Streptomycin

581.57

581.57

223-286-0

Y45QSO73OB

DTXSID4023597

C61952

Hygroscopic powder

A - Alimentary tract and metabolism|J - Antiinfectives for systemic use

2941200000

336

-6.4

Solid

2.0±0.1 g/cm3

194 °C

872.9±75.0 °C at 760 mmHg

481.7±37.1 °C

1.762

1.28e+01 g/L

2-8°C

5.82X10-28 mm Hg at 25 deg C (est)

Oral-Rat LD50: 9000 mg/kg

Combustion produces toxic nitrogen oxide gas

Odorless or nearly so

Slightly bitter taste

Highly polar organic base

Henry's Law constant = 8.41X10-44 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C (est)

pKa1 = 11.2; pKa2 = 13.1; pKa3 = 13.4; pKa3 = 13.8 (hydroxyl) (est)

231 Ų [M+H]+ [CCS Type: TW, Method: calibrated with Waters Major Mix]|228.5 Ų [M+Na]+ [CCS Type: TW, Method: calibrated with Waters Major Mix]

Stable at <2pH<9 but unstable in strong acids and alkalis|Most salts are hygroscopic and deliquescent on exposure to air, but are not affected by air or light. The salts are very soluble in water but almost insoluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether. Solutions are levarotatory. /Streptomycin salts/|Light tan solid at standard temperature and pressure. MP 168 °C. Bulk density 1.78 g/mL. Solubility: >200 g/100 mL in water. Not photosensitive /Streptomycin sulfate/|White or practically white powder; hygroscopic; pH (1 in 5 solution) between 4.5 and 7.0 /Streptomycin sulfate/|Clear, colorless to yellow, viscous liquid /Streptomycin sulfate injection/|Specific optical rotation: -84 deg at 25 °C/D; solubility in mg/ml at about 28 °C: water greater than 20; methanol greater than 20; ethanol 0.90; isopropanol 0.12; isoamyl alc 0.117; petroleum ether 0.02; carbon tetrachloride 0.042; ether 0.01 /Streptomycin trihydrochloride/|Streptomycin solutions are not precipitated by alkali hydroxides or carbonates (except that calcium carbonate may be precipitated in solutions of the double salt with calcium chloride) or by alkaloid precipitants such as iodine TS, mercuric-potassium iodide TS, or trinitrophenol TS.

The warehouse is ventilated, low temperature and dry; stored and transported separately from food materials

Most salts are hygroscopic and deliquesce on exposure to air, but are not affected by air or light.

P201, P202, P261, P264, P270, P271, P272, P280, P281, P301+P312, P302+P352, P304+P340, P308+P313, P312, P321, P330, P333+P313, P363, P403+P233, P405, P501

H302

SRP: Expired or waste pharmaceuticals shall carefully take into consideration applicable DEA, EPA, and FDA regulations. It is not appropriate to dispose by flushing the pharmaceutical down the toilet or discarding to trash. If possible return the pharmaceutical to the manufacturer for proper disposal being careful to properly label and securely package the material. Alternatively, the waste pharmaceutical shall be labeled, securely packaged and transported by a state licensed medical waste contractor to dispose by burial in a licensed hazardous or toxic waste landfill or incinerator.|Streptomycin is unstable to heat and does not accumulate in the soil. Therefore, disposal by incineration or burial should not result in harm to the environment. Recommendable methods: Incineration & landfill. Not recommendable method: Discharge to sewer. Peer review: Do not landfill in a recognizable form. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

The Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations identifies currently marketed prescription drug products, including streptomycin sulfate, approved on the basis of safety and effectiveness by FDA under sections 505 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. /Streptomycin sulfate/|The Generic Animal Drug and Patent Restoration act requires that each sponsor of an approved animal drug must submit to the FDA certain information regarding patents held for the animal drug or its method of use. The Act requires that this information, as well as a list of all animal drug products approved for safety and effectiveness, be made available to the public. Streptomycin is included on this list.|The Generic Animal Drug and Patent Restoration act requires that each sponsor of an approved animal drug must submit to the FDA certain information regarding patents held for the animal drug or its method of use. The Act requires that this information, as well as a list of all animal drug products approved for safety and effectiveness, be made available to the public. Streptomycin sulfate is included on this list. /Streptomycin sulfate/|Tolerances are established for residues of streptomycin in uncooked, edible tissues of chickens, swine, and calves of 2.0 parts per million (ppm) in kidney and 0.5 ppm in other tissues.|Oral dosage form new animal drugs. Streptomycin. ... Conditions of use. Use in drinking water as follows: (1) Calves ... Indications for use. For the treatment of bacterial enteritis caused by Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. susceptible to streptomycin. Limitations. Federal law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian. (2) Swine ... Indications for use. For the treatment of bacterial enteritis caused by Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. susceptible to streptomycin. Limitations. Federal law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian. (3) Chickens ... Indications for use. For the treatment of nonspecific infectious enteritis caused by organisms susceptible to streptomycin. Limitations. Withdraw 4 days before slaughter. Do not administer to chickens producing eggs for human consumption. Federal law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian.

USEPA/Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances; Reregistration Eligibility Decision Document - Streptomycin and Streptomycin Sulfate (September 1992). The RED summarizes the risk assessment conclusions and outlines any risk reduction measures necessary for the pesticide to continue to be registered in the USA.[Available from, as of March 6, 2017: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm]|USEPA/Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances; Report of the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) Tolerance Reassessment Progress and Risk Management Decision (TRED) for Streptomycin EPA 738-R-06-012 (June 2006). EPA issues a TRED for a pesticide that requires tolerance reassessment decisions, but does not require a reregistration eligibility decision at present because: the pesticide was initially registered after November 1, 1984, and by law is not included within the scope of the reregistration program; EPA completed a RED for the pesticide before FQPA was enacted on August 3, 1996; or the pesticide is not registered for use in the U.S. but tolerances are established that allow crops treated with the pesticide to be imported from other countries.[Available from, as of March 6, 2017: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm]|HUBER WG; STREPTOMYCIN, CHLORAMPHENICOL, AND OTHER ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS; VET PHARMACOL THER 4TH ED 940-71 (1977). VET: A REVIEW OF STREPTOMYCIN, CHLORAMPHENICOL, & OTHER ANTIBACTERIAL COMPD WITH MANY REFERENCES.|Toxicology Review: Internist 15 (1): 7 (1974)|For more Special Reports (Complete) data for Streptomycin (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

|Warning|H351 (22.49%): Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]|P201, P202, P281, P308+P313, P405, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 169 companies from 2 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|Danger|H302 (58.95%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|P201, P202, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P281, P301+P312, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P313, P312, P314, P321, P330, P333+P313, P337+P313, P363, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 286 companies from 18 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|H360: May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

