High Quality Spectinomycin dihydrochloride pentahydrate CAS 22189-32-8/21736-83-4/1695-77-8

Spectinomycin dihydrochloride pentahydrate More Info

Spectinomycin is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of gonorrhea infections. It is given by injection into a muscle. Common side effects include pain at the area of injection, rash, nausea, fever, and trouble sleeping.

Mechanism of Action

Spectinomycin inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit, specifically interfering with peptidyl tRNA translocation during elongation. This action disrupts bacterial translation, resulting in bactericidal effects against susceptible organisms. Resistance can arise from mutations in ribosomal proteins (e.g., rpsE gene encoding ribosomal protein S5) that prevent spectinomycin binding.

Applications

Clinical Use: Treatment of acute gonorrheal infections including urethritis, cervicitis, and proctitis caused by susceptible Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains.
Research and Biotechnology: Widely used as a selective agent in cell culture media to inhibit bacterial contamination, particularly in molecular biology and plant transformation systems where it selects for cells carrying the Spcr resistance gene.
Veterinary and Agricultural Research: Used to study respiratory infections in cattle caused by Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia haemolytica, and to generate plants deficient in plastid-encoded RNA polymerase.
Molecular Biology: Employed to amplify low copy number plasmids and maintain sterile conditions in cell cultures.

Safety and Side Effects

Spectinomycin dihydrochloride pentahydrate is mainly used in research or veterinary contexts; it is not approved for food or human drug use in its raw form. Adverse effects in clinical use relate to spectinomycin itself, which is generally well tolerated but can cause injection site pain, nausea, or allergic reactions. In cell culture, it is valued for its selective antibacterial activity without toxicity to eukaryotic cells at recommended concentrations (7.5–20 mg/L).

Routes of Administration

Clinical: Spectinomycin is administered intramuscularly in humans for gonorrhea treatment.
Research: Supplied as a powder form of the dihydrochloride pentahydrate salt for addition to culture media or experimental formulations.

Pharmacokinetics

After intramuscular injection, spectinomycin is rapidly and almost completely absorbed.
It has a half-life of 1 to 3 hours in patients with normal renal function, prolonged in renal impairment (up to 10–30 hours).
Protein binding is not significant, and detailed metabolism and clearance data are limited.

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