Cetyl alcohol

242.44

242.44

1748475

253-149-0

936JST6JCN

4194

DTXSID4027991

C47442

FLAKES FROM ETHYL ACETATE|SOLID OR LEAF-LIKE CRYSTALS|White crystals|UNCTUOUS, WHITE FLAKES, GRANULES, CUBES, OR CASTINGS|White, waxy solid

2905170000

20.2

7.3

White to off-white Powder, Flakes or Pellets

0.8187 g/cm³ @ Temp: 50 °C

49.3 °C

334 °C @ Press: 760 Torr

275 °F

1.448

H2O: insoluble ;soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether

2-8°C

<0.01 mm Hg ( 43 °C)

8.34 (vs air)

Oral-Rat LD50: 5000 mg/kg; Oral-Mouse LD50: 3200 mg/kg

Flammable; burning produces irritating fumes

8%

Faint odor

BLAND, MILD TASTE

Henry's Law constant = 4.65X10-5 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C (est)

pKa = 16.20

Congealing point: 46 °C|Liquid molar volume = 0.296365 cu m/kmol; Heat of formation = -5.1421X10+08 J/kmol; Heat of fusion = 5.838X10+07 J/kmol|Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 2.8X10-11 cu cm/molec-sec at 25 °C (est)

-9.797X10+09 J/kmol

9.9829X10+07 J/kmol at melting point

Critical temperature = 761 K; Critical pressure = 1.51E+06 Pa

NONH for all modes of transport

-

38-36/37/38

22-24/25-37

MM0225000

Xi

Warehouse ventilated, low temperature and dry

Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong acids.

P261, P264, P271, P273, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P312, P321, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P403+P233, P405, P501

H315

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Diluents in color additive mixtures for food use exempt from certification. The following substances may be safely used as diluents in color additive mixtures for food use exempt from certification, subject to the condition that each straight color in the mixture has been exempted from certification or, if not so exempted, is from a batch that has previously been certified and has not changed in composition since certification. If a specification for a particular diluent is not set forth in this part 73, the material shall be of a purity consistent with its intended use. Cetyl alcohol is included on this list.|Diluents in color additive mixtures for drug use exempt from certification. The following diluents may be safely used in color additive mixtures that are exempt from certification and which are to be used for coloring drugs, subject to the condition that each straight color in the mixture has been exempted from certification or, if not so exempted, is from a batch that has previously been certified and has not changed in composition since certification. Such listing of diluents is not to be construed as superseding any of the other requirements of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act with respect to drugs, including new drugs. If a definition and specification for a particular diluent is not set forth in this subpart, the material shall be of a purity consistent with its intended use. Cetyl alcohol is included on this list.|Cetyl Alcohol is an indirect food additive for use as a component of adhesives.|Cetyl alcohol is a food additive permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption as a synthetic flavoring substance and adjuvant in accordance with the following conditions: a) they are used in the minimum quantity required to produce their intended effect, and otherwise in accordance with all the principles of good manufacturing practice, and 2) they consist of one or more of the following, used alone or in combination with flavoring substances and adjuvants generally recognized as safe in food, prior-sanctioned for such use, or regulated by an appropriate section in this part.|Drug products containing certain active ingredients offered over-the-counter (OTC) for certain uses. A number of active ingredients have been present in OTC drug products for various uses, as described below. However, based on evidence currently available, there are inadequate data to establish general recognition of the safety and effectiveness of these ingredients for the specified uses: cetyl alcohol is included in skin protectant drug products; insect bite and sting drug products; and poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac drug products.

|Warning|H315 (33.71%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]|P261, P264, P271, P273, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P312, P321, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 3197 companies from 23 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|H315 (100%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]|P261, P264, P271, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P312, P321, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P403+P233, P405, and P501|The GHS information provided by 1 company from 1 notification to the ECHA C&L Inventory.

Flammable when exposed to heat or flame

To fight fire, use foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical.

