Bis(2-chloroethyl)ethylamine

170.077

170.08

B75ZZA7WIG

1655

2810

DTXSID0060220

Colorless/pale yellow liquid

3.2

2.02 @ 25 deg C

Ethylbis(2-chloroethyl)amine is a dark liquid with a faint, fishy amine odor. Used as a delayed-action, military casualty agent.

1.09 g/cm³ @ Temp: 25 °C

-34 °C

66 °C @ Press: 3 Torr

High enough not to interfere with military use of the agent (EPA, 1998)

Index of refraction =1.4653 at 25 °C/D

Solubility in water at 25°C: very poor

Vapour pressure, kPa at 25°C: 0.03

Relative vapour density (air = 1): 5.9

Oral-rat LD50: 2.5 mg/kg; Skin-Mouse LD50: 13 mg/kg

Flammable; burning produces toxic nitrogen oxides and chloride fumes

Faint fishy, amine odor

Henry's Law constant = 3.5X10-4 atm-cu m/mole @ 25 °C /Estimated/

pKa= 6.57

Boils at 66 °C if the pressure is 3 mm Hg; boils at 85.5 °C if the pressure is 12 mm Hg|Mildly persistent. Hydrolyzes very slowly.|Corrosive to ferrous alloys beginning at 65 °C. Polymerizes slowly, so munitions would be effective for several years.|Ethylbis(2-chloroethyl)amine is unstable in the presence of light and heat and forms dimers at temperatures above 50 °C. The major fate process in soil and water environments is expected to be hydrolysis, especially under weakly alkaline conditions.|For more Other Experimental Properties (Complete) data for ETHYLBIS(2-CHLOROETHYL)AMINE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

When dissolved in water, it is a strong base.

Amines, Phosphines, and Pyridines

When dissolved in water, ETHYLBIS(2-CHLOROETHYL)AMINE is a strong base; reacts violently with strong oxidants and acids ; attacks copper and copper compounds. [Handling Chemicals Safely 1980. p. 123]; reacts with hypochlorites to give N-chloroamines, some of which, are explosives when isolated [Bretherick 1979 p. 108].

Vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along the ground and collect and stay in poorly-ventilated, low-lying, or confined areas (e.g., sewers, basements, and tanks).

77 calories per gram

I

6

2810

YE1225000

Treasury is ventilated, low temperature and dry; stored separately from food materials

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

HN-1 is corrosive to ferrous alloys at temperatures of 149 °F (68 °C) and higher.

DHHS/ATSDR; Medical Management Guidelines for Blister Agents: Nitrogen Mustard (HN-1), Nitrogen Mustard (HN-2), Nitrogen Mustard (HN-3) (updated: 8/22/2003) Available from: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/MHMI/mmg164.html as of November 26, 2003.

When heated to decomposition, it emits very toxic fumes of nitrogen oxides and chlorides. Polymerizes slowly. (Hazard not specified.) (EPA, 1998)|Combustible. Heating will cause rise in pressure with risk of bursting. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]: SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray. LARGE FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Dike fire-control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. FIRE INVOLVING TANKS OR CAR/TRAILER LOADS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. (ERG, 2016)|Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, carbon dioxide, powder. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.|HN-1 is combustible.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. SPILL: If this material is being used as a weapon, see ERG Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances on the UN/NA 2810 datasheet. Otherwise increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown above. FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

Avoid inhalation and skin contact. (Non-Specific -- Poisonous Liquid, n.o.s.) Do not touch spilled material; stop leak if you can do so without risk. Use water spray to reduce vapors. Small spills: absorb with sand or other noncombustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal. Large spills: dike far ahead of spill for later disposal. (EPA, 1998)

