1,2-Benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one

151.18600

151.19

220-120-9

HRA0F1A4R3

DTXSID5032523

Off-white to yellowish solid|White to off-white fine, crystalline powder|Technical product (commercial) can be in the form of a solid paste that is off-white to brown in color

2934200090

61.10000

1.58960

Liquid

1.367g/cm3

157-158 °C

204.5ºC at 760 mmHg

77.5ºC

1.66

soluble in dichloromethane, dimethyl sulfoxide, methanol.

Keep tightly closed.

0.183mmHg at 25°C

LD50 oral in rat: 1020mg/kg

Henry's Law constant = 5X10-10 atm-cu m/mole at 25 °C (est)

Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 1.7X10-11 cu cm/molec-sec at 25 °C (est)

III

UN 3077

2

R22; R38; R41; R43; R50

S24-S26-S37/39-S61

DE4620000

Xn

Stable under recommended storage conditions.

P273-P280-P301 + P312 + P330-P305 + P351 + P338 + P310-P333 + P313-P391

H302-H315-H317-H318-H400

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.|Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Incompatible materials: Strong oxidizing agents.

1,2-Benzisothiazolin-3-one is an indirect food additive for use only as a component of adhesives. Limit: For use as preservative only.

|Danger|H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|P261, P264, P270, P272, P273, P280, P301+P312, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P310, P321, P330, P332+P313, P333+P313, P362, P363, P391, and P501|H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|Aggregated GHS information provided by 2506 companies from 35 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|P260, P261, P264, P270, P272, P273, P280, P301+P312, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P309+P311, P310, P321, P330, P332+P313, P333+P313, P362, P363, P391, P405, and P501

Eye/face protection: Face shield and safety glasses. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).|Skin protection: Handle with gloves.|Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.|Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face particle respirator type N100 (US) or type P3 (EN 143) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.|Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust.; Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.; Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Further processing of solid materials may result in the formation of combustible dusts. The potential for combustible dust formation should be taken into consideration before additional processing occurs. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.|Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.|Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.|SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Severe eye irritant.

1,2-Benzisothiazoline-3-one can be emitted to air from its use as a biocide in air fresheners(1).

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: 1,2-Benzisothiazoline-3-one (BIT) is an off-white to yellowish solid. It is registered for pesticide use in the USA but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses. BIT is used as an antimicrobial agent in cosmetics; used as a slimicide in the manufacture of disposable powder-free polyvinyl chloride gloves; widely used in industry as a preservative in water-based solutions such as pastes, paints and cutting oils. It is also used in private area and public health area disinfectants and other biocidal products, in-can preservatives, film preservatives fibre, leather, rubber and polymerized materials preservatives, masonry preservatives, preservatives for liquid-cooling and processing systems, metalworking-fluid preservatives, embalming and taxidermist fluids. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Dermal exposure to BIT at sufficient dose and duration can produce skin sensitization and allergic contact dermatitis in susceptible humans. Occupational asthma and rhinitis caused by inhalation of BIT was reported in a 26-year-old man employed in a chemical factory producing detergents. ANIMAL STUDIES: Severe eye irritant. Subchronic oral toxicity studies showed systemic effects after repeated oral administration including decreased body weight, increased incidence of forestomach hyperplasia, and non-glandular stomach lesions in rats. In dogs, the effects occurred at lower doses than in rats, and included alterations in blood chemistry (decreased plasma albumin, total protein, and alanine aminotransferase) and increased absolute liver weight. Developmental toxicity studies were conducted in rats with maternal effects including decreased body weight gain, decreased food consumption, and clinical toxicity signs (audible breathing, haircoat staining of the anogenital region, dry brown material around the nasal area) as well as increased mortality. Developmental effects consisted of increases in skeletal abnormalities (extra sites of ossification of skull bones, unossified sternebra) but not external or visceral abnormalities.

