Asulam

230.24

230.24

222-077-1

0Y5ASM7P5S

2757

DTXSID8023890

White crystals|Colorless crystals

29350090

107

2.36640

1.418g/cm3

144 °C

1.5690 (estimate)

5g/L(room temperature)

0-6°C

1.39X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C (est)

Oral-Rat LD50: 2000 mg/kg; Oral-Mouse LD50: 5000 mg/kg

Combustion produces toxic nitrogen oxide and sulfur oxide gas

Henry's Law constant = 1.71X10-12 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C (est)

pKa = 4.82

VP: <1.3X10=2 mPa. Solubility in water: >600 g/L at 20-25 °C. Hydrolysis half-life = 63 days at pH 5, 325 °C /Asulam sodium/|Solid. MP: 143-144. Solubility in water: 5.5X10+5 mg/L. pKa 4.8. VP: <1.3X10-2 mPa. Hydrolysis rate: 1.1X10-2/day /Asulam sodium/|Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 2.64X10-11 cu cm/molec-sec at 25 °C (est)

NONH for all modes of transport

3

22

FD1190000

Xn

The warehouse is ventilated, low temperature and dry; stored and transported separately from food materials

P264, P270, P301+P312, P330, P501

H302

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

USEPA/Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances; Reregistration Eligibility Decision Document - Asulam, EPA 738-R-95-024 (September 1995). The RED summarizes the risk assessment conclusions and outlines any risk reduction measures necessary for the pesticide to continue to be registered in the USA.[Available from, as of July 3, 2018: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm]

|Warning|H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|P264, P270, P301+P312, P330, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 130 companies from 2 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory.|H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]|P273, P391, and P501|The GHS information provided by 1 company from 1 notification to the ECHA C&L Inventory.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Application of technical asulam to rabbit eyes produced mild chemosis, irritation, and redness which cleared by day seven posttreatment. Asulam was not an irritant in a primary skin irritation study in rabbits. It did not cause dermal sensitization in guinea pigs.

moderately toxic

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Asulam is a herbicide used for weed control. Asulam is formulated into and applied as the asulam sodium salt. HUMAN STUDIES: In vitro cytogenetics assay in human lymphocytes were negative for asulam. ANIMAL STUDIES: Application of technical asulam to rabbit eyes produced mild chemosis, irritation, and redness which cleared by day seven posttreatment. Asulam was not an irritant in a primary skin irritation study in rabbits. It did not cause dermal sensitization in guinea pigs. In a six-month feeding study of asulam in beagle dogs doses of asulam at 300 mg/kg/day and 1,500 mg/kg/day were associated with reductions in food consumption, body weight gain, emesis, diarrhea, and reductions in red blood cells, hemoglobin and packed cell volume. There were also elevated thyroid and kidney weights and reduced testicular weights. In a two-year carcinogenicity study mice, asulam was administered in the diet at 0, 500, 5,000 or 50,000 ppm. There was no increase in the incidence of any tumors. A two-year combined chronic feeding/carcinogenicity study was conducted using rats. Hyperplastic changes were observed in the adrenal medulla and in thyroid follicular cells of males at the doses of 180 and 953 mg/kg/day. There was a statistically significant increase in thyroid gland c-cell carcinomas and in adenomas and carcinomas combined in both the low- and mid-dose males. There was a statistically-significant increase in benign adrenal medullary pheochromocytomas at the high dose in males. No teratogenic effects were produced by asulam in either rats or rabbits. The Ames Assay which is used to detect gene mutation with Salmonella typhimurium was negative. Mutagenicity assays which detect structural chromosome aberrations included the dominant lethal test in mice and were negative for asulam. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: When tested in bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) dietary study, asulam had no effect on food consumption, body weight, or cumulative mortality, and no signs of toxicity were seen during the 28-day feeding period. Similarly, the chemical had no effect on egg production, fertility, or hatchability of fertile eggs, or on abnormalities in the F1 generation.

