for 30%.|/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) 1 day post hatch larvae, 12 day post hatch larvae, and 4 wk post hatch juveniles were exposed to combinations of acid and inorganic aluminum (aluminum, as aluminum trichloride) for 96 hr in the laboratory. Life stages were exposed, under flow through conditions, to 4 nominal pH levels: 4.5, 5.5, 6.5 and 7.5 (control), and 5 nominal aluminum concentrations: 0 (control) 50, 100, 200, and 400 ug/L in fresh water with a total hardness of 20 to 24 mg/L as calcium chloride Theoretical speciation of the measured total dissolved monomeric aluminum was performed in order to estimate the toxic forms of aluminum. The ranking of life stage sensitivities to acid alone was 1 day larvae, most sensitive, followed by 12 day larvae and juveniles. At pH 4.5, all three stages exhibited 100% mortality in all aluminum treatments and controls. At pH 4.5 and 400 ug/L nominal aluminum (total dissolved monomeric aluminum= 384 ug/L), 12 day larvae experienced 95.5% mortality after only 6 hr exposure. At pH 5.5, 90 to 100% mortality occurred in all but the 50 ug/L aluminum treatment and the no aluminum control. At pH 5.5, hydroxoid species of aluminum were the predominate forms of the total dissolved monomeric aluminum. At pH 6.5 and 7.5, aluminum was not toxic to the 1 day larvae and juveniles, but the mortality of 12 day larvae exposed to aluminum (predominately hydroxy species) ranged from 18 to 68% with no clear dose response. Addition of inorganic aluminum to the 4 pH conditions significantly increased mortality of all 3 life stages (P<0.001).|For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for ALUMINUM CHLORIDE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Following oral administration of 8.1 mg/kg of aluminum chloride, the fraction of plasma protein binding of aluminum was approximately 98 %.

Aluminum chloride hydrolyzes in water to aluminum hydroxide & hydrochloric acid.|Combines with water with explosive violence and liberation of much heat.

- Indicated for the control of minor hemorrhage during dental restorative procedures. - Indicated to reduce underarm perspiration.

Astringents|Some aluminum compounds are employed therapeutically, eg, aluminum hydroxide is one component of the antacids recommended in the treatment of stomach ulcers and gastritis. Large doses of aluminum hydroxide (in the order of grams) are prescribed for patients who, as a result of renal dysfunction, have high blood phosphate levels. Aluminum acetotartrate in solution is used in the treatment of sores and for other dermatological purposes. The solution inhibits bacteria and has astringent properties. Aluminum chloride hexahydrate is very commonly used in deodorants, and a solution of aluminum sulfate has been tried without significant success against stings of fire ants. /Aluminum chloride hexahydrate/|Antiperspirant|Anhydrotic. /Aluminum chloride hexahydrate/|Aluminum chloride shown to exhibit good antiperspirant action in pilocarpine-induced sweating in rat foot pads and this result is in accordance with observations in human tests.

Aluminum chloride is a hemostatic and antiperspirant agent.

Agents that are put on the SKIN to reduce SWEATING or prevent excess sweating (HYPERHIDROSIS). (See all compounds classified as Antiperspirants.)

