Potassium alum

258.21

257.848694

233-141-3

09OXB01F3O

DTXSID9039234

WHITE POWDER

2833301000

177.28000

-0.17690

Large, transparent crystals or white crystalline powder

1.725 g/cm³

770ºC (with decomposition)

330ºC at 760 mmHg

INDEX OF REFRACTION: 1.454, 1.4564; HEXAGONAL: 1.456, 1.429 /POTASSIUM ALUM DODECAHYDRATE/

1 G DISSOLVES IN ABOUT 20 ML COLD WATER, ABOUT 1 ML BOILING WATER, INCOMPLETELY; PRACTICALLY INSOL IN ALC.

STYPTIC

Between 3,0 and 4,0 (10 % solution)

DIELECTRIC CONSTANT: 3.8|PARTIAL LIBERATION OF ITS WATER OF CRYSTALLIZATION PERMITS IT TO ACT AS AN ACID TOWARD SODIUM BICARBONATE, LIBERATING CARBON DIOXIDE.|COLORLESS, HARD, LARGE, TRANSPARENT CRYSTALS OR CRYSTALLINE FRAGMENTS OR WHITE CRYSTALLINE POWDER. /DODECAHYDRATE/|For more Other Experimental Properties (Complete) data for ALUM, POTASSIUM (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

WS5650000

Warehouse ventilated, low temperature and dry

WHEN KEPT LONG TIME @ 60-65 DEG C (OR OVER SULFURIC ACID) LOSES 9 H2O WHICH IS REABSORBED ON EXPOSURE TO AIR. /POTASSIUM ALUM DODECAHYDRATE/

P264, P280, P305+P351+P338, P33, P313

H319

Bottled water shall, when a composite of analytical units of equal volume from a sample is examined by the methods described in paragraph (d)(1)(ii) of this section, meet the standards of chemical quality and shall not contain sulfate in excess of 250.0 mg/l. /Sulfate/|Aluminum potassium sulfate used for multiple purposes in food for human consumption is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice.|Aluminum potassium sulfate used as a general purpose food additive in animal drugs, feeds, and related products is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing or feeding practice.

Not Classified

ALUMINUM WAS RECOVERED FROM ALUM SLUDGE AT A WATER TREATMENT PLANT BY ADDN OF SULFURIC ACID. OPTIMUM PH WAS 2.0 FOR ALUMINUM RECOVERY. UNDER OPTIMAL CONDITIONS, THE RECOVERED ALUM IS AS EFFICIENT AS VIRGIN ALUMINUM IN TREATMENT OF SEWAGE FOR PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL. /ALUMINUM/

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 15 mg/cu m. /Aluminum, metal, as Al, total dust/|Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 5 mg/cu m. /Aluminum, metal, As Al, respirable fraction/|Vacated 1989 OSHA PEL TWA 2 mg/cu m is still enforced in some states. /Aluminum soluble salts & alkyls, as Al/

There is no evidence of potassium alum that demonstrates any suspicious for it to be a hazard for the consumers in the currently approved levels of use.