For emergency situations, wear a positive pressure, pressure-demand, full facepiece self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or pressure- demand supplied air respirator with escape SCBA and a fully-encapsulating, chemical resistant suit. (EPA, 1998)|... personal protective equipment /should be/ worn. /Chloroethylamines/|Respiratory Protection: Pressure-demand, self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) is recommended in response situations that involve exposure to any amount of nitrogen mustard. Skin/Ocular Protection: Personal protective equipment (PPE) and butyl rubber chemical protective gloves are recommended at all times when these chemicals are suspected to be involved. /Nitrogen mustards/|GENERAL INFORMATION: First Responders should use a NIOSH-certified Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear (CBRN) Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) with a Level A protective suit when entering an area with an unknown contaminant or when entering an area where the concentration of the contaminant is unknown. Level A protection should be used until monitoring results confirm the contaminant and the concentration of the contaminant.NOTE:Safe use of protective clothing and equipment requires specific skills developed through training and experience.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.|Only mature, experienced and responsible /SRP: workers/ should be employed in work with chloroethylamines. High standards of maintenance, good housekeeping and cleanliness should be observed in the work premises. Personal hygiene should be emphasized ... Even if not expressly mentioned in actual official carcinogen lists, analogous safety and health measures and regulations can be recommended for chloroethylamines as for the carcinogens listed. /Chloroethylamines/

Highly irritating to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes|Nitrogen mustards are vesicants causing skin, eye, and respiratory tract injury. /Nitrogen mustards/

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: gas-tight chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Collect leaking liquid in sealable air tight containers. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. NEVER direct water jet on liquid.

Keep in the dark. Separated from food and feedstuffs and metals. Keep in a well-ventilated room. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

A harmful contamination of the air will be reached quickly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C; on spraying or dispersing, however, much faster.

Blistering agent. Lachrymation. The substance is severely irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system and bone marrow. Inhalation may cause lung oedema. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is indicated.|HN-1 is a known carcinogen, developmental toxin, and reproductive toxin. Chronic or repeated exposure to HN-1 may cause bone marrow suppression, lymph node damage, weakening of the immune system, kidney damage, and reproductive system damage.

The substance may have effects on the bone marrow and central nervous system. This substance is probably carcinogenic to humans. May cause heritable genetic damage to human germ cells.

NO open flames.

AVOID ALL CONTACT! IN ALL CASES CONSULT A DOCTOR!

Use closed system.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear safety goggles. Wear face shield or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Ethylbis(2-chloroethyl)amine is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 500 lbs.

most toxic

Based on the recent pathognomic accomplishment in the mechanisms of toxic actions, the favorable degree of protection was achieved by several drugs in acute poisoning of rats with sulfur and nitrogen mustards. It has been established that dexamethasone, promethazine, vitamin E, heparin, and sodium thiosulfate (a) prolonged the survival time in animals poisoned by 3 LD50s of toxic agents, (b) diminished the lethalty (with the protective indices ranging from 1.5 to 2.7), (c) antagonized the decrease of body weight, and (d) lessened the degree of pathological organ changes. The simultaneous administration of two or three of the drugs mentioned, of which sodium thiosulfate as chemical inactivator of the toxic agents was basic and consonant component, led to the further increase in effectiveness. /Nitrogen mustards/

LC50 (the product of concentration times time that is lethal to 50% of the exposed population by inhalaiton) approximately 1,500 mg/min/cu m|The median incapacitating dose for the eyes is 200 mg/min/cu m