LD50 Rat oral > 5,000 mg/kg|LD50 Rabbit dermal > 4,000 mg/kg

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Sixteen, 22, and 27 week old bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) were maintained for 4 weeks on diets containing 0, 1.5, 6.0, or 25.0 ppm asulam. During the following 3 weeks, they were maintained on normal diets without asulam. The pesticide residues in various tissues were analyzed using the Bratton-Marshall reaction. Asulam had no effect on food consumption, body weight, or cumulative mortality, and no signs of toxicity were seen during the 28-day feeding period. Similarly, the chemical had no effect on egg production, fertility, or hatchability of fertile eggs, or on abnormalities in the F1 generation. The amounts of asulam recovered from the tissues varied according to the tissues studied; the kidenys, leg muscles, and liver contained the greatest amounts, 0.13, 0.14, and 0.11 ppm, respectively. During the withdrawal period, the liver contained 0.12 ppm asulam, but residues were not found in any other tissues. The data indicate that there are no imminent or long term hazards to quail from the application of asulam in the field.|/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The fungicide fluazinam, the insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin, and the herbicides asulam and metamitron were applied to indoor freshwater microcosms (water volume approximately 0.6 cu m). The treatment regime was based on a realistic application scenario in tulip cultivation. Concentrations of each pesticide were equal to 0%, 0.2%, 0.5%, 2%, and 5% spray drift emission of label-recommended rates. Contribution of compounds to the toxicity of the pesticide package was established by expressing their concentrations as fractions of toxic units. The fate of the compounds in the water, and responses of phytoplankton, zooplankton, periphyton, macroinvertebrates, macrophytes, decomposition, and water quality were followed for 13 weeks. The half-lives of lambda-cyhalothrin, metamitron, and fluazinam were 1 to 2 d; that of asulam was >30d. No consistent effects could be demonstrated for the 0.2% treatment regime that was therefore considered the no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC). The macroinvertebrate populations of Gammarus pulex, Asellus aquaticus, and Proasellus meridianus were the most sensitive end points, followed by species of copepods and cladocerans. Responses mainly were due to lambda-cyhalothrin. The 0.5% treatment regime resulted in short-term effects. Pronounced effects were observed at the 2% and 5% treatment levels. At the end of the experiment, the macrophyte biomass that consisted of Elodea nuttallii, showed a decline at the two highest treatment levels, asulam being the causal factor (NOEC: 0.5% treatment level). Primary production was reduced at the 5% treatment level only. In our experiment, the first-tier risk assessment procedure for individual compounds was adequate for protecting sensitive populations exposed to realistic combinations of pesticides. Spray drift reduction measures seem to be efficient in protecting aquatic ecosystems in agricultural areas.

Asulam's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; it's use as a herbicide(1-3) results in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 40 and 300(2,3) indicate that asulam is expected to have high to moderate mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of asulam is 4.82(4), indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(5). Volatilization from moist soil is not expected because the compound exists as an anion and anions do not volatilize. Asulam is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.4X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(6). Asulam exhibited photolytic degradation half-lives of 40 and 208 hrs in air-dried and moist soil , respectively(7). Biodegradation half-lives of 8-28 days in soil(8) suggest that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).|FIELD STUDY: Asulam, applied at 2.5 kg/ha to three Saskatchewan, Canada (sandy loam, heavy clay, silty clay) soils was present at less than 5% in the 12 months following May 1975-1977 applications(1).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), reported Koc values of 40 and 300(2,3) indicate that asulam is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). A pKa of 4.82(4) indicates asulam will exist almost entirely in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and, therefore, volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow of -0.27(6) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Asulam is stable to hydrolysis at pH's of 5, 7 and 9(8). The compound photodegrades very rapidly in aqueous solution at pH 9 (half-life = 2 hrs)(8). A biodegradation half-life of greater than 1 year(6) indicates that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), asulam, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 1.4X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase asulam is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 15 hrs(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.6X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(2). Particulate-phase asulam may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Asulam absorbs UV at wavelength 270 nm(3) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of asulam with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.6X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 15 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Asulam is stable to hydrolysis at pH's of 5, 7 and 9(2). Asulam, present at 5 ug/g and exposed from 144 to 360 hours exhibited photolytic degradation half-lives of 40 and 208 hrs in air-dried and moist soil (loamy sand, Northwood ND; 75% field capacity at 0.33 mbar), respectively(3). Sulfanilamide is the major photodegradation product formed on soil(2). The compound photodegrades very rapidly in aqueous solution at pH 9 (half-life = 2 hrs)(2).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated in fish for asulam(SRC), using a log Kow of -0.27(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

39.81 L/kg|A log Koc of 1.60, corresponding to a Koc of 40, was reported for asulam(1). A Koc of 300 has also been reported(2). According to a classification scheme(3), these Koc values suggest that asulam is expected to have high to moderate mobility in soil. The pKa of asulam is 4.82(4), indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(5). However, aromatic amines are expected to bind strongly to humus or organic matter in soils due to the high reactivity of the aromatic amino group(7), suggesting that mobility may be much lower in some soils(SRC).

A pKa of 4.82(1) indicates asulam will exist almost entirely in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and, therefore, volatilization from water and moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC). Asulam is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.4X10-6 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2).