It is reported that about 17-30 % of aluminum chloride formed from the reaction between orally ingested aluminum hydroxide and hydrochloric acid of the stomach is absorbed. In rabbits, administration of a single maximum safe oral dose aluminum chloride (333 mg Al/kg) resulted in aluminum absorption of 0.57 %. Aluminum chloride may be absorbed via dermal route, with the uptake increasing in the microgram range but with an upper limit.|Absorbed aluminum chloride is rapidly excreted by the kidneys in individuals with normal renal function. Aluminum chloride may be absorbed dermally.|Following oral administration of 8.1 mg/kg of aluminum chloride, the steady‐state volume of distribution of aluminum was 38.4 ± 6.4 mL/kg.|Following oral administration of 8.1 mg/kg of aluminum chloride, the clearance of aluminum was 8.87 ± 1.76 mL/(h*kg).|Rainbow trout (9 to 220 g) were individually placed in 1 liter chambers having aerated, fresh flowing water for 1 hr (control conditions, aluminum concentration= 0.033 mg/L, pH 4.61). They were then exposed to an aerated artificial medium (flow rate= 297 + or - 11 mL/min, pH= 5.4) containing 0.954 + or - 0.133 mg/L aluminum (as aluminum chloride) for up to 1 hr. There was no significant difference (p= 0.05) between episodic aluminum levels and episodic blank (no fish) aluminum levels, indicating that the flow rate through the chambers was sufficient to maintain aluminum levels such that absorption of aluminum from the apparatus was negligible. Fish were removed for tissue sampling after 5, 10, 20, 30, and 60 min exposure. Skin and blood showed no significant increase in aluminum content (p=0.05). Gill tissue episodic aluminum values were significantly higher (p=0.05)) than control levels at 30 and 60 min, having increased from 8 ug/g to 50 ug/g wet weight in 1 hr. Mucous aluminum content was significantly higher (p=0.05) than control values after 5 min of exposure increased to 4.5 mg/L from 0.2 mg/L. Mucous cells on the secondary lamellae showed discharged mucous globules on the gill surface after 1 hr of episodic exposure, a feature not shown by unexposed gill lamellae.|Aluminum hydroxide or oxide is slowly solubilized in the stomach and reacts with hydrochloric acid to form aluminum chloride and water. In addition to forming aluminum chloride, dihydroxyaluminum sodium carbonate and aluminum carbonate form carbon dioxide, and aluminum phosphate forms phosphoric acid. About 17-30% of the aluminum chloride formed is absorbed and is rapidly excreted by the kidneys in patients with normal renal functions. In the small intestine, aluminum chloride is rapidly converted to insoluble poorly absorbed basic aluminum salts which probably /include/ a mixture of hydrated aluminum oxide, oxyaluminum hydroxide, various basic aluminum carbonates, and aluminum soaps. Aluminum-containing antacids (except aluminum phosphate) also combine with dietary phosphate in the intestine forming insoluble, nonabsorbable aluminum phosphate which is excreted in the feces. If phosphate intake is limited in patients with normal renal function, aluminum antacids (except aluminum phosphate) decrease phosphate absorption and hypophosphatemia and hypophosphaturia occur; calcium absorption is increased. In vitro studies indicate that aluminum hydroxide binds bile salts with an affinity & capacity similar to that of cholestyramine; aluminum phosphate binds bile salts, but to a much lesser degree than does aluminum hydroxide. /Aluminum antacids/|Evidence of transdermal uptake of aluminum was reported... when /aluminum chloride/ was chronically placed on the skin of mice. Uptake increased in the microgram range and appeared to have an upper limit, failing to increase at larger doses. ...A similar finding was reported when /aluminum chloride/ was placed in the nasal passages of experimental animals; apparently aluminum wa translocated to the olfactory region of the brain. However, the chemically irritant nature of this mode of administration and the potential damage to the mucosa so treated was not factored into the evaluation of the integrity of this barrier.|Following a single maximum safe oral dose of the water soluble compounds aluminum chloride (333 mg Al/kg), aluminum nitrate (934 mg Al/kg), aluminum citrate (1,081 mg Al/kg), and aluminum lactate (2,942 mg Al/kg) in rabbits, aluminum absorption was 0.57, 1.16, 2.18, and 0.63%, respectively.|For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for ALUMINUM CHLORIDE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

In the small intestine, aluminum chloride is rapidly converted to insoluble poorly absorbed basic aluminum salts, consisting of a mixture of hydrated aluminum oxide, oxyaluminum hydroxide, various basic aluminum carbonates, and aluminum soaps.

Following oral administration of 8.1 mg/kg of aluminum chloride, the half-life of aluminum was 5.29 ± 0.47 h.