In a case study of patients on long-term dialysis, systemic aluminum absorption with concurrent oral citrate (as an alkalinizing agent) and aluminum containing phosphate binder (eg, aluminum hydroxide or carbonate) was significantly increased. Based on the proposed mechanism and pharmacologic similarity, an interaction may be expected to occur between citric acid and other aluminum salts (eg, aluminum phosphate, aluminum glycinate, attapulgite, dihydroxyaluminum, kaolin, magaldrate). It has been shown that following concurrent administration of citric acid (from lemon juice) and aluminum hydroxide there is an increase in serum levels of a nonionized aluminum citrate complex, which is postulated to easily pass the gastrointestinal barrier. Simultaneous administration of citric acid and aluminum hydroxide should be avoided since significant systemic absorption of aluminum may occur. This may be of additional concern in patients on long-term dialysis or with impaired renal function. /Aluminum salts/|... 25 Dialysis patients that experienced accidental exposure to aluminum and parathyroid hormone were examined. At the same time as parathyroid hormone decreased, serum calcium increased. Based on this observation it has been suggested that aluminum is incorporated, instead of calcium, into the bone and that this leads to the osteomalacia characteristic of aluminum-induced bone disease. Instead of being incorporated into osteoid bone tissue, calcium returns to the circulation which in turn inhibits the parathyroid hormone release from the parathyroid. In support of this hypothesis, ... a strong correlation between bone aluminum content and the amount of bone occupied by unmineralized osteoid in humans was found. Experimental support for the hypothesis of calcium aluminum interactions has also been provided in studies on chicks. /Aluminum/|Groups of 120 Atlantic salmon fry (Salmo salar, 1 g mass) were kept in through flow tanks of water (pH 5) containing various concn of aluminum and silicic acid. The aluminum concn in all but the control tank (0.85 umol aluminum/l) were 6-7 umol/l, at acutely toxic levels. Silicon levels were 0.66 umol/l (control), 93.06, 24.89, 5.46, and 0.60 umol/l, corresponding to silicon:aluminum ratios of 13.0, 3.7, 0.9, and 0.1. Exchangeable aluminum, ie, aluminum retained on Amberlite, was 6.00, 5.00, 4.11, and 1.52 umol/l in test tanks, respectively. Fish were exposed for 96 hr, and the proportion of dead fish was recorded at 12-hr intervals. The whole experiment was run three times; data are from all runs combined. At a silicon:aluminum ratio of 13, acute toxicity of aluminum was eliminated and gill structures of the fish were normal. Percent survival versus time was higher for the higher silicon:aluminum ratio groups. Accumulation of aluminum by fish fell sharply as the exchangeable aluminum increased. aluminum and silicon levels in fish were 0.44 and 0.01 (control), 0.40 and 0.54 (silicon:aluminum ratio of 13), 2.04 and 0.35 (slicon:aluminum ratio of 3.7), 2.49 and 0.33 (silicon: aluminum ratio of 0.9), 2.38 and 0.08 (silicon:aluminum ratio of 0.1) umol per g dry mass, respectively. /Aluminum/|To elucidate the interaction between aluminum and certain essential trace metals, an experiment was performed on rats fed diets with suboptimal or optimal levels of zinc or copper. Half of each group of animals were fed the same diet but with 1000 ppm aluminum added. Changes were noted after 120 days. Severe testicular damage was seen in rats fed either the low zinc or the low copper diet. The lesions included a wide range of spermatogenic cell degeneration and tubular atropy. When aluminum was added to the diet, the testicular destruction of zinc deficient rats was significantly reduced. This indicated that the presence of aluminum in the diet projected the testis against the damage cauesd by zinc deficiency. Pituitary glands were examined. Hypertrophy of basophiles was more pronounced in rats fed the suboptimal zinc or copper diet. When aluminum was added to their diet, the changes were reversed. The mechanims by which aluminum protects male gonadal functions against zinc deficiency are discussed. This study is the first to demonstrate the preventivve effect of aluminum against testicular damage caused by zinc deficiency. /Aluminum/|For more Interactions (Complete) data for ALUM, POTASSIUM (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

In studies, it has been shown that aluminum and aluminum salts are highly bound to plasma proteins. From the reports, it was found that 70-90% is bound to plasma proteins of which 60-70% is related to high molecular weight proteins and 10-20% to albumin.

THE CRUDE LUMP ALUM AS IT OCCURS WITH EARTH ATTACHED HAS BEEN KNOWN AS ROCK ALUM (ALUMEN RUPEUM) AND AS ROMAN ALUM. /ALUM/