Asulam was detected in 22.0% of drainage and groundwater samples from 18 of 24 golf courses in Japan collected from 1994 to 1996 in a region averaging 1140 mm rainfall/year. Herbicides, incluing asulam, were applied from April to May and October to November; maximum concentration = 0.021 mg/L; detection limit = 0.10 ug/L(1).

Occupational exposure to asulam may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where asulam is produced or used. The general population exposure should be low since the sodium salt of asulam is primarily used in plant nurseries and on Christmas tree farms, golf courses, and non-cropland areas. (SRC)

... Two goats were dosed with ring-labeled (14)C-asulam at 20 ppm in the diet for 7 consecutive days. The total radioactive residues were nondetectable (<0.005 ppm) in fat and muscle, 0.162 ppm in kidneys, 0.090 ppm in liver, and up to 0.021 ppm in milk. The parent compound, asulam, constituted the majority of the residues in milk (81% of total reactive reside (TRR)) and kidneys (100% of TRR) and its metabolite N4-acetylsulfanilamide constitutes the majority of residues in liver (58% of TRR). The parent was not identified in liver samples. In a previous study, sulfanilamide was found in ruminant liver and muscle, and N4-acetylasulam was found in liver, kidney, milk, muscle, and fat.|... Laying hens were dosed with ring-labeled (14)C-asulam at 22.5 ppm in the diet for 7 consecutive days. The maximum total radioactive residues were 0.027 ppm in egg yolks, 0.062 ppm in egg whites, 0.011 ppm in fat, 0.074 ppm in muscle, 0.444 ppm in kidneys, and 0.086 ppm in liver. The parent compound asulam, and its metabolite N4-acetylsulfanilamide constituted the majority of the residues in poultry, comprising 63 and 44% of the total reactive reside (TRR), respectively, in egg yolks, 21 and 52% of the TRR, respectively, in egg whites, 35 and 51% of the TRR, respectively, in muscle, and 83 and 14% of the TRR, respectively, in kidney. The parent was not identified in liver samples; N4-acetyl sulfanilamide represented 81% of the TRR in liver samples.|Metabolism studies were conducted in male and female Sprague- Dawley rats. The tests used a single oral or iv dose, or repeated i.v. doses for 14 days. The pharmacokinetics of asulam were similar after all dose regimens in both sexes. Peak blood levels were attained at 0.5 hours. No unusual localization of asulam occurred in tissues and all tissue levels were low at 72 hours. Asulam was rapidly eliminated, mostly within 24 hours. 76.5% to 101.5% of the administered dose was eliminated in the urine, and 1.4% to 25.3% of the dose in feces. The major excretory product was unchanged parent compound (70% to 80%), with acetylasulam (3% to 8%) and acetylsulphanilamide (<3%) being the two major metabolites.|The metabolism of [ring-(14)C]asulam, a systemic herbicide highly effective against bracken, has been studied in rats. Most of the radioactivity (76-100% dose) administered orally or intravenously is excreted in the urine in 24 hr as unchanged asulam (61-74% dose), N4-acetylasulam (8-14%) and N4-acetylsulphanilamide (0.1-2.6%). Small amounts of radioactivity (0.3-7.4% dose) were present in the feces, only traces (0.2-0.3%) were excreted in the bile, and no significant (14)CO2 was detected. Perfusion of rat liver with (14)C-asulam resulted in more extensive metabolism. Total amounts present in perfusate (81% total), bile (1%) plus liver (14%) were 23.1% for unchanged asulam, 25.7% for acetylasulam, less than 1% for acetylsulphanilamide, and 4.5% as conjugates of asulam and acetylasulam, together with several other unidentified metabolites. Asulam is acetylated more readily than sulphanilamide, by rat-liver homogenate, and the highest enzyme activity was associated with the mitochondrial fraction (2.4 pmol/mg protein per min). Although not hydroxylated by rats in vivo, evidence was obtained for the hydroxylation of asulam by rat-liver microsomal preparations in vitro.

