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Glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide containing a γ-amide bond and a sulfhydryl group. It is composed of three amino acids: glutamic acid, cysteine ​​and glycine. It is widely present in various cells of the human body. The following is a detailed introduction to glutathione:

I. Structure and characteristics

• Structure: The molecular formula of glutathione is C10H17N3O6SC_{10}H_{17}N_3O_6SC10​H17​N3​O6​S, and the molecular weight is 307.33. It contains a unique peptide bond structure, in which the γ-carboxyl group of glutamic acid is connected to the amine group of cysteine, and the sulfhydryl group (-SH) on cysteine ​​is its main functional group.

• Existence form: Glutathione has two forms: reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG). Under physiological conditions, reduced glutathione accounts for the vast majority, accounting for more than 90% of the total. Glutathione reductase can catalyze the interconversion between the two forms.

II. Physiological functions

1. Antioxidant effect: Glutathione is an extremely efficient antioxidant that can remove oxygen free radicals and other active oxygen species in the body and protect cells from oxidative damage. It reacts with free radicals to generate water and oxidized glutathione, thereby terminating the free radical chain reaction.

2. Integrated detoxification effect: The sulfhydryl group on the cysteine ​​residue of glutathione has a strong nucleophilicity and is easily combined with certain drugs and toxins (such as heavy metals, iodoacet*c ac*d, mustard gas, etc.) to form non-toxic or low-toxic compounds, which are then excreted from the body through urine or bile, thereby playing a detoxifying role.

3. Enhance immunity: Glutathione can promote the proliferation of immune cells and the phagocytic activity of macrophages, improve the body's immunity, and help fight infection and disease.

4. Protect the liver: Glutathione can maintain the normal structure and function of liver cells, promote the repair and regeneration of liver cells, reduce the oxidative stress and inflammatory response of the liver, and has an auxiliary therapeutic effect on liver diseases such as hepatitis and cirrhosis.

5. Whitening and spot-lightening: Glutathione can inhibit the activity of tyrosinase and reduce the production of melanin, thus playing a role in whitening and spot-lightening. In addition, it can also promote skin metabolism and improve skin texture and luster.