Tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate

327.57000

327.57

237-158-7

CRT22GFY70

DTXSID5026259

Clear, colorless liquid

2919900090

54.57000

2.6

Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate is a clear colorless viscous liquid. (NTP, 1992)

1.2885 g/cm³ @ Temp: 20 °C

-40 °C

>270 °C

249.7ºC

1.462

H2O: <0.1 g/100 mL at 19.5 ºC

Keep in a cool, dry, dark location in a tightly sealed container or cylinder. Keep away from incompatible materials, ignition so

5.25E-05mmHg at 25°C

Henry's Law constant = 5.96X10-8 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C (est)

161.66 Ų [M+H]+

When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of Cl(-) and POx|Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 4.48X10-11 cu cm/molec-sec at 25 °C (est)

Insoluble in water.

Esters, Sulfate Esters, Phosphate Esters, Thiophosphate Esters, and Borate Esters

TRIS(1-CHLORO-2-PROPYL) PHOSPHATE may hydrolyze under acidic or alkaline conditions. (NTP, 1992)

NONH for all modes of transport

R22

TC9000000

Xn

P301 + P312 + P330

H302

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.|Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Materials to avoid: Strong oxidizing agents

This compound is probably combustible. (NTP, 1992)

|Warning|H302 (99.86%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|P264, P270, P301+P312, P330, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 723 companies from 6 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory.|H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|P201, P202, P264, P270, P281, P301+P312, P308+P313, P330, P405, and P501|P201, P202, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P281, P301+P312, P304+P340, P308+P313, P309+P311, P312, P314, P330, P403+P233, P405, and P501

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION. Then, use absorbent paper to pick up all liquid spill material. Your contaminated clothing and absorbent paper should be sealed in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned. STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this material in a refrigerator. STORE AWAY FROM SOURCES OF IGNITION. (NTP, 1992)

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with an organic vapor/acid gas cartridge (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas and SO2) with a dust/mist filter. (NTP, 1992)|Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.

Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.|Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation.|Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).|Face shield and safety glasses Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).|For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for Tri-(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Causes respiratory tract irritation. ... Harmful if absorbed through skin. Causes skin irritation. Causes eye irritation.

Tri-(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate influent and effluent concentrations were 2.79 and 2.26 ug/L, respectively, at the Kalby Sewage Treatment Plant in Lund, Sweden; sampling was conducted on October 21, 2002. Samples were collected upstream and downstream of the plant located on the Hoje River(1).

INDOOR: Tri-(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate was detected at concentrations of 63, 46, 57, and 130 ng/cu m in a theater, furniture store 1 and 2, and an office, respectively, collected from locations in Zurich, Switzerland. The compound was not detected in three electronic stores nor 2 other offices, detection limit = 0.12 ng/cu m(1).

Tri-(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate was detected at concentrations of 23, not detected, 260 and 190 ng/cu m in a new car, 1 yr old car, 9 yr old car, and an occupied 9 yr old car, respectively, collected in Zurich, Switzerland. The detection limit was 0.12 ng/cu m(1). The compound was detected in polyurethane foam used in furniture as follows (foam source; year purchased; %wt flame retardant): footstool, 2006, 2.2; chair, 2008, 0.5; chair, 2007, 1.5; ottoman, 2005, 0.7. The compound was detected in 24% of house dust samples analyzed, <140 ng/g minimum, 5490 ng/g maximum, with a median of 572 ng/g. Foam samples were obtained from numerous cites around the US (excluding Boston, MA) and dust samples were from vacuum cleaner bags from homes in Boston, MA; all samples were collected from 2002 through 2007(2).

LD50 Rat (male) oral 4200 mg/kg bw|LD50 Rat (female) oral 2800 mg/kg bw|LD50 Rat (male) oral 2710 mg/kg bw|LD50 Rat (male) oral 2000 mg/kg bw|For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for Tri-(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (28 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Tri-(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate's production and use as a flame retardant(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 290(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 2.59(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that tri-(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of tri-(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.0X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Tri-(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 9.2X10-3 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 0% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks(2) indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 290(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 2.59(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that tri-(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(4) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.0X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(5). According to a classification scheme(6), a BCF range of 0.8 to 2.8(2) suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 0% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks(2) indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), tri-(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 9.2X10-3 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), will exist solely in the vapor phase in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase tri-(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 0.2 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 4.5X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Tri-(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of tri-(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 4.5X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 0.2 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Tri-(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate hydrolyzes slowly in both alkaline and acidic environments(2). Tri-(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

7.94|A BCF range of <1.9 to 4.6 and a range of 0.8 to approximately 2.8 at concentrations of 0.02 and 0.2 mg/L were measured, respectively, in fish for tri-(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate using carp (Cyprinus carpio) which were exposed over an 8-week period(1). According to a classification scheme(2), these BCF values suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of tri-(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate is estimated as 290(SRC), using a log Kow of 2.59(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that tri-(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate is expected to have moderate mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for tri-(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate is estimated as 6.0X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that tri-(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water and moist soil surfaces(2). Tri-(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 9.2X10-3 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3).