ACTIVITIES OF MAN INCR ALUMINUM CONTENT IN SURFACE WATER ... . /ALUMINUM/

AQUATIC FATE: The adsorption of aluminum by fine particulates was studied in Whitray Beck, a hill stream in England. ... Uptake of aluminum by the particles increased with total aluminum, with pH, and with particle concentration, although the fraction of aluminum bound at a given pH and particle concentration decreased with total aluminum ... . /Aluminum/|TERRESTRIAL FATE: Air dried, <2 mm fractions of 3 soil samples from The Netherlands and 1 from New Hampshire, were taken from the surface and subsurface horizons of two podzols (Haplorthods) and of a recent driftsand (Udipsamment). Duplicate samples of each emulsion soil horizon were leached ... with aqueous hydrogen chloride (pH 3.0). ... Charge balances of the leachates indicate that dissolved aluminum is present mainly as aquo-aluminum (+3). Only in leachates of podzol Bhs horizons is a significant fraction (20-30%) of dissolved aluminum organically complexed. Dissolved aluminum concn are significantly correlated with the organic (tetrasodium pyrophosphate extractable) aluminum content of the soil sample. Mobility of aluminum in the Hubbard Brook soils is significantly lower than in the Dutch soils, because of higher soil-solution pH values. /Aluminum cmpd/|TERRESTRIAL FATE: Albic and spodic soil horizons were sampled from old growth eastern white pine/mixed northern hardwoods. Adirondacks, and an ochric soil horizon was sampled from the Appalachian plateau of NY State. 21 Three horizon forest floor and 21 forest floor/mineral soil (field moist equivalent of 12.0 oven dry albic, spodic, or ochric mineral soil) columns were leached in triplicate with either 10 uM nitric acid (pH 5), 5 uM sulfuric acid (pH 5), 100 uM nitric acid (pH 4), 50 uM sulfuric acid (pH 4), 1000 uM nitric acid (pH 3), 500 uM sulfuric acid (pH 3), or distilled, deionized water (pH 5.7) control treatment). Nitric acid leached more aluminum than did sulfuric acid from forest floor/spodic soil columns. Increasing the nitric acid concn from pH 3-5 increased total aluminum concn in leachates from 0.70 to 0.85 mM, while increasing sulfuric acid had no effect. Addition of pH 3 sulfuric acid to forest floor/spodic columns raised leachate pH relative to pH 3 nitric acid and controls, and resulted in the lowest aluminum concn of all treatments in the first 3 of 4 sequential leachings. /Aluminum/|Albic and spodic soil horizons were sampled from old growth eastern white pine/mixed northern hardwoods sites in the Adirondacks, and an ochric soil horizon was sampled from the Appalachian Plateau of NY State. 9 Three horizon forest floor, 9 mineral soil (field moist equivalent of 12.0 oven dry albic, spodic, or ochric mineral soil) and 9 forest floor/mineral soil columns were leached with 60 ml of (a) 10 mM ammonium nitrate (control), (b) 1.0 mM nitric acid in 10 mM ammonium nitrate (pH 3), and (c) 1.0 mM ammonium nitrate (pH 3) at the rate of 10 ml/hr. The above procedure was repeated on each mineral soil without a forest floor, except leaching soln were 0.5 mM calcium nitrate or calcium sulfate, each in 10 mM ammonium nitrate. Adding 2 and 0.5 cmol sub c (H+)/kg to forest floor and minera soils, respectively, simulated snowmelt additions. Total aluminum concn in leachates from forest floor/albic or forest floor/ochric columns were greater than the sum of concn in leachates from the forest floor and mineral horizon when leached separately. This positive synergistic behavior of the forest floor-mineral horizon sequences was also observed in the forest floor-spodic horizon sequence when leached with control soln, but the synergism was negative for both labile and non-labile aluminum when leached with the acids. Sulfuric acid leached less aluminum from the spodic horizon than did nitric acid, regardless of the presence of a forest floor, but nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and control soln leached similar concn of aluminum from the albic and ochric horizons. The forest floor effects on the mineral soil leachates were attributed to effects of calcium, sulfate, nitrate, and dissolved organic carbon leached from the forest floor to the mineral horizon since forest floor removed nearly all added H+. /Aluminum/

DRINKING WATER: A survey of aluminum concn in drinking water of 12 West European countries showed that concn were less than the European Economic Community maximum acceptable concn of 0.2 mg/l. In the United Kingdom, the Northumbrian Water Authority produced water with 0.12 mg/l aluminum in alum using plants and 0.07 mg/l in non-alum using plants. The North West Water Authority's levels were 0.09 and 0.07 mg/l, not statistically different among alum users and non-alum users. The Yorkshire Water Authority product was higher than the European Economic Community limit in 5 of 6 annual means (highest, 0.73 mg/l); some of the high values were attributed to raw water quality fluctuations and inadequate alum dosing control. Thames Water Authority water was well within European Economic Community limits. In the Federal Republic of Germany mean aluminum concn reported were <0.001 to 0.062 mg/l. Mean aluminum concn in water from four regional Italian works were below the European Economic Community maximum acceptable concn in all cases. Sweden's results were among the lowest for all European alum treated potable water plants. In Switzerland Aluminum values were generally below the European Economic Community maximum acceptable concn; however, this country uses a guideline of 0.05 mg/l. Waters treated with polyaluminum chloride had lower aluminum concentrations than those treated with alum. Results from France, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Norway indicated low aluminum levels. Results from Belgium indicate decreasing levels of aluminum since the implementation of a limit of 0.1 mg/l in 1984. /Aluminum/|DRINKING WATER: Thirty seven brands of domestic and imported mineral waters were analyzed for aluminum content by inductively coupled atomic plasma spectrophotometry. Only five of the waters tested had aluminum concentrations greater than the detection limit of 5.1 ug/l, ie, Aqui, Health Valley, Knjazmilos, Vichy Celestins, and Vichy St Yorre Royal. Only the Vichy St Yorre Royal, for which one sample contained 305 ug aluminum/l, exceeded the 200 ug/l European Economic Community maximum and WHO guideline for aluminum in drinking water. For 2 others, the European Economic Community guideline of 50 ug/l was exceeded for one of the two samples tested. /Aluminum/|The solute and particulate aluminum (Al) chemistry of a relatively unpolluted snowfall associated with a maritime airmass was measured by neutron activation analysis and inductively coupled plasma analysis (soluble fraction) and neutron activation analysis (particulate material), to characterize background conditions for the Scottish Highlands. Aluminum concentrations were compared to those found in a polluted black snowfall with a trajectory that originated over eastern Europe and to those levels found in seasonal snowpack. The variability of the concentration of solute and the chemical composition of particulate material is reported on an intra- and intersite basis. The solute aluminum content of Scottish snowfall in the intersite survey was 19.2 ug/l, and in the intrasite survey 52.2 ug/l. The aluminum composition of particulate matter found within Scottish snow was 20,600 ppm in the intersite survey, and 21,100 ppm in the intrasite survey. For the black snow, the solute aluminum content was 84 + or - 3 ug/l, and the aluminum composition of particulate matter was 52,300 ppm. The mean concentration of aluminum in seasonal snowpack was 27,200 ppm. /Aluminum solute & particulate/