practically nontoxic

Nephrotoxic and ototoxic potential. Nephrotoxicity is caused by accumulation of the drug in proximal renal tubular cells, which results in cellular damage. Tubular cells may regenerate despite continued exposure and nephrotoxicity is usually mild and reversible. Streptomycin is the least nephrotoxic of the aminoglycosides owing to the small number of cationic amino groups in its structure. Otoxocity occurs via drug accumulation in the endolymph and perilymph of the inner ear. Accumulation causes irreversible damage to hair cells of the cochlea or summit of the ampullar cristae of the vestibular complex. High frequency hearing loss precedes low frequency hearing loss. Further toxicity may result in retrograde degeneration of the auditory nerve. Vestibular toxicity may result in vertigo, nausea and vomiting, dizziness and loss of balance. LD50=430 mg/kg (Orally in rats with Streptomycin Sulfate); Side effects include nausea, vomiting, and vertigo, paresthesia of face, rash, fever, urticaria, angioneurotic edema, and eosinophilia.|IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Streptomycin is aminoglycoside anti-bacterial agent. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Streptomycin has been replaced by gentamicin for most indications because the toxicity of gentamicin is primarily renal and reversible, whereas that of streptomycin is vestibular and irreversible. The administration of streptomycin may produce dysfunction of the optic nerve, including scotomas, presenting as enlargement of the blind spot. Among the less common toxic reactions to streptomycin is peripheral neuritis. This may be due either to accidental injection of a nerve during the course of parenteral therapy or to toxicity involving nerves remote from the site of antibiotic administration. Serious sensitivity reactions, such as anaphylaxis and dermatologic reactions including exfoliative dermatitis, toxic epidermal necrolysis, erythema multiforme, angioedema, and Stevens-Johnson syndrome, have been reported rarely in patients receiving aminoglycosides; fatalities have occurred rarely. Cross-sensitivity occurs among the aminoglycosides. ANIMAL STUDIES: Clinical signs of toxicity in mice included restlessness, respiratory depression, loss of balance, unconsciousness, motor paralysis and coma following all routes of administration. Coma was more often associated with subcutaneous dosing. After oral dosing, restlessness and excessive thirst were observed, possibly due to an osmotic effect. Intravenous and subcutaneous administration of 30 to 70 mg/kg bw streptomycin to monkeys caused marked respiratory depression which sometimes necessitated artificial respiration. Intravenous injection of streptomycin at doses of 100 to 200 mg/lb bw (220-440 mg/kg bw) in dogs caused an irreversible depression of blood pressure. Respiration was stimulated by low but paralyzed by high (165 mg/kg bw) intravenous doses. A daily dose of streptomycin of 25-75 mg/lb bw/day (55-165 mg/kg bw/day) to cats caused progressive changes in posture and gait over about 20 days, including ataxia (of the hind legs first then fore-legs), and a progressive rotational nystagmus. Withdrawal of the drug resulted in a slow but complete recovery of vestibular function. Streptomycin was administered subcutaneously to 14 pregnant mice at 400 ug/kg bw/day on days 9, 10, and 11 of pregnancy. Twenty-eight mice used as controls were injected with water. The number of implants was reduced in treated mice (179 vs 351 in controls). Early deaths were higher in controls (3.9% in the streptomycin group vs 5.1% in controls).

Intravenous and intramuscular therapy with streptomycin has been linked to mild and asymptomatic elevations in serum alkaline phosphatase, but therapy rarely affects aminotransferase levels or bilirubin and changes typically resolve rapidly once streptomycin is stopped. Only isolated case reports of acute liver injury with jaundice have been associated with streptomycin therapy and always in combination with other antituberculosis medications which are more clearly hepatotoxic, such as isoniazid, pyrazinamide and rifampin. Streptomycin and the aminoglycosides are not mentioned in large case series of drug induced liver disease and acute liver failure; thus, hepatic injury from streptomycin must be exceedingly rare, if it occurs at all.

The effect of calcium 4'-phosphopantothenate (CPP) on acute toxicity of streptomycin and the decr by the antibiotic of the muscle working capacity, "holes" reflex, body temp and oxygen intake were studied on 258 albino mice weighing 22-26 g. Medical calcium pantothenate (CPA) was used for control purposes. CPP is an antagonist of streptomycin sulfate. In a dose of 1/10 or 1/5 of the LD50 injected ip CPP lowered acute toxicity of streptomycin and prevented its effect in a dose of 0.11-1.1 g/kg injected sc on the muscle working capacity, "holes" reflex and body temp. CPA lowered the streptomycin effect on the "holes" reflex and body temp, while CPP prevented it.|Concomitant and/or sequential use of an aminoglycoside and other systemic, oral, or topical drugs that have neurotoxic, ototoxic, or nephrotoxic effects (e.g., other aminoglycosides, acyclovir, amphotericin B, bacitracin, capreomycin, certain cephalosporins, colistin, cisplatin, methoxyflurane, polymyxin B, vancomycin) may result in additive toxicity and should be avoided, if possible. /Aminoglycosides/|Because of the possibility of an increased risk of ototoxicity due to additive effects or altered serum and tissue aminoglycoside concentrations, aminoglycosides should not be given concomitantly with potent diuretics such as ethacrynic acid, furosemide, urea, or mannitol. It has been suggested that concomitant use of certain anti-emetics that suppress nausea and vomiting of vestibular origin and vertigo (e.g., dimenhydrinate, meclizine) may mask symptoms of aminoglycoside-associated vestibular ototoxicity. /Aminoglycosides/|Concurrent use of an aminoglycoside with general anesthetics or neuromuscular blocking agents (e.g., succinylcholine, rocuronium, tubocurarine) may potentiate neuromuscular blockade and cause respiratory paralysis. ... Aminoglycosides should be used with caution in patients receiving anesthetics or neuromuscular blocking agents, and patients should be closely observed for signs of respiratory depression. /Aminoglycosides/|For more Interactions (Complete) data for Streptomycin (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LD50 Mouse iv 90,200 ug/kg|LD50 Mouse sc 520 mg/kg|LD50 Mouse ip 1250 mg/kg|LD50 Mouse oral 9000 mg/kg|LD50 Rat oral 9 g/kg