... Two goats were dosed with ring-labeled (14)C-asulam at 20 ppm in the diet for 7 consecutive days. The total radioactive residues were nondetectable (<0.005 ppm) in fat and muscle, 0.162 ppm in kidneys, 0.090 ppm in liver, and up to 0.021 ppm in milk. The parent compound, asulam, constituted the majority of the residues in milk (81% of total reactive reside (TRR)) and kidneys (100% of TRR) and its metabolite N4-acetylsulfanilamide constitutes the majority of residues in liver (58% of TRR). The parent was not identified in liver samples. In a previous study, sulfanilamide was found in ruminant liver and muscle, and N4-acetylasulam was found in liver, kidney, milk, muscle, and fat.|... Laying hens were dosed with ring-labeled (14)C-asulam at 22.5 ppm in the diet for 7 consecutive days. The maximum total radioactive residues were 0.027 ppm in egg yolks, 0.062 ppm in egg whites, 0.011 ppm in fat, 0.074 ppm in muscle, 0.444 ppm in kidneys, and 0.086 ppm in liver. The parent compound asulam, and its metabolite N4-acetylsulfanilamide constituted the majority of the residues in poultry, comprising 63 and 44% of the total reactive reside (TRR), respectively, in egg yolks, 21 and 52% of the TRR, respectively, in egg whites, 35 and 51% of the TRR, respectively, in muscle, and 83 and 14% of the TRR, respectively, in kidney. The parent was not identified in liver samples; N4-acetyl sulfanilamide represented 81% of the TRR in liver samples.|Metabolism studies were conducted in male and female Sprague- Dawley rats. The tests used a single oral or iv dose, or repeated i.v. doses for 14 days. The pharmacokinetics of asulam were similar after all dose regimens in both sexes. Peak blood levels were attained at 0.5 hours. No unusual localization of asulam occurred in tissues and all tissue levels were low at 72 hours. Asulam was rapidly eliminated, mostly within 24 hours. 76.5% to 101.5% of the administered dose was eliminated in the urine, and 1.4% to 25.3% of the dose in feces. The major excretory product was unchanged parent compound (70% to 80%), with acetylasulam (3% to 8%) and acetylsulphanilamide (<3%) being the two major metabolites.|The metabolism of [ring-(14)C]asulam, a systemic herbicide highly effective against bracken, has been studied in rats. Most of the radioactivity (76-100% dose) administered orally or intravenously is excreted in the urine in 24 hr as unchanged asulam (61-74% dose), N4-acetylasulam (8-14%) and N4-acetylsulphanilamide (0.1-2.6%). Small amounts of radioactivity (0.3-7.4% dose) were present in the feces, only traces (0.2-0.3%) were excreted in the bile, and no significant (14)CO2 was detected. Perfusion of rat liver with (14)C-asulam resulted in more extensive metabolism. Total amounts present in perfusate (81% total), bile (1%) plus liver (14%) were 23.1% for unchanged asulam, 25.7% for acetylasulam, less than 1% for acetylsulphanilamide, and 4.5% as conjugates of asulam and acetylasulam, together with several other unidentified metabolites. Asulam is acetylated more readily than sulphanilamide, by rat-liver homogenate, and the highest enzyme activity was associated with the mitochondrial fraction (2.4 pmol/mg protein per min). Although not hydroxylated by rats in vivo, evidence was obtained for the hydroxylation of asulam by rat-liver microsomal preparations in vitro.

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Remove patient from contact with the material. Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Dithiocarbamates and Related Compounds/|/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Dithiocarbamates and Related Compounds/|/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or is in severe respiratory distress. Use moderate hyperventilation (rate of 20 respirations per minute) if signs of cerebral edema are present. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Dithiocarbamates and Related Compounds/|Decontaminate skin promptly by washing with soap and water. Treat contamination of the eyes immediately by prolonged flushing with copious amounts of clean water. If dermal or ocular irritation persists, medical attention should be obtained without delay. /Other herbicides/|For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for Asulam (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GENOTOXICITY/ Asulam was not mutagenic in the studies that have been performed. ... Mutagenicity assays which detect structural chromosome aberrations included ... an in vitro cytogenetics assay in human lymphocytes were negative for asulam. ...

asulam

Aceto Asulam 400 Herbicide (Aceto Agricultural Chemicals Corporation): Active ingredient: Asulam, sodium salt 36.2%. /Asulam sodium/|AX Asulam Herbicide (Aceto Agricultural Chemicals Corporation): Active ingredient: Asulam, sodium salt 36.2%. /Asulam sodium/|Asulam 400 (Dow Agrosciences LLC): Active ingredient: Asulam, sodium salt 36.2%. /Asulam sodium/|Asulam Herbicide (Loveland Products, Inc.): Active ingredient: Asulam, sodium salt 36.2%. /Asulam sodium/|For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for Asulam (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Registration Notes: Canada: Asulox F for wild oat control in flaxseed. Western Europe: For preemergence annual weed control in spinach. Western Europe, Australia: For control of Dock (Rumex) in pastures, orchards; bracken in pastures, forestry and noncropland; wild oat and certain broadleaf weeds in oilseed poppy. Japan: Asilan for annual weed control in mulberry and zoysia turf.

Environmental transformation -> Pesticides (parent, predecessor)

Asulam has known environmental transformation products that include Acetyl asulam, Acetylsulfanilamide, Benzenesulfonamide, Benzenesulfonic acid, Methylphenylsulfonylcarbamate, Sulfanilamide, and Sulfanilic acid.