Propionic anhydride

130.14

130.14

507066

204-638-2

E3A2VV18E6

0558

2496

DTXSID1027007

Colorless liquid

2915900090

43.4

0.40 (est)

Propionic anhydride is a colorless liquid with a pungent odor. Flash point 165°F. Density 8.4 lb /gal. Corrosive to metals and tissue.

1.01 g/cm³

-45 °C

167.0 °C @ Press: 760 Torr

165 °F

1.408

hydrolyses;Decomposes in water (when in contact with water)

Store below +30°C.

10 mm Hg ( 57.7 °C)

4.5 (vs air)

Oral-Rat LD50: 2360 mg/kg

Flammable; burning produces irritating smoke

1.3-9.5%(V)

Very rancid odor

Henry's Law constant = 6.28X10-5 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C (est)

Specific gravity: 1.0336 at 0 °C/4 °C; 1.0169 at 15 °C/4 °C; 1.0125 at 20 °C/4 °C; 0.98974 at 40 °C/4 °C; 0.97913 at 50 °C/4 °C|8.4 lb per gallon at 20 °C|Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 9.14X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C (est)

Decomposes exothermically in water to form a corrosive solution of propionic acid [Merck, 11th ed. 1989].

Anhydrides

Water-Reactive

PROPIONIC ANHYDRIDE reacts exothermically with water. The reactions are sometimes slow, but can become violent when local heating accelerates their rate. Acids accelerate the reaction with water. Incompatible with acids, strong oxidizing agents, alcohols, amines, and bases.

545 °F (USCG, 1999)|285 °C (545 °F)|285 °C

Lower- 1.5% @ 165 °F (74 °C); upper- 11.9% @ 261 °F (127 °C)

The vapour is heavier than air.

III

8

UN 2496 8/PG 3

1

34-R34

26-45-S45-S26

UF9100000

C

The warehouse is ventilated, low-temperature and dry; stored separately from oxidants and alkalis.

Corrosive/Moisture Sensitive

Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, water, moisture, most common metals, active halogen compounds, ammonia, amines.

P280-P303 + P361 + P353-P304 + P340 + P310-P305 + P351 + P338

H314

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.|SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

The substance decomposes on contact with water producing corrosive propionic acid. Reacts violently with acids, bases and oxidants causing fire and explosion hazard.|Can react with oxidizing materials.

The following chemicals have been specifically designated by the Administrator of the Drug Enforcement Administration as the listed chemicals subject to the provisions of this part and parts 1309 and 1313 of this chapter. Each chemical has been assigned the DEA Chemical Code Number set forth opposite it. Propionic anhydride (DEA Code: 8328) is included on this list.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 156 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. Substance will react with water (some violently) releasing flammable, toxic or corrosive gases and runoff. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated or if contaminated with water. (ERG, 2016)|Combustible. Above 63 °C explosive vapour/air mixtures may be formed.|Corrosives, Flammable - 2nd degree, Reactive - 1st degree

|Danger|H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]|P260, P264, P280, P301+P330+P331, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P321, P363, P405, and P501|H314 (100%): Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]|Aggregated GHS information provided by 250 companies from 3 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory.|H227: Combustible liquid [Warning Flammable liquids]|P210, P260, P264, P270, P280, P301+P330+P331, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P309+P311, P310, P321, P363, P370+P378, P403+P235, P405, and P501

Excerpt from ERG Guide 156 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. SPILL: Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown above. FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 156 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]: ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. FOR CHLOROSILANES, use AFFF alcohol-resistant medium-expansion foam to reduce vapors. DO NOT GET WATER on spilled substance or inside containers. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. SMALL SPILL: Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal. (ERG, 2016)

Organic canister mask; goggles or face shield; rubber gloves (USCG, 1999)|Where the use of respirators is necessary to maintain exposure below permissible exposure limits, the employer /must/ provide ... the proper respiratory equipment. ...selected and used in accordance with the requirements of /OSHA's respirator standard/ 29 CFR 1910.134.|/When working in contact with org acid anhydrides/ ... Suitable personal protective equipment should be worn ... Suitable eye protection equipment & respiratory protective equipment are necessary. /organic acid anhydrides/

Combustible liquid

Explosive limits, vol% in air: 1.3-9.5|Above 63 °C explosive vapour/air mixtures may be formed.|Explosive limits , vol% in air: 1.3-9.5

Use water spray, dry chemical, "alcohol resistant" foam, or carbon dioxide. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Hazardous reactions may be avoided by using large quantities of water to solubilize the anhydride & fully absorb the heat of reaction.|If material on fire or involved in a fire: Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. Use water spray to knock-down vapors.