The risk of ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity is greatest in patients with past or present histories of renal impairment, dehydration, or previous exposure to ototoxic drugs and in those who receive high dosage or prolonged treatment. In addition, patients with preexisting tinnitus, vertigo, or subclinical high-frequency hearing loss are especially susceptible to ototoxicity and should be carefully observed for signs of eighth cranial nerve damage during aminoglycoside therapy. /Aminoglycosides/|Aminoglycosides should be used with caution in patients with neuromuscular disorder such as myasthenia gravis or parkinsonian syndrome, since the drugs may aggravate muscle weakness as a result of their potential to produce neuromuscular blockade. If signs of respiratory paralysis occur during aminoglycoside therapy, respiration should be assisted and the drug discontinued. /Aminoglycosides/|Ototoxicity: Both vestibular and auditory dysfunction can follow the administration of streptomycin. The degree of impairment is directly proportional to the dose and duration of streptomycin administration, to the age of the patient, to the level of renal function and to the amount of underlying existing auditory dysfunction.|A syndrome of apparent central nervous system depression, characterized by stupor and flaccidity, occasionally coma and deep respiratory depression, has been reported in very young infants in whom streptomycin dosage had exceeded the recommended limits. Thus, infants should not receive streptomycin in excess of the recommended dosage.|Extreme caution must be exercised in selecting a dosage regimen in the presence of pre-existing renal insufficiency. In severely uremic patients a single dose may produce high blood levels for several days and the cumulative effect may produce ototoxic sequelae. When streptomycin must be given for prolonged periods of time alkalinization of the urine may minimize or prevent renal irritation.

Streptomycin is produced by the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus (Krainsky) Waksman et Henrici (family Actinomycetaceae)(1,2).

Streptomycin's production and administration as a veterinary and human medication(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Its former use in the US as an agricultural bactericide/fungicide(2,3) resulted in its direct release to the environment(SRC). Past usage in the US was mainly for terrestrial food crop use(3,4) and non-food crops such as ornamentals(3).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Streptomycin is very water soluble and adsorbs strongly onto negatively charged clay soils(1), indicating that streptomycin is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). Streptomycin is a highly polar organic base(2) indicating it will exist almost entirely in the cation form in the environment. Cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(3). Volatilization of streptomycin from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) as streptomycin is a highly polar organic base(2) and cations do not volatilize(SRC). Streptomycin is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 5.8X10-28 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(4). Biodegradation data in soil were not available(SRC, 2017).|AQUATIC FATE: Streptomycin is very water soluble and adsorbs strongly onto negatively charged clay soils(1), indicating that streptomycin is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Streptomycin is a highly polar organic base(2) and, therefore, volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process. According to a classification scheme(3), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of -7.53(4) and a regression-derived equation(4), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Biodegradation data in water were not available(SRC, 2017).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), streptomycin, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 5.8X10-28 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase streptomycin may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Streptomycin does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Streptomycin is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(1). Streptomycin does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(1) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated in fish for streptomycin(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of -7.53(1) and a regression-derived equation(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Streptomycin is very water soluble and adsorbs strongly onto negatively charged clay soils. The compound, present at 6.6 ug/g, was not detected following incubation in a typical agricultural soil incorporated with chicken feces for 30 days at 30 °C, 20 °C and 4 °C. The soil a sandy loam from Adelphia NJ (sandy loam, pH 6.0, 16.3% clay, 60.0% sand, 23.7% silt) had no history of agricultural usage. Loss was atributed to complete adsorption by the clay fraction(1). This indicates that streptomycin is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). Streptomycin is a highly polar organic base(2) indicating it will exist almost entirely in the cation form in the environment. Cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(3).