LD50 Rabbit dermal 15 mg/kg|LD50 Mouse sc 1100 ug/kg|LD50 Mouse ip 1030 ug/kg|LD50 Rat iv 500 ug/kg|For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for ETHYLBIS(2-CHLOROETHYL)AMINE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The nitrogen mustards (including ethylbis(2-chloroethyl)amine) are not manufactured in significant commercial quantities in the United States and they were never stockpiled as part of the U.S. chemical warfare inventory (1). Although several of the nitrogen mustards have medicinal uses as antineoplastic agents, ethylbis(2-chloroethyl)amine does not appear to be used in the United States(2). Because these agents are not a significant part of the U.S. chemical warfare agent inventory, they are not anticipated to be released into the environment in any appreciable amount(1).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 360(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that ethylbis(2-chloroethyl)amine is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). The hydrolysis half-life of ethylbis(2-chloroethyl)amine is 12.5 days at 5 °C(3), therefore, hydrolysis in moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC). Ethylbis(2-chloroethyl)amine has a pKa of 6.57(4) and is expected to exist in both the protonated form and neutral species in the ambient environment. At neutral to basic conditions, the neutral species will be the dominant form of ethylbis(2-chloroethyl)amine, while acidic conditions will favor the protonated form. The protonated form of ethylbis(2-chloroethyl)amine may adsorb to soil surfaces more strongly than the neutral species(SRC). Volatilization of the neutral species of ethylbis(2-chloroethyl)amine from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) based on an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.4X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 0.25 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 160 mg/l(3). The protonated form of ethylbis(2-chloroethyl)amine will not volatilize from moist soil surfaces since cations do not volatilize(SRC). Ethylbis(2-chloroethyl)amine is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(3).|AQUATIC FATE: The hydrolysis half-life of ethylbis(2-chloroethyl)amine is 12.5 days at 5 °C (pH not specified)(1) and the product of this hydrolysis is the nontoxic bis-beta-hydroxyethyl ethylamine(2). This suggests that hydrolysis is a major environmental fate process for ethylbis(2-chloroethyl)amine in most waters(SRC). Based on a classification scheme(3), an estimated Koc value of 360(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(4), indicates that non-hydrolyzed ethylbis(2-chloroethyl)amine is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Ethylbis(2-chloroethyl)amine has a pKa of 6.57(5) and is expected to exist in both the protonated form and neutral species in aquatic systems. At neutral to alkaline conditions, the neutral species will be the dominant form of ethylbis(2-chloroethyl)amine while acidic conditions will favor the protonated form. Volatilization of the neutral species from water surfaces is expected(6) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.4X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 0.25 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 160 mg/l(1). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(6), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3.6 hrs and 6.2 days, respectively(SRC). The protonated form of ethylbis(2-chloroethyl)amine will not volatilize from water surfaces since cations do not volatilize(SRC). According to a classification scheme(7), an estimated BCF of 7(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 2.0(8) and a regression-derived equation(9) suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low and hydrolysis should preclude bioconcentration from being a major fate process(SRC).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), ethylbis(2-chloroethyl)amine, which has a vapor pressure of 0.25 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely in the vapor-phase in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase ethylbis(2-chloroethyl)amine is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1 day(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.6X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC), determined using a structure estimation method(3).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of ethyl(2-chloroethyl)amine with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.6X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of approximately 1 day at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). The hydrolysis half-life of ethylbis(2-chloroethyl)amine is 12.5 days at 5 °C (pH not specified)(2). The product of this hydrolysis is the nontoxic bis-beta-hydroxyethyl ethylamine(3). Nitrogen mustards are unstable in the presence of light and heat and form dimers at temperatures above 50 °C(3).

An estimated BCF of 7 was calculated for ethylbis(2-chloroethyl)amine(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 2.0(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low, provided the compound is not altered physically or chemically once released into the environment(SRP).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc for ethylbis(2-chloroethyl)amine can be estimated to be 360(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that ethylbis(2-chloroethyl)amine is expected to have moderate mobility in soil. Ethylbis(2-chloroethyl)amine has a pKa of 6.57(3) and is expected to exist in both the protonated form and neutral species in the ambient environment. At neutral to basic conditions, the neutral species will be the dominant form of ethylbis(2-chloroethyl)amine, while acidic conditions will favor the protonated form. Protonated ethylbis(2-chloroethyl)amine will generally adsorb to organic carbon and clay more strongly than its neutral counterpart.

The hydrolysis half-life of ethylbis(2-chloroethyl)amine is 12.5 days at 5 °C (pH not specified)(1). This suggests that hydrolysis will be an important fate process and will compete with volatilization in moist soils and water(SRC). The Henry's Law constant for ethylbis(2-chloroethyl)amine is estimated as 3.36X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 0.25 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 160 mg/l(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that the ethylbis(2-chloroethyl)amine neutral species is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life of the neutral species from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 3.6 hrs(SRC). The volatilization half-life of the neutral species from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 6.2 days(SRC). Ethylbis(2-chloroethyl)amine's estimated Henry's Law constant(1) indicates that volatilization of the neutral species from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Ethylbis(2-chloroethyl)amine has a pKa of 6.57(3) and is expected to exist in both the protonated form and neutral species in the ambient environment. At neutral to basic conditions, the neutral species will be the dominant form of ethylbis(2-chloroethyl)amine, while acidic conditions will favor the protonated form. The protonated form of ethylbis(2-chloroethyl)amine is not expected to volatilize from water or moist soil surfaces(SRC). Ethylbis(2-chloroethyl)amine is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).