INTAKE OF ALUMINUM IS CHIEFLY BY MOUTH, FROM FOODS AND BEVERAGES, ALSO BY LUNGS, FROM THE ATMOSPHERIC DUST CONTENT. IT IS PRESENT IN NATURAL DIET, IN AMT VARYING FROM VERY LOW IN ANIMAL PRODUCTS TO RELATIVELY HIGH IN PLANTS. /ALUMINUM/|... The direct transfer of aluminum ... /in/ dialysis treatment ... Aluminum administered ... by subcutaneous injection of alum-precipitated allergenic preparations. /Aluminum/|WORKMEN ... CONTAMINATED WITH ALUM /THROUGH EYES/ ... . /ALUM/|Production of aluminum sulfate and aluminum fluoride is associated with exposure to several irritant substances. Such production has been connected with reversible bronchial obstruction or asthma. In an aluminum plant in Sweden, 6 cases of asthma occurred in 1975, and 7 in 1976. The number of exposed workers was 35-40. The levels of aluminum fluoride (personal sampling) were measured during these two years, and the mean concentrations were 3-6 mg/cu m. In 1977, improvements were made at this plant thereby reducing the mean levels of aluminum fluoride to 0.4-1.0 mg/cu m. During the years 1978-1980, only two cases of asthma occurred. /Aluminum sulfate/|Electrolytic production of aluminum can lead to a substantial exposure to fluorides and carcinogenic tar oils, including polyaromatic hydrocarbons. /Aluminum/

A body burden of 100 mg/70 kg man with a daily dietary intake of approximately 36 mg. ... The total body burden of aluminum in humans can be estimated to range from 60-100 mg. /Aluminum/|THE NORMAL BLOOD LEVEL OF ALUMINUM IS 17 UG ALUMINUM /100 ML AND MOST SOFT TISSUES CONTAIN BETWEEN 0.2 AND 0.6 PPM. HUMAN BODY BURDEN OF ALUMINUM IS 50 TO 150 MG & IS APPARENTLY UNAFFECTED BY EITHER NORMAL DAILY INTAKE LEVELS ESTIMATED TO BE APPROXIMATELY 10 TO 100 MG OR CONSIDERABLY HIGHER DOSES. /ALUMINUM/|Aluminum content of normal human brain ranged from 0.1-3.9 ug/g dry weight. In a study of 208 samples taken from 7 patients, ... a mean aluminum content of 1.9 + or - 0.07 ug/g dry weight of gray matter /was found/ to be abnormal. In a study of 585 areas sampled from the brain tissue of 10 patients with Alzheimer's disease they found 28% had an aluminum concn > 4 ug/g. The range of the 585 samples was 0.4-107 ug/g. /Aluminum/

Potassium alum is considered safe by the FDA and its use is in homepathic or OTC products. Due to its presence in several different drugs, the main indications for the use of potassium alum are: -Constipation -Cosmetic or drug astringent, helping the shrinkage of tissues and the dry of secretions -Oral health care drug -Part of formulation in cleansing products, skin-care products, mosturizers, face powders and deodorants -Antiperspirant -Antifungal