Streptomycin is a highly polar organic base(1) and, therefore, volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process. Streptomycin is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 5.8X10-28 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2).

Occupational exposure to streptomycin may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where streptomycin is produced or used. The general public is not likely to be exposed to streptomycin unless by direct medical treatment. (SRC)

For the treatment of tuberculosis. May also be used in combination with other drugs to treat tularemia (Francisella tularensis), plague (Yersia pestis), severe M. avium complex, brucellosis, and enterococcal endocarditis (e.g. E. faecalis, E. faecium).

Streptomycin is a broad spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotic typically used for treatment of active tuberculosis, always in combination with other antituberculosis agents. Streptomycin is usually used in combination with agents that are known to be hepatotoxic and the role of streptomycin in liver injury has been difficult to assess, but most information suggests that streptomycin is not hepatotoxic.

Antituberculosis Agents

Anti-Bacterial Agents; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors|/CLINICAL TRIALS/ ClinicalTrials.gov is a registry and results database of publicly and privately supported clinical studies of human participants conducted around the world. The Web site is maintained by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Each ClinicalTrials.gov record presents summary information about a study protocol and includes the following: Disease or condition; Intervention (for example, the medical product, behavior, or procedure being studied); Title, description, and design of the study; Requirements for participation (eligibility criteria); Locations where the study is being conducted; Contact information for the study locations; and Links to relevant information on other health Web sites, such as NLM's MedlinePlus for patient health information and PubMed for citations and abstracts for scholarly articles in the field of medicine. Streptomycin is included in the database.|Streptomycin is indicated for the treatment of individuals with moderate to severe infections caused by susceptibile strains of microorganisms in the /following/ conditions ...: (1) Mycobacterium tuberculosis: The Advisory Council for the Elimination of Tuberculosis, the American Thoracic Society, and the Center for Disease Control recommend that either streptomycin or ethambutol be added as a fourth drug in a regimen containing isoniazid (INH), rifampin and pyrazinamide for initial treatment of tuberculosis unless the likelihood of INH or rifampin resistance is very low. The need for a fourth drug should be reassessed when the results of susceptibility testing are known. In the past when the national rate of primary drug resistance to isoniazid was known to be less than 4% and was either stable or declining, therapy with two and three drug regimens was considered adequate. If community rates of INH resistance are currently less than 4%, an initial treatment regimen with less than four drugs may be considered. Streptomycin is also indicated for therapy of tuberculosis when one or more of the above drugs is contraindicated because of toxicity or intolerance. The management of tuberculosis has become more complex as a consequence of increasing rates of drug resistance and concomitant HIV infection. Additional consultation from experts in the treatment of tuberculosis may be desirable in those settings. (2) Non-tuberculosis infections: The use of streptomycin should be limited to the treatment of infections caused by bacteria which have been shown to be susceptible to the antibacterial effects of streptomycin and which are not amenable to therapy with less potentially toxic agents: Pasteurella pestis (plague), Francisella tularensis (tularemia), Brucella, Calymmatobacterium granulomatis (donovanosis, granuloma inguinale), H. ducreyi (chancroid), H. influenzae (in respiratory, endocardial, and meningeal infections-concomitantly with another antibacterial agent), K. pneumoniae pneumonia (concomitantly with another antibacterial agent), E.coli, Proteus, A. aerogenes, K. pneumoniae, and Enterococcus faecalis in urinary tract infections, Streptococcus viridans, Enterococcus faecalis (in endocardial infections -concomitantly with penicillin), Gram-negative bacillary bacteremia (concomitantly with another antibacterial agent). /Included in US product label/|Streptomycin has been used in conjunction with other antimycobacterial anti-infectives for the treatment of pulmonary infections caused by Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). /NOT included in US product label/|For more Therapeutic Uses (Complete) data for Streptomycin (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/BOXED WARNING/ WARNING: The risk of severe neurotoxic reactions is sharply increased in patients with impaired renal function of pre-renal azotemia. These include disturbances of vestibular and cochlear function, optic nerve dysfunction, peripheral neuritis, arachnoiditis, and encephalopathy may also occur. The incidence of clinically detectable, irreversible vestibular damage is particularly high in patients treated with streptomycin. Renal function should be monitored carefully; patients with renal impairment and/or nitrogen retention should receive reduced doses. The peak serum concentration in individuals with kidney damage should not exceed 20 to 25 ug/mL. The concurrent or sequential use of other neurotoxic and/or nephrotoxic drugs with streptomycin sulfate, including neomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, cephaloridine, paromomycin, viomycin, polymyxin B, colistin, tobramycin and cyclosporine should be avoided. The neurotoxicity of streptomycin can result in respiratory paralysis from neuromuscular blockage, especially when the drug is given soon after the use of anesthesia or muscle relaxants. The administration of streptomycin in parenteral form should be reserved for patients where adequate laboratory and audiometric testing facilities are available during therapy.|Streptomycin can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Because streptomycin readily crosses the placental barrier, caution in use of the drug is important to prevent ototoxicity in the fetus. If this drug is used during pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, the patient should be apprised of the potential hazard to the fetus.|Ototoxicity: Both vestibular and auditory dysfunction can follow the administration of streptomycin. The degree of impairment is directly proportional to the dose and duration of streptomycin administration, to the age of the patient, to the level of renal function and to the amount of underlying existing auditory dysfunction. The ototoxic effects of the aminoglycosides, including streptomycin, are potentiated by the co-administration of ethacrynic acid, mannitol, furosemide and possibly other diuretics. The vestibulotoxic potential of streptomycin exceeds that of its capacity for cochlear toxicity. Vestibular damage is heralded by headache, nausea, vomiting and disequilibrium. Early cochlear injury is demonstrated by the loss of high frequency hearing. Appropriate monitoring and early discontinuation of the drug may permit recovery prior to irreversible damage to the sensorineural cells.|A history of clinically significant hypersensitivity to streptomycin is a contraindication to its use. Clinically significant hypersensitivity to other aminoglycosides may contraindicate the use of streptomycin because of the known cross-sensitivity of patients to drugs in this class.|For more Drug Warnings (Complete) data for Streptomycin (30 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of t-RNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Aminoglycosides are useful primarily in infections involving aerobic, Gram-negative bacteria, such as Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, and Enterobacter. In addition, some mycobacteria, including the bacteria that cause tuberculosis, are susceptible to aminoglycosides. Infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria can also be treated with aminoglycosides, but other types of antibiotics are more potent and less damaging to the host. In the past the aminoglycosides have been used in conjunction with penicillin-related antibiotics in streptococcal infections for their synergistic effects, particularly in endocarditis. Aminoglycosides are mostly ineffective against anaerobic bacteria, fungi and viruses.