The nitrogen mustards (including ethylbis(2-chloroethyl)amine) are not manufactured in significant commercial quantities in the United States(1). Due to the high toxicity of this compound, strict safeguards are employed to control the release of ethylbis(2-chloroethyl)amine. Therefore, general population and occupational exposure via dermal and inhalation routes are unlikely(1).

In contact with the skin and eye, the nitrogen mustards are severely vesicant and damaging, their action being similar to that of the sulfur variety of mustard gas but with more immediate effect and deeper injury. Accidental burns of human skin leading to deep and slow-to-heal ulcers, and accidental corneal damage, including the injury of iris and lens, have been reported. Industrially, irritation of the eyes, nose, skin and respiratory system occurs following exposure to vapor. Delayed pulmonary edema following accidental vapor exposure has been observed. /Chloroethylamines/|The important characteristic actions of the bis(beta-chloroethyl)amines on biological systems are (1) severe local irritation of tissues and vesicant action on the skin and corneal damage in the eye; (2) delayed deaths for doses around the LD50, prominent gastrointestinal effect and diarrhea; (3) cytotoxic effects and inhibition of cell division; (4) bone marrow and lymph node damage and leukopenia; (5) tumor inhibition; (6) antifertility effects, that is, impairment of menses and spermatogenesis; (7) mutagenic activity (in vitro and in vivo); (8) carcinogenicity or tumor irritation; and (9) pharmacologic and neurotoxic activity (large doses). Their proclivity to damage actively proliferating cells (bone marrow, fetal tissue, germinal epithelium, neoplasms) is evident from the effects listed. Because many of these effects resemble those of ionizing radiation, the term "radiomimetic" is frequently used. /bis(beta-Chloroethyl)amines/|Deadly vesicant.

Nitrogen mustards are absorbed through the skin, respiratory and GI tract ... /Chloroethylamines/|Absorption may occur after skin or eye exposure to liquid or vapor nitrogen mustard and may cause systemic toxicity. .../Nitrogen mustards/ ...are highly reactive and combine rapidly with proteins, DNA, or other molecules. Therefore, within minutes following exposure intact mustard or its reactive metabolites are not found in tissue or biological fluids. /Nitrogen mustards/

...The chloroethylamines (or metabolites) react readily with important groups of proteins and nucleic acids. They transfer alkyl groups to essential cell constituents by combining with amino, sulfhydryl, carboxyl, and phosphate groups. ...The alkylation of DNA and, more specifically, guanine, results in the formation of single strand breaks or interstrand crosslinks and, ultimately, in an inhibition of DNA synthesis. A marked decrease of the RNA chain length in both nucleoplasm and nucleolus of some cells... under the influence of nitrogen mustard has been proved. Lesions can be produced which affect base pairing during DNA replication and cause permanent genetic alterations or tumor initiation. /Chloroethylamines/

This compound is a nitrogen mustard. It is highly irritating to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Nitrogen mustards have preferential toxicity for rapidly dividing cells. Workers exposed briefly to estimated concentrations of 10-100 ppm by inhalation became severely ill. The median lethal dosage is 1,500 mg-minute/m3. (EPA, 1998)