Adjuvants, Immunologic|IN TREATMENT OF GUM BLEEDING & CHRONIC & ACUTE GINGIVITIS.|THE DOSE AS AN ASTRINGENT IS 0.5-5%.|Five patients with malignant hemopathies, including four treated by bone marrow transplantation, developed cyclophosphamide induced hemorrhagic cystitis that failed to respond to the usual treatments. Each was treated by continuous irrigation of the bladder with potassium alum. Hematuria ceased in three patients followed up for 5 to 10 months. A review of the literature confirmed the 75% success rate of this treatment. No local side effects were recorded, but one patient had a single seizure.|For more Therapeutic Uses (Complete) data for ALUM, POTASSIUM (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Aluminum salts may cause phosphorus depletion which is generally negligible. However, with prolonged administration or large doses, hypophosphatemia may occur, especially in patients with inadequate dietary intake of phosphorus; hypercalciuria secondary to bone resorption and increased intestinal absorption of calcium results. This phosphorus depletion syndrome is characterized by anorexia, malaise, and muscle weakness, and prolonged aluminum antacid therapy may cause urinary calculi, osteomalacia, and osteoporosis. A low phosphorus diet, diarrhea, excessive phosphorus losses from malabsorption, and restoration of renal function after a kidney transplant increase the likelihood of the syndrome. Serum phosphate concentrations should be monitored at monthly or bimonthly intervals in patients on maintenance hemodialysis who are receiving chronic aluminum antacid therapy. /Aluminum salts/|Large doses of alum are irritant and may be corrosive; gum necrosis and gastrointestinal haemorrhage have occurred. Adverse effects on muscle and kidneys have been reported. /Alum/

The presence of potassium alum reduces swollen mucous membranes that result from inflammation of the nasal, gastrointestinal and urinary passages as well as in the presence of excessive secretions. The induction of the coagulation cascade will also stop bleeding.

Substances that augment, stimulate, activate, potentiate, or modulate the immune response at either the cellular or humoral level. The classical agents (Freund's adjuvant, BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, et al.) contain bacterial antigens. Some are endogenous (e.g., histamine, interferon, transfer factor, tuftsin, interleukin-1). Their mode of action is either non-specific, resulting in increased immune responsiveness to a wide variety of antigens, or antigen-specific, i.e., affecting a restricted type of immune response to a narrow group of antigens. The therapeutic efficacy of many biological response modifiers is related to their antigen-specific immunoadjuvanticity. (See all compounds classified as Adjuvants, Immunologic.)

Potassium alum is found in its dodecahydrate form that produces a very large molecule. This large molecule cannot be absorbed through the skin when this substance is included as an astringent agent in topical OTC. If ingested, the aluminum salts are rapidly solubilized in the stomach and then they can generate aluminum hydroxide or poorly absorbed basic aluminum salts.|When potassium alum is absorbed, the kidney is responsible for the elimination of the major portion of the absorbed dose. From the excretion, 0.1-0.3% of the absorbed dose is eliminated via the urine.|The distribution of aluminum salts in the body is influenced by increased concentrations of parathyroid hormone. It was shown, in preclinical studies, that oral administration of aluminum salts produces a distribution profile that forms deposits in kidneys, muscle, bone and gray matter.|Renal clearance of aluminum is approximately 5-10% of the excretion of urea or creatinine. The reduced clearance of aluminum compounds is due to the high protein binding.|ALUMINUM SALTS ARE ABSORBED IN ... SMALL AMT FROM THE DIGESTIVE TRACT. /ALUMINUM SALTS/|It was calculated that a dialysate aluminum concn of 0.2-1.0 mg/l (a concn readily found in many water supplies) would result in the direct transfer of aluminum into the blood of 3-16 mg for each dialysis treatment or 42-211 mg/mo. /Aluminum/|A given oral dose of aluminum results in significantly higher serum and tissue levels of the metal in nephrectomized rats than in intact controls in spite of the fact that only minimal amounts of aluminum are normally excreted in the urine. /Aluminum/|It was found that 70-90% of total aluminum bound to plasma proteins (60-70% to a high molecular weight protein and 10-20% to albumin while only 10-30% was unbound). This high affinity of aluminum for plasma proteins strongly suggests high levels of binding of aluminum to a variety of tissue proteins. /Aluminum/|For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for ALUM, POTASSIUM (21 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Potassium alum does not go through a metabolic pathway. When ingested or absorbed, it will get rapidly dissolved and it will form ions that will later generate other salt derivatives.