Compounds which inhibit the synthesis of proteins. They are usually ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS or toxins. Mechanism of the action of inhibition includes the interruption of peptide-chain elongation, the blocking the A site of ribosomes, the misreading of the genetic code or the prevention of the attachment of oligosaccharide side chains to glycoproteins. (See all compounds classified as Protein Synthesis Inhibitors.)|Substances that inhibit the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA. (See all compounds classified as Anti-Bacterial Agents.)

Rapidly absorbed after intramuscular injection with peak serum concentrations attained after 1 - 2 hours. Not absorbed in the GI tract.|Small amounts are excreted in milk, saliva, and sweat. Streptomycin is excreted by glomerular filtration.|Following intramuscular injection of 1 g of streptomycin as the sulfate, a peak serum level of 25 to 50 ug/mL is reached within 1 hour, diminishing slowly to about 50 percent after 5 to 6 hours. Appreciable concentrations are found in all organ tissues except the brain. Significant amounts have been found in pleural fluid and tuberculous cavities. Streptomycin passes through the placenta with serum levels in the cord blood similar to maternal levels. Small amounts are excreted in milk, saliva, and sweat.|Streptomycin is not absorbed from the GI tract.|Streptomycin is rapidly absorbed after IM injection. Following IM administration of a single 1-g dose of streptomycin in adults with normal renal function, peak serum streptomycin concentrations are attained within 1 hour and range from 25-50 ug/mL; serum concentrations decrease 50% by 5-6 hours after the dose.|In one study in premature infants, mean peak serum concentrations of about 29 ug/mL were attained within 2 hours following IM administration of streptomycin 10-11 mg/kg; serum concentrations averaged 11 ug/mL at 12 hours.|For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for Streptomycin (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Aminoglycosides are not metabolized and are excreted unchanged in the urine primarily by glomerular filtration. /Aminoglycosides/