AEROBIC: In a 5-day incubation study using an activated sludge seed from a municipal sewage treatment plant, 28.0% of initial 1-hexadecanol was mineralized (CO2 measurement)(1). A theoretical BOD of 0% was observed using the AFNOR (the French norm procedure) screening test and a 5-day incubation period(2). In standard 5-day BOD tests using emulsified 1-hexadecanol, 30-60% of initial 1-hexadecanol was oxidized(3). In studies designed to examine the biodegradability of 1-hexadecanol in thin films (monolayer) on water surfaces, it was found that biological destruction of the monolayer resulted in measurable consumption of the material with all substrates that were tested; substrates included 2% settled domestic sewage in BOD dilution water, 50% Ohio River water + 50% BOD dilution water, water from a stock pond near San Antonio, TX, and other combinations of BOD dilution water and mineral supplements; oxidation rates varied with substrates; oxidation rates varied from 6.2 to 14.3% over incubation periods of 20 to 48 days(3). In Warburg respirometer tests using activated sludge and 500 mg/L of 1-hexadecanol (well above its aqueous solubility), the theoretical oxygen demand was only 0.4% after a 12-hr incubation period(4). In static culture tests examining the disappearance of 1-hexadecanol in seeded media as compared to unseeded control media over a 10-day incubation period, almost none disappeared from the control media while nearly 20% disappeared from the seeded media; in shake flask tests using seeded media and a fine granular form of 1-hexadecanol, the initial 1-hexadecanol concn of 100 mg/L decreased to only 0.25 mg/L after 30 days of incubation; the overall results of the study concluded that given sufficient time in contact with adapted microbial species under conditions otherwise non-limiting, the complete disappearance of 1-hexadecanol as an identifiable molecular species will occur; one limiting condition is the relative insolubility of 1-hexadecanol in water; it was found that microbial growth occurs more rapidly when the 1-hexadecanol substrate is added in dissolved form (eg hexane solution)(5).|ANAEROBIC: The anaerobic degradation of 14-C-labeled 1-hexadecanol was studied in model sludge digester over a 28-day incubation period(1); 25.1% of radioactivity was recovered in methane gas and 72.0% was recovered in CO2 gas(1).

1-Hexadecanol has been detected in wastewater effluents collected from the following industries(1): textile mills, organic chemicals manufacturing and public owned treatment works(1). 1-Hexadecanol emission rates from road dust samples was 2.4 ug/g(2).

SEDIMENT: 1-Headecanol was tentatively identified in sediment samples collected from a Tobin Lake site near the Manitoba-Saskatchewan border(1).

RURAL/REMOTE: 1-Hexadecanol was found in California at atmospheric concentrations of 0.6 ng/cu m, 1.9 ng/cu m, and 1.6 ng/cu m in Kern Wildlife Refuge, Bakersfield, and Fresno, respectively(1).

Cigarette emission rate of 1-hexadecanol was measured at 0.7 ug/cigarette(1).

moderately toxic

Acute oral LD50 in mouse is 3200 mg/kg and acute dermal LD50 is >2600 mg/kg in rabbit [MSDS]. It is considered to be slightly toxic in humans in case of oral ingestion at doses of 5 g/kg and greater. In a rat study, the effects of toxicity were mainly in the central nervous system (CNS) leading to CNS depression and difficulty in respiration after 7-14 days post-administration via stomach tube. In a subchronic dermal toxicity study of rabbits, topical application of 11.5 % cetyl alcohol was associated with histological findings of keratosis, hyperkeratosis, and papillary projections of the epidermis, all of which are features of exfoliative dermatitis. However it is concluded that there is no evidence of major skin irritation and systemic toxicity of cetyl alcohol. Inhalation of 26 ppm cetyl alcohol vapors in animals caused slight irritation of the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, throat, and respiratory passages. Cetyl Alcohol was not mutagenic in _Salmonella typhimurium_ LT2 mutant strains in the spot test.

... Chymotrypsin showed loss of activity in the presence of triethanolamine stearate, glyceryl tripalmitate and cetyl alcohol within 30 min.

LD50 Guinea pig dermal < 10 g/kg|LD50 Rat oral 5 g/kg|LD50 Rat ip 1600 mg/kg|LD50 Mouse oral 3200 mg/kg|LD50 Mouse ip 1600 mg/kg

1-Hexadecanol emission rates from green leaf composite samples and dead leaves were 23 ug/g and 13 ug/g, respectively(1).

1-Hexadecanol's production and use in perfumery, foam stabilizer in detergents, cosmetics, chemical intermediate, detergents, and pharmaceuticals(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Its use to retard evaporation of water from reservoirs and growing plants(1) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 25,000(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 4.1X10-2(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 1-hexadecanol is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1-hexadecanol from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.6X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 6X10-6 mm Hg(4), and water solubility(2). However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization(SRC). 1-Hexadecanol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(4). A CO2 mineralization of 28.0% in a 5-day incubation study using an activated sludge seed from a municipal sewage treatment plant(5), indicates that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 25,000(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 4.1X10-2(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 1-hexadecanol is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.6X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 6X10-6 mm Hg(4), and water solubility(2). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 23 hours and 12 days, respectively(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is 1.8 years if adsorption is considered(5). According to a classification scheme(6), a BCF of 56 using golden orfe fish (Leuciscus idus melanotus)(7) suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC). A CO2 mineralization of 28.0% in a 5-day incubation study using an activated sludge seed from a municipal sewage treatment plant(7), indicates that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1-hexadecanol, which has a vapor pressure of 6X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1-hexadecanol is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 16 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.4X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase 1-hexadecanol may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1-hexadecanol with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.4X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 16 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 1-Hexadecanol is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(2).