Aluminum chloride is commonly used topical antiperspirant. It is proposed that aluminum chloride works by causing an obstruction of the distal sweat gland ducts, where the metal ions precipitate with mucopolysaccharides, damaging epithelial cells along the lumen of the duct and forming a plug that blocks sweat output. Aluminum chloride is also an astringent that promotes hemostasis; it precipitates proteins on the superficial layer of mucosa and make it mechanically stronger. It creates superficial and local coagulation in minor hemorrhages.|Aluminum (10, 12.5, 17.5, 25 and 50 uM, as aluminum trichloride) inhibited yeast glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) by a pseudo-first-order reaction. The inhibition was proportional to the incubation time (10 to 60 sec) and the concn of aluminum. Aluminum was a better inhibitor when added to the buffered enzyme prior to the addition of glucose-6-phosphate or NADP+. When aluminum trichloride was added to the buffered mixture of enzyme and glucose-6-phosphate , more than 10 times aluminum trichloride was needed to observe a comparable inhibition. The inhibitory effect of aluminum chloride on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was negligible when aluminum chloride was premixed with NADP+. Double reciprocal plots gave a straight line with a k(inact) of 8.3/min and indicated the presence of a binding step prior to inhibition. The kinetic study showed that 1 mol of aluminum was bound per mol of enzyme subunit. A marked incr in sensitivity to aluminum was observed as the pH decr. An inhibitory effect of aluminum was predominant below pH 7.0, but above pH 8.0, aluminum did not significantly affect the reaction rate of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.|The effect of aluminum on intestinal calcium absorption was determined in male Sprague-Dawley rats using an everted intestinal sac technique. Bidirectional calcium flux in the duodena and ilea of normal rats was assessed by means of dual calcium isotopes. Addition of 2 uM aluminum (as aluminum chloride) to the buffer solution significantly inhibited net calcium absorption in the duodenum through suppression of mucosa-to-serosa flux. Serosa-to-mucosa calcium flux was not similarly influenced by aluminum. In the ileum, aluminum had no effect on any component of calcium flux. Aluminum did not induce any suppression of glucose transport in either the duodenum or ileum, suggesting that the effect on calcium transport is relatively specific.|ATP pools extracted from the cyanobacterium Anabaena cylindrica, grown in the absence or presence of aluminum chloride were measured using the luciferin-luciferase assay. Addition of low concn of aluminum chloride (3.6-36 uM) incr the ATP pool 20-40% within 24 hr, the effect being more marked with time. When using the Tris-EDTA boiling technique for extraction of cellular ATP, the ATP from aluminum-exposed cells appeared more stable during the extraction than the ATP from untreated cells. The higher ATP pools in aluminum-exposed cells were also evident after dark treatment and addition of the phosphorylating inhibitors carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone and N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The formation of elevated ATP pools in cells exposed to aluminum was curtailed by high concn of cellular phosphate and postincubation at high pH (> 8).|Very few investigations have been made on the metabolism and mode of action of aluminum compounds for the reason that it is very poorly absorbed and of low toxicity. The existing evidence indicates that the small portion of aluminum ion that hydrolyzes combines with available phosphate, becomes insoluble and unabsorbed, and so is excreted along with the un-ionized portion. In high doses aluminum compounds have been shown to affect phosphorus metabolism of rats and mice. At lower levels (170 and 355 ppm aluminum as aluminum chloride) aluminum balance studies showed intake and fecal excretion of aluminum were higher at the higher dose, but urinary excretion and retention were not. In phosphorus balance studies made at 160 to 180 and 355 ppm in the diet, the higher dose lowered phosphorus retention, although phosphorus content of the liver and femur were not affected. Chronic and acute poisoning by aluminum chloride caused, on intraperitoneal administration of (32)H-labelled disodium hydrogen phosphate, decreased incorporation of (32)phosphorus in the phospholipids and nucleic acids of various rat tissues. Decreased adenosine triphosphate levels and a rise in the adenosine diphosphate level in plasma also occurred, indicating interference with tissue phosphorylation process.|For more Mechanism of Action (Complete) data for ALUMINUM CHLORIDE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The main impurity is iron (0.05 wt % max or 0.01 wt % for resublimed product)|Impurities: ferric chloride; free aluminum; insolubles|IMPURITIES: FERRIC CHLORIDE, 0.08%; SILICON CHLORIDE, 0.02%; SODIUM CHLORIDE, 0.02%

Contact with the skin or eyes in the presence of moisture causes thermal and acid burns. (USCG, 1999)|The material is corrosive and contact with the skin, eyes or respiratory tract may cause sever skin irritation and burns. (USCG, 1999)