DRINKING WATER: Tri-(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate was detected at median concentrations of 180 (8 of 19 samples), 210 (5 of 18 samples), and 330 ng/L (6 of 15 samples) in source water, finished drinking water, and distribution system (tap) water, respectively, from 19 U.S. drinking water treatment plants sampled during 2006-2007(1).|SURFACE WATER: Tri-(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate concentrations were 7.02, 6.76, and 2.7 ug/L in dams sampled on the Hoje River downstream from the Kalby Sewage Treatment Plant in Lund, Sweden. The concentration upstream from the plant was <0.2 ug/L. At 283, 4021 and 7543 meters downstream from a dam downstream of the plant, concentrations of 1.13, 0.54, and 0.5 ug/L were reported. Sampling was conducted on October 21, 2002(1). Tri-(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate was detected in river water samples collected from the Han River, northwest Seoul, South Korea on September 30, 2008. Concentrations ranged from 100 to 310 ng/L, median 197 ng/L in 6 river water samples and from 210 to 590 ng/L, median 403 ng/L in samples from four creeks feeding into the Han River(2).|SEAWATER: Tri-(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate was reported in samples from the German Bight (North Sea) at a concentration range of 40-250 ng/L; sampling was conducted in March, April, August, and October of 2012(1).

ENVIRONMENTAL: In human pooled milk collected from Swedish women after delivery of their first babies in 1997-2006, levels of tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate were 22-82 ng/g lipid.

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of tri-(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate is 1000 or greater; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).|NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 120 workers (12 of these were female) were potentially exposed to tri-2-(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate in the US(1). Occupational exposure to tri-2-(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where tri-(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to tri-(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate via inhalation of ambient indoor air, ingestion of drinking water, and dermal contact with consumer products containing tri-(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate(SRC).|Tri-(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate concentrations in stationary air samples from various indoor locations, Kupio, Finland(1).[Table#8097]|Tri-(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate concentrations in personal air samples from various indoor locations, Kuopio, Finland(1).[Table#8098]|Tri-(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate concentrations in patch samples from various indoor locations, Kuopio, Finland(1).[Table#8099]

Tri-(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate concentrations in hand wash samples from workers at a circuit board factory and furniture workshop, Kuopio, Finland, were <4 ng/hand(1).

Radiolabeled dosing solutions were prepared by mixing the (14)C-radiolabeled tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate with the non-radiolabeled Fyrol PCF in a vehicle of ethanol, Emulphor and water. Dosing solutions were prepared and analyzed so that rats would receive approximately 0.5 mL (2mL/kg body weight) containing either 20 or 200 mg tris(1-chloro-2propyl) phosphate/kg body weight and 40 uCi of radiolabeled tris(1-chloro-2propyl) phosphate. Two study phases were performed. In the recovery phase animals were dosed and urine, feces and expired air were collected at 11 time intervals over 8 days. At least 5 animals per sex received oral doses of 200 mg/kg, while 5 males each received 20 mg/kg by either a single oral or i.v. administration. In the plasma phase animals were dosed and blood samples, urine and feces were collected at 18 predetermined intervals over 8 days. In both phases, at least 5 animals per sex received oral doses of 200 mg/kg, while 5 males each received 20 mg/kg by either a single oral or i.v. administration. Urine, feces, expired air, tissues and serial blood samples were collected and analyzed for total radioactivity... Tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate and its metabolites were rapidly eliminated following a single bolus dose in male and female rats. ...No difference was observed between sexes or between doses. A biphasic (plasma) elimination followed first order kinetics. While urinary excretion was identified as the primary route of elimination, the extent of elimination was dependent upon the amount administered and the route of administration. This was also true for fecal elimination. Urinary and fecal elimination were sex-independent with eighty-nine percent of the dose being eliminated by 72 hours. Total body burden at the end of eight days was less than 1%...|Radiolabelled (14)C-tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (99 % pure by GC) was administered in a single oral dose of 16.4 mg/kg bw (0.05 mmol/kg) in olive oil to groups of 3-5 male Wistar rats. Absorption was calculated from the radioisotopic measurements of cumulative urinary excretion and cumulative exhalation 7 days post-exposure, and of the amount in blood and tissues of rats sacrificed at 3, 6, 12 hours as well as 1, 3 or 7 days following administration. Absorption of radiolabelled TMCPP was rapid. Radiolabel was detected throughout the body as early as 3 hours post-administration. At 7 days, 76 % of the administered oral dose had been excreted in the urine and in expired air or remained in the carcass. Another 22 % was excreted in the feces. TMCPP, however, undergoes enterohepatic circulation and it is not clear if this proportion includes unabsorbed TMCPP, TMCPP excreted in the bile, or both. Therefore, at least 76 % was absorbed following oral administration to rats.|(14)C-labelled TMCPP was administered in a single oral dose of 50 umol/ kg bw in olive oil to male Wistar rats. After 3 hours, the highest concentration of (14)C was found in the liver (29 nmol/g tissue) and the kidney (27 nmol/g tissue) followed by the lung (9 nmol/g tissue). The concentrations in blood, heart, spleen, brain, testis, adipose tissue and muscle were all below 4 nmol/g tissue.|Wistar rats were given 50 umol TMCPP/kg bw orally. Most of the (14)C-labelled TMCPP was excreted within 24 hours and by 7 days, less than 1 % remained in the tissues. Urinary excretion accounted for 67 %, fecal excretion for 22 %, and expired air for 8 % of the label. Also biliary excretion of (14)C-TMCPP was measured in cannulated rats for 48 hours following the same oral dose. Biliary radioactivity peaked within 2 hours of administration and after 48 hour, biliary excretion accounted for approximately 45 % of the administered dose.

