1. Stimulate the pancreatic beta cells to secrete insulin, the prerequisite is that the pancreatic beta cells still have a certain ability to synthesize and secrete insulin; 2. By increasing the level of insulin in the portal vein or directly acting on the liver, it inhibits liver glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, and reduces the production and output of glucose in the liver; 3. It may also increase the sensitivity of extra-pancreatic tissues to insulin and the utilization of sugar (probably mainly through post-receptor effects), so the overall effect is to lower fasting blood sugar and postprandial blood sugar.

1. Stimulate the pancreatic islet beta cells to secrete insulin, which is a prerequisite for the islet beta cells to also have a certain ability to synthesize and secrete insulin; 2. Inhibit liver glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis by increasing portal vein insulin levels or directly acting on the liver, and reduce liver glucose production and output; 3. It may also increase the sensitivity of extra-pancreatic tissues to insulin and the utilization of sugar (probably mainly through post-receptor effects). Therefore, the overall effect is to lower fasting blood sugar and postprandial blood sugar.

Cephalexin is a first-generation cephalosporin with an antibacterial spectrum similar to that of cephalothin, but its antibacterial activity is poorer than that of the latter. Except for Enterococcus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococci, most strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, hemolytic Streptococcus, and Staphylococcus aureus that produces or does not produce penicillinase are sensitive to this product. This product has a good antibacterial effect on Neisseria, but Haemophilus influenzae is less sensitive to this product; this product has a certain antibacterial effect on some Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella and Shigella. The remaining Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacteroides fragilis are resistant to this product. Fusobacterium and Veillonella are generally sensitive to this product, and anaerobic Gram-positive cocci are moderately sensitive to this product.

Cephalexin is a first-generation cephalosporin, which is sensitive to most strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, hemolytic Streptococcus, and Staphylococcus aureus that produces or does not produce penicillinase, has good antibacterial effect on Neisseria, and has certain antibacterial effect on some Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella and Shigella. Enterococci, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, other Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacteroides fragilis are resistant to it, Fusobacterium and Veillonella are generally sensitive to it, and anaerobic Gram-positive cocci are moderately sensitive to it.

(1) It is an antacid and anti-ulcer drug. (2) It is a new type of proton pump inhibitor. After oral absorption, it enters the gastric parietal cells from the blood and is converted into a sulfonamide derivative that can bind to H-K-ATPase in the strong acidic environment of the gastric parietal cells, inactivating the enzyme and inhibiting central and peripheral regulated gastric acid secretion. It can also reduce the secretion of pepsin, reduce its activity, and eliminate Helicobacter pylori in the gastric mucosa.