99% purity white powder EPO

Name:  Lynn
Wechat：  15914422644

Tel：+86  15914422644

Whatsapp: +852 6252 8290

Email：    guangsheng 5   @zgguangsheng.com

1. Core Molecular & Physicochemical Specifications

2. Mechanism of Action

1. Receptor Dimerization: EPO binding induces EPOR dimerization, activating the JAK2 tyrosine kinase.
2. Downstream Signaling: JAK2 phosphorylates STAT5 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 5), PI3K/Akt, and MAPK/ERK pathways.
3. Erythropoiesis Stimulation: STAT5 activation promotes the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of erythroid progenitors (burst-forming unit-erythroid, BFU-E; colony-forming unit-erythroid, CFU-E), accelerating their maturation into red blood cells (erythrocytes).
4. Anti-Apoptotic Effect: The PI3K/Akt pathway inhibits pro-apoptotic proteins (e.g., BAD), preventing the death of developing erythroid cells.
5. Tissue Protection (Non-Hematopoietic Effects): EPO also binds EPORs on neurons, cardiomyocytes, and endothelial cells, exerting anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and angiogenic effects (relevant for ischemia-reperfusion injury research).

3. Key Applications

3.1 Clinical Applications

3.2 Research Applications

• Hematology Research: Tool to study erythropoiesis regulation, EPOR signaling pathways, and bone marrow stem cell biology.
• Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury: Preclinical studies explore EPO’s neuroprotective and cardioprotective effects in stroke, myocardial infarction, and spinal cord injury models.
• Regenerative Medicine: Investigates EPO’s angiogenic potential for wound healing and peripheral artery disease treatment.
• Sports Science: Studies on EPO’s effects on aerobic capacity (misuse in sports is prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency, WADA).

4. Production & Quality Control

4.1 Manufacturing Process

• Recombinant Production: rhEPO is produced using Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells or baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells transfected with the human EPO gene.
• Glycosylation: CHO cells add complex N-linked carbohydrates, which are essential for in vivo activity, solubility, and half-life (non-glycosylated EPO has minimal biological activity).
• Purification: Multi-step process including ultrafiltration, ion-exchange chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, and size-exclusion chromatography to achieve high purity.

4.2 Quality Testing

• Purity: HPLC (reverse-phase and size-exclusion) to confirm ≥99% purity; SDS-PAGE for molecular weight verification.
• Bioactivity: In vitro assay using TF-1 erythroleukemia cells (measures cell proliferation in response to EPO) or in vivo assay (reticulocyte count in mice).
• Safety Testing: Sterility, endotoxin, viral clearance, and residual DNA/protein testing to meet clinical standards.
• Glycosylation Analysis: Capillary electrophoresis or mass spectrometry to ensure consistent carbohydrate profiles (critical for batch-to-batch consistency).

5. Safety & Precautions

5.1 Adverse Reactions

• Common Reactions: Injection site pain, headache, hypertension (due to increased blood viscosity), and flu-like symptoms (fever, myalgia).
• Serious Reactions: Thromboembolic events (deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism), pure red cell aplasia (PRCA, rare, due to anti-EPO antibody formation), and hypertension-induced seizures.
• Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to EPO or excipients; uncontrolled hypertension; pure red cell aplasia secondary to anti-EPOR antibodies; myeloid malignancies (e.g., leukemia).

5.2 Handling Guidelines

• Clinical Use: Administer via subcutaneous or intravenous injection; monitor hemoglobin levels regularly to avoid overcorrection (target: 10–12 g/dL in CKD patients).
• Research Use: For laboratory use only; avoid contact with skin/mucous membranes. Reconstitute with sterile water or saline; use aseptic technique.
• Sports Ban: WADA prohibits EPO use in competitive sports; detection methods include blood testing (hematocrit level) and urine testing (isoelectric focusing to distinguish rhEPO from native EPO).