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Pls input...β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide More Info
β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, commonly known as NAD+, is a vital coenzyme found in all living cells that plays a central role in metabolism and cellular physiology. It is a dinucleotide composed of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups: one containing an adenine base and the other nicotinamide.
Mechanism of Action
NAD+ primarily functions as an essential coenzyme in redox reactions, acting as an electron carrier. It cycles between an oxidized form (NAD+) and a reduced form (NADH):
Redox Reactions: NAD+ accepts electrons (in the form of a hydride ion) from metabolic substrates during processes like glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, fatty acid oxidation, and oxidati. This electron transfer is crucial for ATP production and energy .
Enzymatic Cofactor: NAD+ serves as a cofactor for various dehydrogenase enzymes, facilitating oxidation-reduction reactions essential for cellular respiration and biosynthesis.
Substrate for NAD+-Dependent Enzymes: Beyond redox roles, NAD+ is a substrate for enzymes involved in post-translational modifications, including sirtuins (protein deacetylases), poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs), and ADP-ribosyl cyclases, which regulate DNA repair, gene expression, and calcium signaling.
RNA Capping: NAD+ can be incorporated as a non-canonical cap at the 5′ end of RNA transcripts, influencing RNA stability and gene expression regulation.
Biosynthesis 
NAD+ levels in cells are maintained through multiple pathways:
De Novo Synthesis: NAD+ can be synthesized from dietary amino acids like tryptophan via the kynurenine pathway.
Preiss-Handler Pathway: Converts dietary nicotinic acid (NA) into NAD+ through intermediate steps.
Salvage Pathway: The predominant pathway in most cells, recycling nicotinamide (NAM), nicotinamide riboside (NR), and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) back into NAD+ to maintain cellular levels. The rate-limiting enzyme in this pathway is nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT).
 Excretion: Excess NAM is methylated by nicotinamide N-mthyltransferase (NNMT) and ultimately excreted, regulating NAD+ homeostasis.
Physiological Roles
Energy Metabolism: NAD+ is indispensable for glycolysis, TCA cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, enabling efficient ATP production.
Redox Homeostasis: Maintains cellular redox balance by cycling between NAD+ and NADH.
DNA Repair and Genomic Stability: Serves as a substrate for PARPs involved in DNA repair mechanisms.
Regulation of Gene Expression: Through sirtuins, NAD+ influences chromatin remodeling and transcriptional regulation.
Immune Response and Inflammation: Modulates immune cell function and inflammatory processes.
Circadian Rhythm: NAD+ levels influence circadian clock regulation via sirtuin activity.
Aging and Disease: Dysregulation or depletion of NAD+ is linked to aging, metabolic disorders, neurodegeneration, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases.
Pharmacokinetics and Cellular Distribution
NAD+ is compartmentalized within cells in the cytoplasm, mitochondria, and nucleus, with distinct pools regulated independently.
It is synthesized and recycled intracellularly, with limited direct uptake from extracellular sources. Oral NAD+ precursors like NR and NMN are metabolized to NAM before contributing to NAD+ pools.
NAD+ has a relatively short half-life and is rapidly turned over due to its consumption by NAD+-dependent enzymes.

Pls input...Characteristics
PSA:321
XLogP3:-1.29620
Appearance:White Powder
Melting Point:140-142 °C (decomp)
Water Solubility:soluble in water at 50mg/ml
Storage Conditions:2-8°C
Specific rotation:D20 -31.5° (c = 1.2 in water)
Collision Cross Section:226.7 Ų [M+H]+ [CCS Type: DT, Method: single field calibrated with Agilent tune mix (Agilent)]|227.5 Ų [M+H]+ [CCS Type: DT, Method: single field calibrated with ESI Low Concentration Tuning Mix (Agilent)]|222.7 Ų [M+Na]+ [CCS Type: DT, Method: single field calibrated with ESI Low Concentration Tuning Mix (Agilent)]|223.8 Ų [M-H]- [CCS Type: DT, Method: single field calibrated with ESI Low Concentration Tuning Mix (Agilent)]|230.8 Ų [M+Na-2H]- [CCS Type: DT, Method: single field calibrated with ESI Low Concentration Tuning Mix (Agilent)]|227 Ų [M+H]+ [CCS Type: TW, Method: calibrated with polyalanine and drug standards]