Studies performed with aluminum compounds have shown a half-life of 4.5 h when administered intravenously.|The mean plasma half-life of aluminum after iv admin in dogs is approx 4.5 hr. /Aluminum/|The shorter half-life for the urinary elimination of aluminum was about 8 hr. /Aluminum/

The main functions of potassium alum in drugs are as an astringent, antiseptic or adjuvant agent. The astringent action is performed by the induction of coagulation in the superficial tissue layers until the formation of a crust. The formation of alum ions neutralize the charges on plasma proteins, causing the blood to coagulate. Similar effect is observed in disinfectants where these ions react with the free organic acid and thiol groups of proteins on microbes and free proteins, resulting in protein precipitation. This action will generate the contraction of the tissue and dry up secretions. Its adjuvant properties are mainly used in the production of vaccines where the presence of this chemical enhances the immune response.|Excessive dietary aluminum has been proposed to be a factor contributing to several neurological disorders in humans. Six 8 week old female Swiss Webster mice were fed for 10 weeks purified diets containing 100 (control, 100 aluminum, 500 (500 aluminum) or 1000 (1000 aluminum) ug aluminum/g diet. Brain and liver lipid peroxidation was determined by evaluating the production of 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in brain and liver homogenates in the presence or absence of 50 mM ferrous iron. 2-Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances production in the absence of iron in brain homogenates from mice fed the 1000 aluminum diet was higher (30%) than that in the 100 aluminum control group (3.1 versus 2.4 nmol 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances/mg protein). The additional of ferrous iron increased 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances production in-brain homogenates from all 3 dietary group. The iron induced 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances production was 26% higher in the 1000 aluminum brain homogenates than in the 100 aluminum group (4.9 vs. 3.9 nmol 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive subtances/mg protein). Brain 2-Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances production in the presence and absence of iron was similar between the 100 and 500 aluminum groups. 2-Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances production in liver homogenates measured either with or without iron was similar for the 3 groups. These results show that, in mice, dietary aluminum intoxication leads to increased brain 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substance production, suggesting that enhanced lipid peroxidation may be one possible mechanism underlying the neurological damage associated with increased tissue aluminum. /Aluminum/|Evidence is presented indicating that dementias are associated with a relative insufficiency of magnesium in the brain. Such insufficiency may be attributable to low intake or retention of magnesium; high intake of a neurotoxic metal, such a aluminum, which inhibits activity of magnesium requiring enzymes; or impaired transport of magnesium and/or enhanced transport of the neurotoxic metal into brain tissue. It is proposed that Alzheimer's disease involves a defective transport process, characterized by both an abnormally high incorporation of aluminum and an abnormally low incorporation that an altered serum protein contributes to the progression of Alzheimer's disease by having a greater affinity for aluminum than for magnesium, in contrast to the normal protein, which binds magnesium better than aluminum. The altered protein crosses the blood-brain barrier more efficiently than the normal protein and competes with the normal protein in binding to brain neurons. Binding of the altered protein to the target neurons would both facilitate aluminum uptake and impede magnesium uptake. Evidence suggests that albumin is the serum protein that is altered. /Aluminum/|Aluminum is established as a neurotoxin, although the basis for its toxicity is unknown. It recently has been shown to alter the function of the blood-brain barrier, which regulates exchanges between the central nervous system and peripheral circulation. The blood-brain barrier owes its unique properties to the integrity of cell membranes that comprise it. Aluminum affects some of the membrane like functions of the blood-brain barrier. It increases the rate of transmembrane diffusion and selectively changes saturable transport systems without disrupting the integrity of the membranes or altering CNS hemodynamics. Such alterations in the access to the brain of nutrients, hormones, toxins, and drugs could be the basis of CNS dysfunction. Aluminum is capable of altering membrane function at the blood-brain barrier; many of its effects on the CNS a well a peripheral tissues can be explained by its actions as a membrane toxin. /Aluminum/