LD50 Rat oral 1020 mg/kg|LD50 Mouse oral 1150 mg/kg

1,2-Benzisothiazoline-3-one's production and use as a preservative and antimicrobial agent in industrial and consumer products such as cosmetics and paints(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Its use as a fungicide, microbicide, and disinfectant and as an inert ingredient in pesticide products(2) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 34(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 5X10-10 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 2.78X10-6 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 1100 mg/L(3). 1,2-Benzisothiazoline-3-one is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(3). 1,2-Benzisothiazoline-3-one is reported to readily biodegrade in soil(4). 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one breaks down quickly in aerobic soils, with a half-life of less than 24 hours in one sandy loam soil(4). At a concentration of 100 ppm, a 0% of theoretical BOD was measured using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(5); 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one is a biocide(4), and the high concentration (100 ppm) may have been toxic to the microorganisms(SRC). A batch adsorption study observed rapid biodegradation of 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one with secondary sewage sludge(6).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 34(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 5X10-10 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 2.78X10-6 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 1100 mg/L(4). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow of 0.76(4) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). 1,2-Benzisothiazoline-3-one is reported to readily biodegrade in soil(6). A batch adsorption study observed rapid biodegradation of 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one with secondary sewage sludge(7). At a concentration of 100 ppm, a 0% of theoretical BOD was measured using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(8); 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one is a biocide(6), and the high concentration (100 ppm) may have been toxic to the microorganisms(SRC). 1,2-Benzisothiazolin-3-one has been shown to be hydrolytically stable with a hydrolysis half life of >30 days(6). 1,2-Benzisothiazoline-3-one is reported to be susceptible to photodegradation in aquatic environments(9).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one, which has a vapor pressure of 2.78X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 23 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.7X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). 1,2-Benzisothiazoline-3-one is susceptible to photolysis under aqueous conditions(4) and may photodegrade under other environmental conditions.(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.7X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 23 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). UV radiation has been shown to cause photolysis of 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one in coatings under weathering conditions(2). 1,2-Benzisothiazoline-3-one is reported to be susceptible to photodegradation in aquatic environments(3). 1,2-Benzisothiazolin-3-one has been shown to be hydrolytically stable with a hydrolysis half-life of >30 days(4).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated in fish for 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one(SRC), using a log Kow of 0.76(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one can be estimated to be 34(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one is estimated as 5X10-10 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 2.78X10-6 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 1100 mg/L(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2). 1,2-Benzisothiazoline-3-one's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to occur(SRC). 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).

DRINKING WATER: 1,2-Benzisothiazoline-3-one has been detected qualitatively in drinking water concentrates sampled from 16 US advanced waste treatment facilities(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 92,923 workers (15,307 of these were female) were potentially exposed to 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one in the US(1). A monitoring study examining isothiazolinone emissions from paints found both dermal and inhalation exposures from 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one(2). Occupational exposure to 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one is produced or used. Monitoring and use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one via inhalation of air near consumer products and dermal contact with consumer products, such as cosmetics and paints, containing 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one(SRC).

Drugs or agents which antagonize or impair any mechanism leading to blood platelet aggregation, whether during the phases of activation and shape change or following the dense-granule release reaction and stimulation of the prostaglandin-thromboxane system. (See all compounds classified as Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors.)|Substances used on inanimate objects that destroy harmful microorganisms or inhibit their activity. Disinfectants are classed as complete, destroying SPORES as well as vegetative forms of microorganisms, or incomplete, destroying only vegetative forms of the organisms. They are distinguished from ANTISEPTICS, which are local anti-infective agents used on humans and other animals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed) (See all compounds classified as Disinfectants.)

A dermal penetration study was conducted in rats in which a 10mg/kg dermal dose of 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one was applied to the skin for durations of 4, 8, 24, 48 or 72 hours. At 72 hours a maximum dermal penetration of 40.6% was achieved.