In a 3-day static exposure study using golden orfe fish (Leuciscus idus melanotus), a 1-hexadecanol bioconcentration factor (BCF) of 56 was observed(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC), provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism(SRC). A 24-hr BCF of 17000 was observed in algae (Chlorella fusca)(1).

The Koc of 1-hexadecanol is estimated as 25,000(SRC), using a water solubility of 4.122X10-2(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that 1-hexadecanol is expected to be immobile in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for 1-hexadecanol is estimated as 4.6X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 6.0X10-6 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 4.1X10-2 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1-hexadecanol is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 23 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 12 days(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is 1.8 years if adsorption is considered (4). 1-Hexadecanol's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). 1-Hexadecanol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).

SURFACE WATER: 1-Hexadecanol was qualitatively detected in water samples taken from Lake St. Clair in the Great Lakes ecosystem(1).|RAIN/SNOW/FOG: Snow surface analysis were done for 1-hexadecanol at seven sites in the Antarctic in 1993/1994 season; Wood Bay at sea level (16 ng/L), Mt Melbourne at 200 meters above sea level (3 ng/L), Vegetation Island at 220 meters above sea level (26 ng/L), Mt Melbourne at 600 meters above sea level (3 ng/L), McCarthy Ridge at 790 meters above sea level (4 ng/L), Mt Melbourne at 1130 meters above sea level (7 ng/L) and Hercules Neve at 2960 meters above sea level (25 ng/L)(1). 1-Hexadecanol was detected in subsurface samples in McCarthy Ridge at concns of 14 ng/L at 1 meter deep, 17 ng/L at 2 meters deep and below detection limit at 3 meters deep(1). Subsurface samples taken at Hercules Neve gave 1-hexadecanol results of 7 ng/L at 1 meter deep, 9 ng/L at 2 meters deep and 3 ng/L at 3 meters deep(1). 1-Hexadecanol was identified at 5 of 10 snow sample sites in Russia and Finland; 0.09 ug/kg at Nellim (Lapland, Finland), 0.10 ug/kg at Muonio (Lapland, Finland), 0.36 ug/kg at Levi (Lapland, Finland), 1.72 ug/kg at Butovo (south end of Moscow) and 0.25 ug/kg at Moscow State University (Moscow, Russia)(2). 1-Hexadecanol was identified in two of eight snow samples taken from Mt Sonnblick in the Austrian Alps at concentrations ranging from 18-23 ug/L(3).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 421,759 workers (324,446 of these are female) are potentially exposed to 1-hexadecanol in the US(1). Occupational exposure to 1-hexadecanol may occur through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1-hexadecanol is produced or used(SRC). Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 1-hexadecanol via inhalation of ambient air and dermal contact with this compound and other consumer products containing 1-hexadecanol(SRC).

No therapeutic indications in medicinal products. Indicated to be used as an indirect additive in food contact substances, or an ingredient in commercial or cosmetic products.

A synthetic surfactant (Exosurf), and its non-surface-active components tyloxapol and cetyl alcohol, can function as antioxidants, and their in vivo instillation is associated with decreased hyperoxic injury in rats.

1(?). 1= Practically nontoxic: Probable oral lethal dose (human) above 15 g/kg; more than 1 quart (2.2 lb) for 70 kg person (150 lb).

Cetyl alcohol exhibits skin protect properties against skin irritations caused by bites, rashes and stings. The inhibitory action of cetyl alcohol against the growth of _Mycoplasma gallisepticum_ and _Mycopiasma pneumoniae_ has been reported.

Following ingestion at a dose level of 2.0 g/kg in rats, cetyl alcohol was partly absorbed. Administration of 0.2 mg cetyl alcohol in rat by stomach tube indicated good absorption as 63-96 % of radiolabeled cetyl alcohol was detected in the lymph. About 15% of total cetyl alcohol was unchanged during its passage through the mucosal cells of the small intestine but mostly underwent oxidation to palmitic acid. The extent of absorption was reported to be 26% in poultry.|Following ingestion at a dose level of 2.0 g/kg in rats, about 20% of the dose was recovered as unchanged molecule in the feces. This may be due to the interconvertibility of fatty acids and alcohols, resulting in the conversion of palmitic acid to cetyl alcohol during its passage through the intestinal mucosal cells into the intestinal lumen. In rats, cetyl Alcohol was also excreted in the urine as conjugated glucuronic acid and as expired carbon dioxide.|Following ingestion at a dose level of 2.0 g/kg bw /in rats/, 1-hexadecanone is partly absorbed and metabolized, about 20% of the dose being recovered unchanged in the feces.