Warning: Ethyl bis(2-chloroethyl)amine is a strong irritant. Direct contact may result in severe dermal or corneal burns. Effects may be delayed. Signs and Symptoms of Ethyl bis(2-chloroethyl)amine Exposure: Signs and symptoms of acute exposure to ethyl bis(2-chloroethyl)amine may include strong irritation or burning of the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. Blisters, local phlebitis (irritation of a vein) and erythema (redness of the skin) may be noted. It may cause nausea, vomiting, and severe esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation if ingested. Bronchopneumonia, suppression of bone marrow activity, and hearing loss are possible longer term symptoms. Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to ethyl bis(2-chloroethyl)amine may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination. Inhalation Exposure: 1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to ethyl bis(2-chloroethyl)amine. 2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer 100% humidified oxygen or other respiratory support. 3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for performance of other invasive procedures. 4. Rush to a health care facility. Dermal/Eye Exposure: 1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to ethyl bis(2-chloroethyl)amine. 2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer 100% humidified oxygen or other respiratory support. 3. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing as soon as possible. 4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes. Speed in removing material from the eyes is of extreme importance. 5. Wash exposed skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. Speed in removing material from skin is of extreme importance. 6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for performance of other invasive procedures. 7. Rush to a health care facility. Ingestion Exposure: 1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer 100% humidified oxygen or other respiratory support to all victims. 2. DO NOT induce vomiting or attempt to neutralize! 3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures. 4. Give the victims water or milk: children up to 1 year old, 125 mL (4 oz or 1/2 cup); children 1 to 12 years old, 200 mL (6 oz or 3/4 cup); adults, 250 mL (8 oz or 1 cup). Water or milk should be given only if victims are conscious and alert. 5. Rush to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)|GENERAL INFORMATION: Nitrogen mustards are extremely toxic and may damage the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract and suppress the immune system. Although these agents cause cellular changes within minutes of contact, the onset of pain and other symptoms is delayed. Thus, patients/victims arriving immediately from the scene of nitrogen mustard exposure are not likely to have signs and symptoms. The sooner after exposure that symptoms occur, the more likely they are to progress and become severe. Decontamination of all potentially exposed areas within minutes after exposure is the only effective means of decreasing tissue damage.

Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. No mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Wear protective gloves when administering first aid. Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer immediately for medical attention.

Decontamination within 1 or 2 minutes following exposure is the only effective means for decreasing tissue damage. Later decontamination is not likely to improve the victim's condition but will protect other personnel from exposure. ...The eyes and skin must be decontaminated within 1 or 2 minutes after exposure to reduce tissue damage. Flush the eyes immediately with water for about 5-10 min by tilting the head to the side, pulling eyelids apart with fingers, and pouring water slowly into eyes. Do not cover eyes with bandages. If exposure to liquid agent is suspected, cut and remove all clothing and wash skin immediately with soap and water. If shower areas are available, showering with water alone will be adequate. However, in those cases where water is in short supply, and showers are not available, an alternative form of decontamination is to use 05% sodium hypochlorite solution or absorbent powders such as fluor, talcum powder, or Fuller's earth. If exposure to vapor only is certain, remove outer clothing and wash exposed areas with soap and water or 0.5% solution of sodium hypochlorite. Place contaminated clothes and personal belongings in a seal double bag. In cases of ingestion, DO NOT INDUCE EMESIS. There is no evidence that administration of activated charcoal is beneficial. ...If the victim is alert and able to swallow, give 4 to 8 ounces of milk or water to drink. /Nitrogen mustards/|There is no antidote for nitrogen mustard toxicity. Medical treatment is supportive. /Nitrogen mustards/|There are no specific antidotes for ocular mustard poisoning. Treatment consists of copious irrigation, followed by antibiotics, and topical atropine until the inflammation subsides and the corneal epithelium is intact. /Mustard and Nitrogen Mustard/|Atropine subcutaneously ... may be useful in reducing gastrointestinal activity. Discomfort and restlessness may be treated with sedatives, but may also be a manifestation of hypovolemic shock from severe systemic injury. If severe systemic poisoning is present (vomiting, diarrhea, leukopenia, hemoconcentration, shock), maintain adequate nutritional status and replace loss of fluid and electrolytes. Monitor leukocytes and hemoglobin. For significant drops in the leukocyte count, isolation and appropriate antibiotics may be necessary. Sodium thiosulfate intravenously ... if given within 20 to 30 minutes of exposure may prevent or reduce damage from mustard. ... /Nitrogen mustard/|Mild respiratory tract injury with hoarseness and sore throat only usually requires no treatment. Cough may be relieved by codeine-containing cough syrups. Laryngitis and tracheitis may be treated symptomatically with steam or sterile cool mist inhalations. For more severe respiratory tract injury, hospitalize. Treat chemical pneumonitis initially with broad-spectrum antibiotics. Perform culture and sensitivity studies on sputum. Use appropriate specific antibiotics. Severely affected patients may need assisted ventilation and oxygen enriched air. Simple mouthwashes can be used for the oropharynx. /Nitrogen mustard/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ It has been observed that workers briefly exposed to nitrogen mustard in concn estimated to be between 10 and 100 ppm became severely ill with nausea, vomiting and dilated pupils. In normal human volunteers single oral doses of some mg resulted in nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Large doses produce neurotoxic effects such as prolonged tremor, uncoordinated movements, ataxia, derangement of positional reflexes, and convulsions. /Chloroethylamines/|/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ During the Iraq-Iran war (1980-1988), a group of patients exposed to mustard gas (one of the chemical warfare agents used by Iraq) were referred to our dermatology department. ... A group of patients, including 14 children and teenagers, exposed to mustard gas were studied. Laboratory tests including blood cell counts, hemoglobin, hematocrit, urine analysis, etc., were determined. Among the most frequent disorders were facial involvement (78%), which dominated the clinical picture, followed by genital (42%), truncal, and axillary lesions (both 14%). Eosinophilia was the most prominent laboratory disorder seen in 12% of the patients. Skin lesions started 4-18 hours after exposure. Erythema developed within 20-30 hours after exposure, followed by blisters. The time of onset of manifestations had been shorter and severity of the lesions higher in children and teenagers compared with adults. Both phenomena could be attributed to the more delicate skin of the young patients. Genital manifestations were less frequent in this subgroup while ophthalmic, pulmonary, and gastrointestinal lesions were more frequently encountered in children than in adults. /Unspecified mustard gas/|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ In contact with the skin and eye, the nitrogen mustards are severely vesicant and damaging, their action being similar to that of the sulfur variety of mustard gas but with more immediate effect and deeper injury. Accidental burns of human skin leading to deep and slow-to-heal ulcers, and accidental corneal damage, including the injury of iris and lens, have been reported. Industrially, irritation of the eyes, nose, skin and respiratory system occurs following exposure to vapor. Delayed pulmonary edema following accidental vapor exposure has been observed. /Chloroethylamines/|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Ingestion is an uncommon route for exposure but can lead to local effects such as esophageal or gastrointestinal burns and systemic absorption. /Nitrogen mustards/|For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for ETHYLBIS(2-CHLOROETHYL)AMINE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