Spill or leak procedures: Use water spray to cool and disperse vapors, protect personnel, and dilute spills to form nonflammable mixtures. Control runoff and isolate discharged material for proper disposal. Neutralize spill and washings with soda ash or lime.|Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area to contain liquid or solid material /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash or cement powder.|Environmental considerations: Water spill: Neutralize with agricultural lime (Cao), crushed limestone (CaCO3), or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). If dissolved, in region of 10 ppm or greater concentration, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates.|Environmental considerations: Air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors.Vapor knockdown water is corrosive or toxic and should be diked for containment.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.|Where hazardous chemicals as defined by the OSHA laboratory standard are used in the workplace, the employer shall develop and carry out the provisions of a written Chemical Hygiene Plan ... The Chemical Hygiene Plan /must/ include each of the following elements ...; Standard operating procedures relevant to safety and health considerations to be followed when laboratory work involves the use of hazardous chemicals; Criteria that the employer will use to determine and implement control measures to reduce employee exposure to hazardous chemicals including engineering controls, the use of personal protective equipment and hygiene practices; ... ; A requirement that fume hoods and other protective equipment are functioning properly and specific measures .../to/ be taken to ensure ... performance of such equipment; Provisions for employee information and training ... The circumstances under which a particular laboratory operation, procedure or activity shall require prior approval from the employer or the employer's designee before implementation; Provisions for medical consultation and medical examinations ... ; Designation of personnel responsible for implementation of the Chemical Hygiene Plan including the assignment of a Chemical Hygiene Officer, and, if appropriate, establishment of a Chemical Hygiene Committee; and Provisions for additional employee protection for work with particularly hazardous substances. These include "select carcinogens," reproductive toxins and substances which have a high degree of acute toxicity.|The following provisions /of the OSHA laboratory standard/ ... apply to chemical substances developed in the laboratory: If the composition of the chemical substance which is produced exclusively for the laboratory's use is known, the employer shall determine if it is a hazardous chemical ... . /and/ ... provide appropriate training ... . If the chemical produced is a byproduct whose composition is not known, the employer /must/ assume that the substance is hazardous ... . If the chemical substance is produced for another user outside of the laboratory, the employer /must/ comply with the Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200) including the requirements for preparation of material safety data sheets and labeling.|SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. The completeness of the cleaning procedures should be considered before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at the end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.|For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for PROPIONIC ANHYDRIDE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 156: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible/Water-Sensitive)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. Substance will react with water (some violently) releasing flammable, toxic or corrosive gases and runoff. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated or if contaminated with water.|/GUIDE 156: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible/Water-Sensitive)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Reaction with water or moist air will release toxic, corrosive or flammable gases. Reaction with water may generate much heat that will increase the concentration of fumes in the air. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.|/GUIDE 156: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible/Water-Sensitive)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas.|/GUIDE 156: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible/Water-Sensitive)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.|For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for PROPIONIC ANHYDRIDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./|The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.|The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.|Employers /must/ ensure that labels on incoming containers of hazardous chemicals are not removed or defaced. Employers /must/ maintain any material safety data sheets that are received with incoming shipments of hazardous chemicals, and ensure that they are readily accessible to laboratory employees.

Irritating to skin, eyes, & respiratory system.

Personal protection: chemical protection suit and face shield. Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Absorb remaining liquid in dry sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Dry. Ventilation along the floor. Separated from bases, oxidants and food and feedstuffs.

No indication can be given about the rate at which a harmful concentration of this substance in the air is reached on evaporation at 20 °C.

The substance is corrosive to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. Inhalation of the vapour or aerosol may cause lung oedema. Corrosive on ingestion. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is indicated.

NO open flames. Above 63 °C use a closed system and ventilation.

PREVENT GENERATION OF MISTS! AVOID ALL CONTACT!

Use ventilation, local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear face shield or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

| 3 - Materials that, under emergency conditions, can cause serious or permanent injury.| 2 - Materials that must be moderately heated or exposed to relatively high ambient temperatures before ignition can occur. Materials would not under normal conditions form hazardous atmospheres with air, but under high ambient temperatures or under moderate heating could release vapor in sufficient quantities to produce hazardous atmospheres with air.| 1 - Materials that in themselves are normally stable but that can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 5000 lb or 2270 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

