D-(+)-Galactosamine Hydrochloride 98% Purity CAS 1772-03-8 Biochemical Reagent for Liver Injury Research

Product Overview

D-(+)-Galactosamine hydrochloride (D-GalN), also known as 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose hydrochloride or D-chondrosamine hydrochloride, is a white crystalline powder and an amino sugar derivative . It is a well-established experimental hepatotoxic agent widely used in biochemical research, particularly for the study of liver injury models . This product is a high-purity reagent-grade chemical supplied at ≥99% purity (HPLC), suitable for cell culture and in vivo research applications .

Chemical Properties

• Molecular Formula: C₆H₁₃NO₅·HCl 

• Molecular Weight: 215.63 g/mol 

• Synonyms: 2-Amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose hydrochloride; D-Chondrosamine hydrochloride; D-Galactosamine HCl 

• Melting Point: 172-180°C 

• Optical Rotation: [α]20D = +94° to +98° (C=1, H₂O) 

• Density: 1.3965 g/cm³ (estimated) 

• Solubility: Soluble in water (50 mg/mL), methanol; slightly soluble in ethanol 

• Storage Condition: Store at room temperature (15°C or below, cool dry place); hygroscopic, keep container tightly closed 

Mechanism of Action

D-Galactosamine is a specific hepatotoxic agent that is metabolized particularly in hepatocytes . Its mechanism of action involves:

• UTP Depletion: D-Galactosamine is metabolized to UDP-hexosamines, which traps uridine nucleotides and depletes the intracellular UTP pool, thereby inhibiting RNA and protein synthesis .

• RNA Synthesis Inhibition: This depletion of uridine nucleotides leads to a blockade of hepatic RNA synthesis, which is a key event in the pathogenesis of liver injury .

• Free Radical Generation: D-Galactosamine also induces oxidative stress through the generation of free radicals, contributing to hepatocyte death via necrosis and apoptosis .

• Macrophage Infiltration: It increases the adhesion of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to liver endothelial cells and induces superoxide production, leading to macrophage infiltration and inflammatory responses .

Applications

• Acute Liver Failure Model: D-Galactosamine is widely used in combination with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce acute liver failure and hepatitis models in rodents for drug discovery and hepatology research . The LPS/D-GalN model is a well-established experimental system for studying inflammatory liver injury.

• Cell Culture: Suitable for cell culture applications, including the generation of primary bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) from mice .

• Biochemical Research: Used as a substrate for enzyme assays and metabolic studies of amino sugar metabolism.

• Pharmaceutical Intermediates: Used in the synthesis of various pharmaceutical compounds .

Quality Specifications

• Purity: ≥99.0% (determined by HPLC) 

• Appearance: White to off-white crystalline powder 

• Specific Rotation: +94° to +98° (C=1, H₂O) 

• Water Content: ≤0.5%

• Residue on Ignition: ≤0.1%

• Heavy Metals: ≤10 ppm

• Each batch is accompanied by a comprehensive Certificate of Analysis (COA) .

Safety and Handling

This chemical is not considered hazardous by the 2012 OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200) . However, as with all laboratory chemicals, appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) including gloves, safety goggles, and lab coat should be worn during handling. Avoid dust formation and ensure adequate ventilation .

Packaging & Storage

• Packaging: Available in 10mg, 250mg, 1g, 5g, 25g, 100g amber glass vials/bottles, and 25KG fiber drums for bulk quantities. Custom packaging available upon request .

• Storage: Store in a cool, dry place. Keep container tightly closed. Hygroscopic; protect from moisture .

• Shelf Life: 24 months when stored under recommended conditions.

Jinan Topfull Chemical Co., Ltd. is an international company rooted in China, specializing in the export of chemical products.

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We currently support customized services for most product categories, with supply quantities ranging from milligram (mg), gram (g) to kilogram (kg) levels, as well as wholesale. Product purity covers the full spectrum from 90% to 99.9%, providing customers with one-stop convenient services.

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