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/|/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/|/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W TKO /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ The risk of allergic contact dermatitis due to exposure to the preservative 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (2634335) (1,2-BIT) was examined. The study group consisted of 17 patients with potential occupational exposure to 1,2-BIT and 556 patients not occupationally exposed to 1,2-BIT who were treated at a Dutch dermatology clinic. The subjects were patch tested with 0.04% aqueous 1,2-BIT and 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (55965849) (Kathon-CG), a structurally related preservative. All 17 occupationally exposed patients had hand dermatitis. Four reacted positively to 1,2-BIT; they were employed as a plumber, a silk screen printer, paper hanger, and a metal worker who worked with cutting oils and greases. All except the paper hanger reacted to Kathon-CG. Of the patients with no occupational exposure to 1,2-BIT, 1.8% gave a positive patch test response to 1,2-BIT. Three had done paper hanging as a hobby. Eight 1,2-BIT positive patients, including two of the paper hanging hobbyists, also reacted to Kathon-CG. Forty eight patients who were negative for 1,2-BIT reacted positively to Kathon-CG. The /study/ concludes that the cohort at occupational risk has developed a contact allergy to 1,2-BIT. A patch test utilizing 0.04% aqueous 1,2-BIT should be obligatory for all industrial workers presenting with an unexplained chronic hand dermatitis. True cross sensitivity between 1,2-BIT and Kathon-CG does not appear to be very likely.|/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ The isothiazolinone, 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (Proxel), is a popular preservative, as well as a skin sensitizer and irritant. Patch test studies have been performed with different concentrations and vehicles. The current suggested patch test concentration is 0.1% BIT in petrolatum (pet). This article evaluates the effects of patch testing at this concentration and reviews the current literature. An irritancy patch test was performed on 56 controls, using BIT in concentrations of 0.002% and 0.05% in aqueous dipropylene glycol (Proxel GXL) and 0.1% in pet. 10 had positive readings at 4 days with 0.1% BIT in petrolatum, 9 of which were negative at retest. 0.1% BIT is, therefore, irritant and not a suitable concentration for patch testing. Literature review revealed 15 patch test studies, with varying testing techniques.|/CASE REPORTS/ A case of contact dermatitis resulting from exposure to 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one in a paint factory worker was reported. A 52 year old male presented with an itchy vesicular dermatitis of the hands and chest. He had been working in a paint factory for 18 years and had no previous history of atopy or skin diseases. He had recently begun working with the biocide Mergal-K-10 which contained 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one as its active ingredient. Negative reactions were seen to patch tests using the GEIDC (Spanish Contact Dermatitis Research Group) standard series, with the exception of PPD (Purified protein derivative), and to several isothiazolinones. A positive patch test reaction was seen at 2 and 4 days to Mergal-K-10. The symptoms improved with topical corticosteroid treatment and did not recur after the patient discontinued contact with 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one ...|/CASE REPORTS/ 3 male employees of a paint and varnish manufacturer were referred with hand dermatitis that became more extensive, over a 6-12-month period. All had worked for the company for several years. Patients 1 and 2 were product makers who mixed chemicals to make water-based varnishes and paints. Patient 3 was an industrial chemist who developed new varnishes, sealants and wood dyes. He weighed and mixed chemicals on an open bench. The products being manufactured contained the biocides 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (BIT) and 5-chloro-2-methylisothiazolin-3-one/ 2-methylisothiazolin-3-one (MCI/MI, Kathon CG) ... Isothiazolinones are biocides with bactericidal, algicidal and fungicidal activity, added to industrial and household products to prevent spoiling. BIT is reported to have a sensitization rate of 1.2% (1). The 3 men developed contact allergies to one or more biocides to which they were exposed in the manufacture and development of paint and varnish products ...|For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 1,2-Benzisothiazoline-3-one (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one

The National Pesticide Information Retrieval System (NPIRS) identifies 32 companies with active labels for products containing the chemical 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one. To view the complete list of companies, product names and percent 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one in formulated products click the following url and enter the CAS Registry number in the Active Ingredient field.|Promex 10X (Prochemie AG): Active ingredient: 1,2-Benzisothiazolin-3-one 9.0%.|Mergal BIT MUP (Troy Chemical Company Limited): Active ingredient: 1,2-Benzisothiazolin-3-one 70.0%.|Canguard BIT 20 Preservative (Dow Chemical Co., The): Active ingredient: 1,2-Benzisothiazolin-3-one 20.0%.|For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for 1,2-Benzisothiazoline-3-one (26 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

All other chemical product and preparation manufacturing|1,2-Benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one: ACTIVE

EPA Safer Chemical Functional Use Classes -> Preservatives and Antioxidants|Safer Chemical Classes -> Yellow triangle - The chemical has met Safer Choice Criteria for its functional ingredient-class, but has some hazard profile issues|Cosmetics -> Antimicrobial