moderately toxic

LD50 Rabbit skin 10,000 mg/kg|LD50 Rat oral 2360 mg/kg

Propionic anhydride's production and use as an esterifying agent for perfume oils, fats, cellulose, alkylated resins, dyestuffs, drugs and as a dehydrating agent(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Hydrolysis half-lives of 10 and 1.0 minutes at pH values of 7 and 8, respectively, were estimated for propionic anhydride(1). Because of this rapid hydrolysis rate, biodegradation and volatilization from moist soil surfaces are not expected to be important terrestrial fate processes(SRC). Propionic anhydride is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 1.36 mm Hg at 25 °C(2).|AQUATIC FATE: Hydrolysis half-lives of 10 and 1.0 minutes at pH values of 7 and 8, respectively, were estimated for propionic anhydride(1). Because of this rapid hydrolysis rate, biodegradation, bioconcentration and volatilization from water surfaces are not expected to be important aquatic fate processes(SRC).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), propionic anhydride, which has a vapor pressure of 1.36 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase propionic anhydride is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 18 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 9.1X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Photolysis of propionic anhydride is not expected to be an important environmetnal fate process due to the rapid hydrolysis rate(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of propionic anhydride with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 9.1X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 18 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). A base-catalyzed second-order hydrolysis rate constant of 1.1X10+4 L/mole-sec(SRC) was estimated using a structure estimation method(2); this corresponds to half-lives of 10 and 1.0 minutes at pH values of 7 and 8, respectively(2). Photolysis of propionic anhydride is not expected to be an important environmetnal fate process due to the rapid hydrolysis rate(SRC).

Bioconcentration of propionic anhydride is not expected to be an important environmental fate process due to the rapid hydrolysis to propionic acid under aqueous conditions(1-2).

Soil adsorption and mobility of propionic anhydride are not expected to be important environmental fate processes due to the rapid hydrolysis to propionic acid under aqueous conditions(1-2).

Volatilization from water surfaces or moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process due to the rapid hydrolysis of propionic anhydride under aqueous conditions(1-2). Propionic anhydride is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 1.36 mm Hg(3).

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Report, the number of workers reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use for propionic anhydride is 1000 or greater persons; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).|NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 489 workers (32 of these were female) were potentially exposed to propionic anhydride in the US(1). Occupational exposure to propionic anhydride may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where propionic anhydride is produced or used(SRC).

Inhalation causes irritation of eyes and respiratory tract. Contact with liquid causes burns of eyes and skin. Ingestion causes burns of mouth and stomach. (USCG, 1999)

INHALATION: move victim to fresh air; if breathing has stopped, give artificial respiration. EYES: immediately flush with plenty of water for at least 15 min.; get medical attention. SKIN: immediately flush with plenty of water for at least 15 min. INGESTION: give large amount of water, do NOT induce vomiting. (USCG, 1999)

Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

First aid: Inhalation exposure: Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration if indicated. Refer for medical attention. Skin exposure: Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Eye exposure: First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then take to a doctor. Ingestion exposure: Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Give plenty of water to drink. Refer for medical attention. /from table/|Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Organic acids and related compounds/|Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist respirations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Activated charcoal is not effective ... . Do not attempt to neutralize because of exothermic reaction. Cover skin burns with dry, sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Organic acids and related compounds/|Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Early intubation, at the first sign of upper airway obstruction, may be necessary. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Organic acids and related compounds/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ...Physiological effects /of acid anhydrides/ generally resemble those of corresponding acids, but they are more potent eye irritants in vapor phase, and may produce chronic conjunctivitis. They are slowly hydrolyzed on contact with body tissues and may occasionally cause sensitization. /Organic acid anhydrides/|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Ingestion causes burns of the mouth and stomach.|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ The substance is corrosive to the eyes, the skin and the respiratory tract. Inhalation of vapor or aerosol may cause lung edema. The effects may be delayed.

propanoic anhydride

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and by ingestion.

Sore throat. Cough. Burning sensation. Shortness of breath. Symptoms may be delayed.

Pain. Skin burns.

Redness. Pain. Severe burns.

All other basic organic chemical manufacturing|Propanoic acid, 1,1'-anhydride: ACTIVE

An analytical method for the analysis of bee repellent residues to 1 ppm in honey samples was developed. The method involved a single ether extraction of a water-diluted honey sample followed by gas chromatographic analysis. The bee repellent residues detected in the honey for each repellent included: butyric acid from butyric anhydride (Bee Go); propionic acid from propionic anhydride; phenol from applied phenol, and benzoic acid from benzaldehyde. Quantification of benzoic acid in honey samples was hindered by the varying amounts of natural benzoic acid in honey. From field trials, it seemed that the use of phenol and propionic anhydride left considerably larger amounts of residue (averaging 6.6 ppm for phenol and 7.9 ppm for propionic anhydride) in honey than the use of butyric anhydride or benzaldehyde (most samples containing trace levels, < 0.05 ppm).

Fire Hazards -> Corrosives, Flammable - 2nd degree, Reactive - 1st degree