Radiolabeled dosing solutions were prepared by mixing the (14)C-radiolabeled tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate with the non-radiolabeled Fyrol PCF in a vehicle of ethanol, Emulphor and water. Dosing solutions were prepared and analyzed so that rats wou1d receive approximately 0.5 mL (2mL/kg body weight) containing either 20 or 200 mg tris(1-chloro-2propyl) phosphate/kg body weight and 40 uCi of radiolabeled tris(1-chloro-2propyl) phosphate. Two study phases were performed. In the recovery phase animals were dosed and urine, feces and expired air were collected at 11 time intervals over 8 days. At least 5 animals per sex received oral doses of 200 mg/kg, while 5 males each received 20 mg/kg by either a single oral or i.v. administration. In the plasma phase animals were dosed and blood samples, urine and feces were collected at 18 predetermined intervals over 8 days. In both phases, at least 5 animals per sex received oral doses of 200 mg/kg, while 5 males each received 20 mg/kg by either a single oral or i.v. administration. Urine, feces, expired air, tissues and serial blood samples were collected and analyzed for total radioactivity. Metabolites of tris (1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate were isolated, quantitated, and identified in the urine and feces of rats...Identifiable metabolites accounted for 75-78.5% of urinary and fecal radiocarbon at both doses in both sexes 0,0-[bis(l-chloro-2-propyl)]-0-(2-proprionic acid) phosphate was identified as a major metabolite and accounted for over 50% of the dose in the urine and feces of both sexes at both dose levels.

0.05 Days|The terminal (plasma) half-life was 48.7 +/- 6.0 hours.|After a single oral dose of (14)C-labelled TMCPP in rats, the biological half-times in blood were 12 hours (first phase) and 59 hours (second phase), respectively. In human pooled milk collected from Swedish women after delivery of their first babies in 1997-2006, levels of tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate were 22-82 ng/g lipid.

ACUTE/CHRONIC HAZARDS: When heated to decomposition this chemical emits very toxic fumes. (NTP, 1992)

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment. INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing. INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/|/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/|/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/

/GENOTOXICITY/ In an initial unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) assay, human WI-38 cells blocked in G1 phase were grown in a medium containing Fyrol PCF in DMSO at concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, 1 or 5 uL/mL. In one series, S9 from Arochlor-pretreated rat livers provided the activation system. N-methyl nitroguanidine was used as the positive control in the activation system, while benzo(a)pyrene was used as the positive control in the nonactivated system. A second assay was conducted because Fyrol PCF concentrations above 0.1 uL/mL were too toxic. The second assay employed Fyrol in DMSO at concentrations of 5, 10, 50 and 100 nL/mL...Fyrol PCF was perhaps weakly active at 0.01 uL/mL in activated and nonactivated systems without an associated dose response at higher concentrations.

TCIPP compound

Fyrol PCF|Amgard TMCP|Antiblaze 80|Levagard PP|Tolgard TMCP

All other basic organic chemical manufacturing|2-Propanol, 1-chloro-, 2,2',2''-phosphate: ACTIVE|... preferred additive for rigid urethane foams where favorable price and good storage stability in the isocyanate or the polyol-catalyst mixture are required. It is used in isocyanate foam to reduce friability and brittleness and is also used in flexible urethane foams in combination with melamine|Tris(monochloropropyl) phosphates theoretically comprise four different symmetrical isomers...Although tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (CAS No. 13674-84-5) is the most abundant isomer in commercial products, companies have tended to refer to their product by the name tris(2-chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP), though that name refers to CAS No. 6145-73-9. This has led to a considerable degree of uncertainty in the literature and toxicity databases as to the identity of the substance that has undergone toxicity testing.|TMCPP was commercialized in the mid-1960s and production increased by about 4 % per year the next 30 years. In 2002, Finland had the highest use (among the Nordic countries) with 1 000 tonnes/year and Sweden the lowest with 100 tonnes/year. The major use of TMCPP is as a flame retardant, mainly in polyurethane foams. The highest TMCPP level was reported from a polyurethane foam filler (180 g/kg). Lower concentrations were reported from polyurethane- containing carpet backing (13 g/kg), mattresses (1.5 g/kg) and wallpaper of glass fibre (1 g/kg) (98). TMCPP has been found to be emitted from upholstery at rates of up to 77 ug/m2/hour.