bis(2-chloroethyl)ethylamine

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour, by inhalation of its aerosol, through the skin and by ingestion. Serious local effects and systemic effects by all routes of exposure.|HN-1 can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, ingestion, eye contact, and skin contact. Inhalation is an important route of exposure. Ingestion is an uncommon route of exposure. Warm, moist areas with thin skin, the moist lining of body passages and cavities (mucous membranes) and perspiration-covered skin are more sensitive to the effects of this agent.

Sore throat. Burning sensation. Cough. Tremor. Incoordination. Convulsions. Laboured breathing. Shortness of breath. Wheezing. Symptoms may be delayed.|Mild (onset within 2 to 24 hours): Runny nose (rhinorrhea), sneezing, nosebleed (epistaxis), hoarseness progressing to “toneless” voice, barking cough, loss of taste and smell, wheezing and difficulty breathing or shortness of breath (dyspnea) in smokers and asthmatics, and nasal and sinus pain (occurring later).

MAY BE ABSORBED! Redness. Pain. Blisters. Symptoms may be delayed. Further see Inhalation.|Tender skin, the moist lining of body passages and cavities (mucous membranes), and perspiration-covered skin are more sensitive to the effects of nitrogen mustard.

VAPOUR WILL BE ABSORBED! Watering of the eyes. Redness. Pain. Spasms, photophobia and dilated pupils. Blurred vision. Severe deep burns. Loss of vision.|Mild (onset within 4 to 12 hours): Tear production (lacrimation), irritation, itching, burning, spasmodic blinking (blepharospasm), dryness or gritty feeling, possible pinpoint pupils (miosis).

Ethanamine, 2-chloro-N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-: ACTIVE|Bis(2-chloroethyl)ethylamine is listed as a Schedule 1 chemical.|Nitrogen mustards were first developed in the late 1920s and early 1930s. HN-1 was originally designed to remove warts but was later identified as a potential chemical warfare agent; HN-2 was designed as a military agent but was later used in chemotherapy; HN-3 was developed as a military agent. None of the nitrogen mustards have been used on the battlefield, and none are included in U.S. stockpiles.

An excellent reagent for detection and quantitative estimation of the mustards is p-nitrobenzylpyridine. On treatment of the reaction product with alkali a blue color appears, which detects as little as 0.1 ug of mustard. /Mustards/

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