TREATMENT: TO RELIEVE THE GI DISTRESS /CAUSED BY SWALLOWING ALUMINUM SALTS/... THE DEGREE OF DEHYDRATION & ELECTROLYTE LOSS CAUSED BY VOMITING & DIARRHEA MUST BE DETERMINED, & CORRECTED BY IV INFUSIONS OF APPROPRIATE SOLUTIONS. /ALUMINUM SALTS/|DIAGNOSIS: WHEN HISTORY IS UNATTAINABLE, DIAGNOSIS DEPENDS ON THE DEMONSTRATION OF LARGE AMT OF ALUMINUM IN VOMITUS, STOMACH CONTENTS OR FECES. /ALUMINUM CMPD/|Poisoning with alum should be treated with copious drinks of water and gastric lavage if vomiting has not occurred. Demulcent drinks should be given and shock alleviated if the patient shows signs of collapse. /Aluminum/|Deferoxamine has been used to treat dialysis encephalopathy and osteomalacia with symptomatic relief reported. The use of deferoxamine for aluminum-toxic dialysis patients has been suggested for serum levels of aluminum between 100 and 200 ug/ml. Deferoxamine also has been used to diagnose aluminum-related osteodystrophy. After a deferoxamine infusion of 40 mg/kg over 2 hours, an increment in plasma aluminum concentration of 200 ug/l identified 35 of 37 patients with biopsy-proven aluminum-related osteodystrophy (sensitivity, 94%; specificity, 50%). Calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid does not appear as effective as deferoxamine in chelating aluminum. Especially in dialysis patients, aluminum-containing medications should be reduced. /Aluminum/

Patients who had died with dialysis encephalopathy syndrome had brain gray matter aluminum levels that were 3 times higher (approximately 12 mg/kg dry weight) than those seen in patients who had been comparably dialyzed but did not have dialysis encephalopathy syndrome (approximately 4 mg/kg dry weight). Both of these groups were markedly higher than the 1 mg/kg dry weight level seen in controls. These data clearly indicate elevated brain levels of aluminum in dialyzed patients and emphasize the fact that only the highest levels of brain aluminum are associated with dialysis encephalopathy syndrome. /Aluminum/|X ray spectrometric evidence of aluminum accumulation in neurofibrillary tangle bearing neurons of human brains was reported. Quite in contrast to the extensive literature on aluminum in dialysis encephalopathy syndrome, there appears to be only a small amount of additional corroborating evidence for elevated brain levels of aluminum in Alzheimer's disease patients. ... Much of the argument for a role of aluminum in Alzheimer's disease has been built on the fact that in experimental animals, such as cat and rabbit, intracerebral injections of small amounts of aluminum result in neural degeneration which is characterized by the development of neurofibrillary tangles. ... Aluminum induced tangles in experimental animals are composed of single 10 nm filaments while those from Alzheimer's disease are paired, helically wound filaments. ... In spite of the apparent similarities in the two types of tangles, there are sufficient differences to warrant caution in interpreting that the tangles in humans are caused by aluminum as they are in experimental animals. /Aluminum/|Genetic predisposition to Alzheimer's disease and other similar neuroencephalopathies has become more widely appreciated. For example, paired hellical filaments containing neurons have been found to be common in patients on the island of Guam who have been diagnosed with a particular type of encephalopathy, referred to as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with Parkinsonism dementia complex (ALS-PD complex of Guam). Elevation of aluminum levels of drinking water in Guam have been associated with the high incidence of this complex, but it appears that only the indigenous population of Guam is affected suggesting a genetic predisposition. /Aluminum/|THERE IS SOME EVIDENCE THAT @ INTAKE LEVELS CONSIDERABLY HIGHER THAN NORMAL THERE IS TENDENCY FOR BODY TO BECOME DEPLETED OF /PHOSPHORUS/, OWING TO BINDING OF DIETARY PHOSPHATE BY ALUMINUM IN DIGESTIVE TRACT. /ALUMINUM/|For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for ALUM, POTASSIUM (28 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

alum

GRADES: NF (NATIONAL FORMULARY).|TECHNICAL PRODUCT IS ALSO KNOWN AS ALUMINUM FLOUR, ALUMINUM MEAL, CUBE ALUMINUM. IT IS ABOUT 99.5% PURE. /DODECAHYDRATE/|STYPTIC PENCILS ... MADE BY FUSING POTASSIUM ALUM, USUALLY WITH THE ADDITION OF SOME POTASSIUM NITRATE, & POURING INTO SUITABLE MOLDS.|... ASTRINGENT & ANTIPERSPIRANT PREPARATIONS IN CONCENTRATIONS OF 0.5-25%.|For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for ALUM, POTASSIUM (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Food, beverage, and tobacco product manufacturing|Sulfuric acid, aluminum potassium salt (2:1:1): ACTIVE|WHEN ALUM IS DISPENSED IN POWDERS WITH PHENOL, SALICYLATES, OR TANNIC ACID, GRAY OR GREEN COLORS MAY BE DEVELOPED DUE TO TRACES OF IRON IN THE ALUM.|IT IS SLIGHTLY ASEPTIC, PROBABLY DUE TO BACTERIOSTASIS THROUGH LIBERATION OF ACID ON HYDROLYSIS.|Used to produce the first synthetic gem in 1837|CAUTION: DO NOT CONFUSE STYPTIC PENCILS /MADE WITH POTASSIUM ALUMINUM/ WITH CAUSTIC PENCILS ... THE LATTER CONTAIN SILVER NITRATE.|For more General Manufacturing Information (Complete) data for ALUM, POTASSIUM (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

