Ginkgo Biloba Extract, CAS Number: 90045-36-6, herbal extract for research and supplement production

Ginkgo biloba extract More Info

Ginkgo biloba extract is a complex phytochemical preparation derived from the dried green leaves of the Ginkgo biloba tree, one of the oldest living tree species with a unique history in traditional medicine . The CAS number 90045-36-6 is assigned to this standardized extract, which is produced through a multi-step extraction process that concentrates the active constituents while removing potentially toxic components, such as ginkgolic acids . The most common standardized extract is the EGb 761 formulation, which guarantees a consistent composition of 24% flavone glycosides (including quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin) and 6% terpene lactones (ginkgolides A, B, C, and bilobalide) . This standardization is critical for research reproducibility and is a key quality indicator for commercial products intended for clinical investigation, with specifications that also limit ginkgolic acid content to below 5 ppm or 10 ppm .

The therapeutic mechanism of Ginkgo biloba extract is multifaceted, involving several distinct biological pathways rather than a single molecular target. A primary mechanism is its vasodilatory effect on both arterial and venous circulation, which increases peripheral tissue perfusion and cerebral blood flow . This is achieved partly through the inhibition of platelet-activating factor (PAF), a potent inflammatory mediator, by the ginkgolide B component . Additionally, the extract exhibits significant antioxidant properties attributed to its flavonoid content, which helps neutralize free radicals and protect cells from oxidative damage, particularly in neural tissues . The overall effect of the extract on blood flow and viscosity, combined with its neuroprotective antioxidant activity, forms the basis for its investigation in cognitive and vascular disorders.

Clinically, Ginkgo biloba extract has been most extensively studied for its potential benefits in cognitive disorders, including age-related memory impairment, dementia, and Alzheimer's disease . While a number of well-designed clinical trials have shown modest benefits, with the extract sometimes appearing as effective as second-generation cholinesterase inhibitors, the evidence is not unanimous, and at least one large study failed to demonstrate memory improvement in dementia patients . Its use in treating intermittent claudication is supported by many studies that demonstrate improved walking distance and reduced pain, with some meta-analyses suggesting the clinical relevance of this improvement . Other investigated applications include vertigo and tinnitus, as well as more preliminary uses such as sexual dysfunction secondary to SSRIs and the prevention of acute mountain sickness .

Physicochemically, Ginkgo biloba extract is characterized as a light brown to brown, free-flowing powder with a characteristic odor and a bitter taste . The material is typically supplied as a solid and should be stored under specific conditions to maintain stability; storage as a powder at -20°C is recommended for long-term preservation (up to three years), while it can also be stored at 4°C for up to two years, with protection from light being crucial during both storage and transportation . It is available in various grades, including primary and secondary analytical reference standards for quality control testing, and can be formulated for either oral or parenteral administration in preclinical research .

The safety profile of Ginkgo biloba extract is well-documented, though a few key concerns exist. For most healthy non-pregnant adults, it is considered well-tolerated, with occasional mild gastrointestinal upset or headache being the most commonly reported adverse effects . A significant concern is the risk of bleeding complications, including subdural hematomas and surgical bleeding, which has led to a recommendation to discontinue use prior to surgery and avoid concomitant use with anticoagulant drugs or NSAIDs . There is also a potential for allergic reactions, though this is much less likely with the standardized extract than with unprocessed ginkgo leaf. Furthermore, the extract may reduce the effectiveness of thiazide diuretics and should be avoided in individuals with seizure disorders, during pregnancy, or by those trying to conceive, as it may affect fertility . Due to these interactions and effects, research-grade material is strictly intended for laboratory use only and not for human therapeutic application .

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