5 - 6 hours in adults with normal renal function|The plasma elimination half-life of streptomycin is usually 2-3 hours in adults with normal renal function and has been reported to range up to 110 hours in adults with severe renal impairment. The plasma elimination half-life of streptomycin has been reported to range from 4-10 hours in premature and newborn infants. In patients with impaired hepatic and renal function, the plasma elimination half-life has been reported to be more prolonged than in patients with renal impairment alone.

Aminoglycosides like Streptomycin "irreversibly" bind to specific 30S-subunit proteins and 16S rRNA. Specifically Streptomycin binds to four nucleotides of 16S rRNA and a single amino acid of protein S12. This interferes with decoding site in the vicinity of nucleotide 1400 in 16S rRNA of 30S subunit. This region interacts with the wobble base in the anticodon of tRNA. This leads to interference with the initiation complex, misreading of mRNA so incorrect amino acids are inserted into the polypeptide leading to nonfunctional or toxic peptides and the breakup of polysomes into nonfunctional monosomes.|The primary intracellular site of action of the aminoglycosides is the 30 S ribosomal subunit, which consists of 21 proteins and a single 16 S molecule of RNA. at least three of these proteins and perhaps the 16 S ribosomal RNA as well contribute to the streptomycin binding site, and alterations of these molecules markedly affect the binding and subsequent action of streptomycin. For example, a single amino acid substitution of asparagine for lysine at position 42 of one ribosomal protein (S12) prevents binding of the drug; the resultant mutant is totally resistant to streptomycin. Another mutant, in which glutamine is the amino acid at this position, is dependent on streptomycin.|During protein synthesis, the ribosome selects aminoacyl-transfer RNAs with anticodons matching the messenger RNA codon present in the A site of the small ribosomal subunit. The aminoglycoside antibiotic streptomycin disrupts decoding by binding close to the site of codon recognition. Here we use X-ray crystallography to define the impact of streptomycin on the decoding site of the Thermus thermophilus 30S ribosomal subunit in complexes with cognate or near-cognate anticodon stem-loop analogues and messenger RNA. Our crystal structures display a significant local distortion of 16S ribosomal RNA induced by streptomycin, including the crucial bases A1492 and A1493 that participate directly in codon recognition. Consistent with kinetic data, we observe that streptomycin stabilizes the near-cognate anticodon stem-loop analogue complex, while destabilizing the cognate anticodon stem-loop analogue complex. These data reveal how streptomycin disrupts the recognition of cognate anticodon stem-loop analogues and yet improves recognition of a near-cognate anticodon stem-loop analogue.|The antibiotic streptomycin is widely used in the treatment of microbial infections. The primary mechanism of action is inhibition of translation by binding to the ribosome, ... .Early in the study of this antibiotic, a mysterious streptomycin-induced potassium efflux preceding any decrease in viability was observed; it was speculated that this changed the electrochemical gradient such that streptomycin better accessed the cytoplasm. Here we use a high-throughput screen to search for compounds targeting the mechanosensitive channel of large conductance (MscL) and find dihydrostreptomycin among the 'hits'. Furthermore, we find that MscL is not only necessary for the previously described streptomycin-induced potassium efflux, but also directly increases MscL activity in electrophysiological studies. The data suggest that gating MscL is a novel mode of action of dihydrostreptomycin, and that MscL's large pore may provide a mechanism for cell entry.|... Aminoglycosides are aminocyclitols that kill bacteria by inhibiting protein synthesis as they bind to the 16S rRNA and by disrupting the integrity of bacterial cell membrane. Aminoglycoside resistance mechanisms include: (a) the deactivation of aminoglycosides by N-acetylation, adenylylation or O-phosphorylation, (b) the reduction of the intracellular concentration of aminoglycosides by changes in outer membrane permeability, decreased inner membrane transport, active efflux, and drug trapping, (c) the alteration of the 30S ribosomal subunit target by mutation, and (d) methylation of the aminoglycoside binding site. ... /Aminoglycosides/