EPA Method 9035: Colorimetric, Automated, Chloranilate. Method 9035 is applicable to ground water, drinking and surface waters, and domestic and industrial wastes containing 10 to 400 mg sulfate/l. When solid barium chloranilate is added to a solution containing sulfate, barium sulfate is precipitated, releasing the highly colored acid chloranilate. The color intensity in the resulting chloraniline acid solution is proportional to the amount of sulfate present. Ions causing interference (calcium, aluminum, and iron) can be removed by passage through an ion exchange column. In a single laboratory, using surface water samples at concentrations of 39, 111, 188, and 294 mg sulfate/l, the standard deviations were + or - 0.6, + or - 1.0, + or - 2.2, and + or - 0.8, respectively. In a single laboratory, using surface water samples at concentrations of 82 and 295 mg sulfate/l, recoveries were 99% and 102%, respectively. /Sulfate/|EPA Method 9038: Turbidimetric. Method 9038 is applicable to ground water, drinking and surface waters, and domestic and industrial wastes. This method is suitable for all concentration ranges of sulfate; however, in order to obtain reliable readings, use a sample aliquot containing not more than 40 mg/l of sulfate. Sulfate ion is converted to a barium sulfate suspension under controlled condition. The resulting turbidity is determined by a nephelometer, filter photometer, or spectrophotometer and compared with a curve prepared from standard sulfate solution. The minimum detectable limit is approximatey 1 mg/l of sulfate. /Sulfate/|Method 426A: Gravimetric Method with Ignition of Residue and Method 426B: Gravimetric Method with Drying of Residue. Sulfate is precipitated in a hydrochloric acid solution as barium sulfate by the addition of barium chloride. The precipitation is carried out near the boiling temperature, and after a period of digestion the precipitate is filtered, washed with water until free of chloride ion, ignited or dried and weighed as barium sulfate. These methods are suitable for sulfate ion concentrations above 10 mg/l. /Sulfate/|Method 426C: Turbidimetric Method. Sulfate ion is precipitated in an acetic acid medium with barium chloride so as to form barium sulfate crystals of uniform size. Light absorbance of the barium sulfate suspension is measured by a photometer and the sulfate ion concentration is determined by comparison of the reading with a standard curve. This method is applicable in the range of 1 to 40 mg sulfate ion/l. With a turbidimeter, in a single laboratory with a sample having a mean of 7.45 mg sulfate ion/l, a standard deviation of 0.13 mg/l and a coefficient of variation of 1.7% were obtained. Two samples dosed with sulfate gave recoveries of 85 and 91%. /Sulfate/|For more Analytic Laboratory Methods (Complete) data for ALUM, POTASSIUM (20 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

NIOSH Method 8310. Urine samples containing aluminum and its compounds are analyzed using Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma - Atomic Emission Spectroscopy at a wavelength of 308.2 nm. Sample preparation includes addition of a polydithiocarbamate resin, filtration, ashing, and dissolution with concentrated nitric/concentrated perchloric acid (4:1 v/v). This method has a detection limit of 0.1 ug/sample and a relative standard deviation of 0.088 over a range of 0.25 to 200 ug/sample with a recovery of 100%. /Aluminum/|Procedures for aluminum determination in body fluids by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry with a graphite furnace are described. Topics covered include sample preparation, applicable specifications, and possible difficulties which can arise. /Aluminum/|A microanalytical method for the measurement of aluminum in biological samples is presented, which requires 1-500 mg of brain tissues and less than 1 ml of blood, urine, or other aqueous samples. /Aluminum/|A CATION-EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY PROCEDURE IS OUTLINED FOR THE SIMPLE AND QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TRACE AMOUNTS OF ALUMINUM IN BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL (URINE) EMPLOYING NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS. /ALUMINUM/|Blood and urine aluminum concn were studied in industrially exposed workers using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The detection limit was 5 ug/l for aluminum in blood and 3 ug/l for aluminum in urine. /Aluminum/

Food additives|Cosmetics -> Antiperspirant; Deodorant

Food Additives -> ACIDITY_REGULATOR; FIRMING_AGENT; RAISING_AGENT;