Following ingestion at a dose level of 2.0 g/kg in rats, cetyl alcohol was partly metabolized to palmitic acid. After administration of 0.2 mg cetyl alcohol in rat by stomach tube, cetyl alcohol was mostly oxidized to palmitic acid and incorporated into triglycerides and phospholipids during its passage through the mucosal cells of the small intestine.|Cetyl alcohol is oxidized in rats to the corresponding fatty acid, palmitic acid.|The primary aliphatic alcohols undergo two general reactions in vivo, namely oxidation to carboxylic acids and direct conjugation with glucuronic acid. The first reaction proceeds with the intermediate formation of an aldehyde, and the carboxylic acid from this may be either oxidized completely to carbon dioxide or excreted as such or combined with glucuronic acid as an ester glucuronide. The extent to which as alcohol undergoes the second reaction, i.e. direct conjugation to an ether glucuronide, appears to depend upon the speed of the first reaction, for alcohols which are rapidly oxidized from very little ether glucuronide unless given in high doses.

Cetyl alcohol has hydrating properties that makes it a suitable emulsifier and stabilizer in pharmaceutical formulations. It is also present in washable ointment base due to its dispersant abilities and stabilizing properties. Potential antimicrobial activity of cetyl alcohol may be due to a change in cell membrane permeability that either blocks absorption of essential nutrients and induction of outward diffusion vital cellular components. This proposed mechanism of action is thought to be similar for other long-chain aliphatic alcohols with same antimicrobial activity, such as myristyl alcohol and behenyl alcohol.

Basic Treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Higher alcohols (>3 carbons) and related compounds/|Advanced Treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques, with a bag-valve-mask device, may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Monitor for signs of hypoglycemia (decreased LOC, tachycardia, pallor, dilated pupils, diaphoresis, and/or dextrose strip or glucometer readings below 50 mg) and administer 50% dextrose if necessary ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Higher alcohols (>3 carbons) and related compounds/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ A maximization test was carried out on 26 volunteers. The material was tested at a concentration of 12% in petrolatum and produced no sensitization reactions. Hexadecyl alcohol produced a case of urticaria-like dermatitis in a 28 year old white woman.|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ... Autopsy findings in 15 infants treated with exogenous beractant (Survanta) or cetyl alcohol in combination with colfosceril palmitate and tyloxapol (Exosurf Neonatal) and in 29 infants who died before the introduction of surfactant therapy were compared. High rates of pulmonary hemorrhage were present in both groups (treated 80% vs untreated 83%).|/CASE REPORTS/ A 66-year-old female developed increasing eczematous reactions after treatment of her leg ulcer with a corticoid ointment. She reacted positive to fludroxycortide (flurandrenolone) and cetyl alcohol.|/CASE REPORTS/ 23 patients who had used silver sulfadiazine cream were patch tested. 2 vehicle components, cetyl alcohol and propylene glycol, were positive.|/CASE REPORTS/ A total of 330 patients with eczematous lesions were tested with 27 topical substances. ... great number of allergic reactions of cetyl alcohol (11.2%).

1-hexadecanol

Grades: Technical; cosmetic; national formulary.|A typical anionic and cationic based all purpose face, head and body lotion contains 1% cetyl alcohol|Present in a popular cosmetic cream at 3%|Present in a typical depilatory formula at 6.15 wt%|National Formulary, natural, synthetic grades; flaked form; Flake, National Formulary/Cosmetic Fragerances Toiletries Association (CFTA) grades

All other basic organic chemical manufacturing|1-Hexadecanol: ACTIVE|Hexadecyl alcohol. ... Primary, branched chain, C16 alcohol, made up of an array of isomeric compounds maintained in constant proportion by a complex manufacturing process (not from spermaceti)|Method of purification: crystallization; distillation.|Reported uses: ice cream, ices ... 2.0 ppm; candy 2.0 ppm

Food additives -> Flavoring Agents|Human Drugs -> FDA Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations (Orange Book) -> Active Ingredients|Fatty Acyls [FA] -> Fatty alcohols [FA05]|Cosmetics -> Emollient; Emulsifying; Opacifying; Skin conditioning; Viscosity controlling

Flavoring Agents