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/|/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/|/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W TKO /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ The administration of streptomycin may produce dysfunction of the optic nerve, including scotomas, presenting as enlargement of the blind spot. Among the less common toxic reactions to streptomycin is peripheral neuritis. This may be due either to accidental injection of a nerve during the course of parenteral therapy or to toxicity involving nerves remote from the site of antibiotic administration.|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Streptomycin has been replaced by gentamicin for most indications because the toxicity of gentamicin is primarily renal and reversible, whereas that of streptomycin is vestibular and irreversible.|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Serious sensitivity reactions, such as anaphylaxis and dermatologic reactions including exfoliative dermatitis, toxic epidermal necrolysis, erythema multiforme, angioedema, and Stevens-Johnson syndrome, have been reported rarely in patients receiving aminoglycosides; fatalities have occurred rarely. Cross-sensitivity occurs among the aminoglycosides. /Aminoglycosides/|/CASE REPORTS/ Several cases have been reported, in which a rather large dose of streptomycin given intraperitoneally at operation has produced respiratory paralysis. In these cases the treatment has usually consisted of respirator ventilation and administration of atropine and neostigmine. In animal experiments, in which a cessation of breathing has been produced, calcium salts have produced quick recovery. The authors present a case, in which appendicetomy was performed on a 10-year-old girl for a perforated appendix at the end of which, an overdose of intraperitoneal streptomycin was given, followed 10 minutes later by complete cessation of breathing. The patient had to be intubated again and put into a respirator. Neostigmine and atropine were used without noticeable effect. One and a half hours after the breathing had stopped 0.6 g calcium chloride was given intravenously and the girl recovered immediately and completely.|For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Streptomycin (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Estreptomicina CEPA

Parenteral: For injection: 1 g (of streptomycin) Generic Name: Streptomycin Sulfate for Injection|Streptomycin is usually available as the trihydrochloride, trihydrochloride-calcium chloride double salt, phosphate, or sesquisulfate, which occur as granules or powder.|Marketed as the sulfate or nitrate under the trade names Agri-Mycin 17 and Phytomycin. It is formulated as a dry, wettable powder (sulfate) and liquid (nitrate).|Premix Partners: Copper oxychloride; oxytetracycline.|For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for Streptomycin (21 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SAMPLES WERE ASSAYED MICROBIOLOGICALLY TO DETERMINE STREPTOMYCIN RESIDUES ON SKIN & IN FLESH OF PEACH, PLUM, APRICOT, APPLE, & PEAR FRUIT.|BASED ON REACTION WITH FLUORESCAMINE, NMOLE AMT OF 5 BASIC ANTIBIOTICS WERE DETERMINED BY FLUOROMETRY. THE LIMIT OF DETECTION FOR STREPTOMYCIN: 480 NG/ML.|AOAC Method 988.09. Antimicrobial Drugs in Milk. Microbial Receptor Assay. Detection limit for streptomycin is 10 ng/ml. Assay is based on binding reaction between drug functional group and receptor site on added microbial cells. 14C or 3H binding is measured by scintillation counter and compared with zero standard milk to detect antimicrobials. The greater the amount of antibiotic present in the sample, the lower the counts. Method does not detect metabolites, only active drugs.|AOAC Method 972.57. Streptomycin in Feeds- Microbiological Method. Applicable to feeds containing streptomycin at 5-30 g/ton.

PAPER DISC MICROMETHODS WERE DEVELOPED FOR DETERMINATION OF CONCN OF STREPTOMYCIN IN WHOLE BLOOD. BACILLUS SUBTILIS WAS USED FOR STREPTOMYCIN. METHODS ARE SUITABLE FOR USE IN NEONATES.|URINE SAMPLES WERE TREATED WITH SODIUM HYDROXIDE, HEATED, & THEN TREATED WITH SOLN OF POTASSIUM FERROCYANIDE & SODIUM NITROPRUSSIDE. A BLUE FILTER WAS USED FOR COLORIMETRIC MEASUREMENTS.|MICROMETHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF ANTIBIOTIC CONCN IN BODY FLUIDS IS PRESENTED.

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