INGESTION: if victim is conscious have him drink water or milk. Do NOT induce vomiting. SKIN: flush immediately with plenty of water. For eye contact, flush with water for at least 15 mins. and get medical attention immediately. (USCG, 1999)|Call for medical aid. INGESTION: If victim is conscious have him drink water or milk. SKIN: Flush immediately with plenty of water. EYES: Flush with water for at least 15 mins., lifting lids occasionally. (USCG, 1999)

/Exposure to aluminum chloride:/ Dust: Irritating to eyes, nose and throat. Harmful if inhaled. Move to fresh air if beathing has stopped, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Solid: Will burn skin and eyes. Harmful if swallowed. Remove contaminated clothing and shoes. Flush affected areas with plenty of water. If in eyes, hold eyelids open and flush with plenty of water. If swallowed and victim is conscious, have victim drink water or milk. Do not induce vomiting.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ ... Patch tests with standard antigens and aluminum compounds and histopathologic and ultrastructural studies were performed on 10 patients with persistent subcutaneous nodules on the upper part of their arms after injection of aluminum-adsorbed dust and/or pollen extracts. The nodules appeared 1 month to 6.5 yr after injections. The results of patch tests with 2% aluminum chloride were positive in 5 patients. Histopathologic examination revealed two different patterns: some biopsy specimens (from lesions of <9 months' duration) showed a pure foreign body histiocytic reaction characterized by extracellular amorphous dermal basophilic deposits with a histiocytic-macrophagic reaction; others showed a delayed hypersensitivity granulomatous reaction in association with an histiocytic foreign body response. The lesions were characterized by a unifocal or multifocal unencapsulated granulomatous reaction in the deep dermis and/or subcutaneous tissue. Eosinophilic necrotic areas surrounded by dense fibrous bands and a massive inflammatory infiltrate (lymphoid follicles, large histiocytic cells, abundant eosinophils, and some plasma cells) were observed. A granular basophilic material in extracellular spaces and within the cytoplasm of some histiocytes was also noted. Electron microscopic studies revealed intracytoplasmic and extracellular deposits of a fibrillar electron-dense material.|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ .../It/ is caustic and irritating to eyes... but in only 1 out of 5 instances of industrial corneal burns has healing been delayed beyond two days...|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ /Anhydrous aluminum chloride is a/ powerful irritant to tissue; moderately toxic by ingestion.|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ /Aluminum chloride (anhydrous)/ causes severe eye and skin burns. Irritating to skin, eye, and respiratory system.|For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for ALUMINUM CHLORIDE (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

AlCl3

35% as a catalyst for ethyl benzene; 16% as a catalyst for dyestuff intermediates; 9% as a catalyst for detergent alkylate; 8% as a catalyst for hydrocarbon resins; 5% as a catalyst for ethyl chloride; 27% in numerous other applications as a catalyst and chemical intermediate (1974)|Cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, 60%; misc, including pigments, roofings, specialty papers and photography, 40% (1980) /Hydrous Aluminum Chloride/|Detergent alkylate, 18%; ethylbenzene catalyst, 15%; hydrocarbon resins, 12%; titanium dioxide processing, 10%; dyestuff intermediate, 10%; misc (including cosmetic and pharmaceutical application, butyl rubber and polybutenes, ethyl chloride), 35% (1980) /Anhydrous Aluminum Chloride/|(1993) Alkylate detergents 2,200 ton, ethylbenzene 4,000 ton, hydrocarbon resins 3,900 ton, pharmaceuticals 4,000 ton, titanium dioxide 2,200 ton, miscellaneous 4,900 ton. /From table/

Aluminum chloride-99.8% /grade available/|Liquid aluminum chloride, 32 deg baume, 28% grade|Grade: Technical, CP; NF /National Formulary grade of chemical/. /hexahydrate/|Grade: Technical; reagent /anhydrous/

All other basic inorganic chemical manufacturing|Aluminum chloride (AlCl3): ACTIVE

Fire Hazards -> Corrosives, Reactive - 2nd degree|Cosmetics -> Antiperspirant; Astringent; Deodorant